Abstract The assemblage of microbes that inhabit the plant as symbionts comprises the plant microbiome. The activities of plant roots have a great effect on the density and composition of bacteria and fungi growing around them, known as the rhizosphere effect. Plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere have large impacts on plant health. Rhizobia are symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in association with legumes, relying on a complex signaling process that results in the production of root nodules. Mycorrhizae are plant–fungal symbioses that extend the capacity of roots to absorb nutrients and water; the four major groups are ectomycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhizae, ericoid mycorrhizae, and orchid mycorrhizae. Common mycorrhizal networks connect plants and result in the transfer of signals, carbon, and nutrients among individuals and even among species. Endophytic fungi and bacteria colonize all parts of plants including the phylloplane; endophytes may be commensals, parasites, or mutualists, with a variety of impacts on the hosts. Endophytes may be horizontally transmitted or vertically transmitted, colonizing seeds and then growing in the next generation of plants. Microbes in the plant microbiome interact with each other through parasitism, predation, competition, antibiosis, and sometimes syntrophy. Such microbe–microbe interactions shape access to the plant by plant pathogens.
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