The Dopamine D3 Receptor As an Emerging Therapeutic Target in Parkinson’s Disease: Structural Advances, Signaling Bias and Neuroprotective Perspectives

The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has long been considered a secondary target in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD), with therapeutic strategies primarily focused on D2 receptor–mediated motor control. However, accumulating evidence now supports D3R as a functionally distinct dopaminergic receptor subtype with specific relevance to non-motor symptom domains and dopaminergic signaling under hypodopaminergic conditions. Recent advances in high-resolution structural biology have elucidated the molecular basis of D3R/D2R discrimination, revealing how subtle residue-level and microstructural differences within a conserved G protein–coupled receptor framework shape ligand recognition and receptor activation. In parallel, the emergence of ligand-dependent biased signaling has refined current understanding of D3R pharmacology. Selected ligands can preferentially engage Gαi/o-mediated pathways while limiting β-arrestin recruitment and associated regulatory processes, providing a mechanistic rationale for more stable modulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits involved in affective and motivational regulation. Beyond symptomatic modulation, preclinical studies suggest that D3R signaling may influence neuronal resilience, synaptic plasticity, and adaptive responses to dopaminergic injury; however, such effects remain experimental and have not been demonstrated in clinical PD. This review integrates recent structural, signaling, and functional insights into D3R biology, with particular emphasis on biased agonism and emerging therapeutic concepts. Although D3R-targeted strategies do not currently represent disease-modifying interventions, they offer a rational framework for the development of next-generation dopaminergic therapies aimed at improving precision, tolerability, and long-term signaling stability in Parkinson’s disease.