Stack and Queue Layouts with Defects

Linear layouts of graphs – particularly stack and queue layouts – are well-established types of representations in graph drawing, thanks to their connection with numerous theoretical and practical problems. In such layouts, all vertices are linearly ordered and the edges are partitioned into sets that avoid specific forbidden configurations: in a stack layout no two independent edges within the same set cross, whereas in a queue layout no two independent edges within the same set are nested. A central problem in this context is to determine, for a given graph G, its stack number or queue number, that is, the minimum number of sets into which the edges can be partitioned so that a corresponding stack or queue layout of G exists. In this work, we introduce a relaxation of stack and queue layouts, which allows some forbidden patterns for the edges in the same set. Namely, for a given integer k > 0, a k-defective stack layout (resp. a k-defective queue layout) allows an edge to be in a crossing (resp. nesting) relationship with at most k edges within the same set. Our motivation is to extend the classes of graphs that admit linear layouts using a limited number of edge-partition sets, at the cost of allowing some defects. We study defective linear layouts both from a combinatorial and from an algorithmic perspective, providing an array of results across different graph classes and parameters.