In recent years, particularly since 2018, Ethiopia has experienced severe violent conflicts causing widespread atrocities, deaths, and mass displacement. These crises highlighted the urgent need for effective early warning and response systems. In response, researchers conducted a study to examine the challenges of conflict early warning and timely police response in selected conflict-affected areas of the country. The study employed a qualitative, exploratory design targeting officers and officials from the Ministry of Peace, federal and regional police, peace and security bureaus, and selected universities, including vice presidents for student affairs, campus police, and student councils. Using purposive sampling, a total of 39 interviews, 6 focus group discussions, and document analyses were conducted. The collected data were analyzed thematically. The study identified major challenges in the Conflict Early Warning System (CEWS), including weak structural integration, poor communication, limited cooperation, political interference, low leadership commitment, and shortages of technology and manpower. Similarly, timely police response was hindered by structural gaps, weak communication, political influence, lack of coordination, declining social peace values, inadequate technology and manpower, and insufficient reliable information for intervention. It is recommended to establish a clear and decentralized Conflict Early Warning System (CEWS) structure within institutions, with hotspot areas having dedicated CEW departments under police supervision. Effective conflict mitigation requires broad stakeholder participation, especially community engagement and collaboration with traditional peace actors. Regular awareness programs, security assessments, and continuous training for CEW personnel are essential, while integrating CEW education into higher learning institutions can further promote lasting national peace.
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