The Dual Effector Theory

The sections in this article are: 1 Studies Investigating the Validity of the Dual Effector Theory 1.1 Differences Between Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor I Actions In Vivo in Animals 1.2 Differences in Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor I In Vivo in Humans 1.3 Localization of Growth Hormone Receptors: Indirect Evidence for a Local Effect of Growth Hormone 1.4 Local Action of Growth Hormone on Tissues 1.5 Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor I on Cells of Different Maturation 1.5.1 Preadipocytes 1.5.2 Epiphyseal Chondrocytes 1.5.3 Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts 1.5.4 Muscle Cells 1.5.5 Hematopoietic Cells 1.6 Evidence In Vivo for a Stimulatory Effect of Growth Hormone, but not of Insulin-like Growth Factor I, on Progenitor Cells in the Growth Plate 2 conclusion2 Conclusion and Discussion 3 Modified Dual Effector Theory of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Action in the Growth Plate