Simulation of Blockchain Supporting Triple Bottom Line Sustainability in Smart City Ecosystems

This paper presents a simulation based evaluation of a blockchain supported multisector platform for sustainable smart city ecosystems. The proposed model integrates sustainable urban mobility with health and cultural services through token based incentives and smart contracts. An agent based simulation with 10,000 heterogeneous agents over a 30-day period was combined with a simulated permissioned blockchain layer. Three scenarios were compared: a baseline without incentives, a linear incentive model rewarding green transport, and a cross sector ecosystem model linking green kilometers with health, cultural, and tourism benefits. The results show that token based incentives can increase the use of sustainable transport modes, reduce CO₂ emissions, and improve value circulation across sectors. The cross sector scenario achieved the strongest ecological, economic, and social effects. The study demonstrates that blockchain can support Triple Bottom Line sustainability by connecting emission reduction, automated value distribution, and citizen oriented services within a unified smart city ecosystem.