This chapter presents structural equation modeling as a tool for conducting research regarding how collections of variables may be related to each other as well as to a particular outcome or even multiple outcomes. Structural equation modeling refers to a collection of analytical techniques that can be used to model complex patterns of predictive relationships among a collection of both measured and latent variables. As a statistical tool, structural equation modeling combines the features of regression and factor analysis. The chapter offers conceptual illustrations and practical steps for carrying out structural equation modeling by describing mediation and moderation analyses in the context of music education research.