Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is defined as a low-pressure, high-efficiency irrigation system that uses drip tubes or drip tape with microirrigation emitters and is installed below the soil surface to apply water to meet crop water requirements. When compared with other irrigation systems, SDI has advantages and disadvantages that should be carefully considered. There are many design and management aspects that are similar to surface drip irrigation (DI), but there are also some unique differences that can potentially affect water application uniformity, operation, and system longevity. SDI can potentially provide a more consistent soil water and nutrient environment for optimizing crop growth and production than other irrigation methods, but it can also present some challenges depending on the climate, soil type, and crop, such as plant establishment, salinity management, soil water redistribution, and the application of agrochemicals. This chapter provides background for making decisions on the design, maintenance, and operation of SDI systems and reviews research on adapting SDI to a range of crops and field conditions. With attention to design and proper management and maintenance, SDI can often improve water and nutrient use efficiency and, in many instances, crop yield responses.
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