Fluorite mining activities have been scarcely evaluated so far and the potential effect of this activity on larval stages is poorly known. Thus, studies addressing the effect of contaminants present in water bodies on the health of amphibian larvae are crucial information for their conservation and constitute a warning sign of environmental modification. This study aims to evaluate the effects of natural and artificial surface waters associated with a fluorite mine on the early life stages of Rhinella arenarum. Using microcosms, we assessed four sites with different degrees of disturbance by the fluorine mine: Vallecitos stream (undisturbed); Cerros Negros upstream of mining camp (low disturbance); Cerros Negro downstream of mining camp (medium disturbance); Decantation Ponds (high disturbance). For 65 days we measured different endpoints at different periods of tadpole development. The highest mortality of tadpoles was observed in the Decantation Ponds. In the same way, larval body condition was lower at Decantation Ponds throughout the study, due mainly to the lower weight. A significant decrease in growth and development was observed in Cerros Negro downstream of the mining camp and Decantation Ponds. No significant differences in growth, development and mortality were observed for the other two sites. At the metamorphic climax we observe a lower body condition and a reduced recruitment of individuals in Decantation Ponds. This study allowed us to assess the effect on larvae of R. arenarum of fluorite mining wastewater compared with other near-natural sites. Given the potentially negative synergic effects of mixed water pollutants on tadpoles, this study suggests that chronic exposure to fluorite mining water may significantly impact the adult amphibian population structure, thus altering population viability. Therefore, we propose to monitor the correct functioning of the mine and especially of Decantation Ponds to avoid discharges into the natural streams.
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