Sustainable Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Agro-Industrial Waste: a Critical Evaluation of Techniques, Scalability, and Industrial Potential

The use of bioactive compounds in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, among other commercial sectors, highlights the need for an appropriate, standardized process for extracting these active substances from various sources. Polyphenols, polysaccharides, and a wide range of various phytochemicals, including colors, are among the beneficial elements found in fruit waste. It is assumed that the current review article will extract bioactive components from waste products, including cotton, tobacco, winery, and fruit and vegetable waste, using a variety of extraction techniques. High-value chemicals have been recovered from winery-processed tobacco waste, a by-product usually discarded due to its nicotine content, with only a small percentage recycled using both traditional and non-conventional methods. Large volumes of garbage are produced during the treatment of crops and fruits, with discarded peels accounting for 90 – 92