Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dysbiosis of the periodontal microbiome, threatening both oral and systemic health. Current prevention and treatment strategies for periodontitis mainly rely on mechanical therapy, with antibiotics used as supplements. However, limitations of mechanical therapy and increasing antibiotic resistance have prompted the exploration of new adjunctive strategies. Probiotic therapy, particularly Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), formerly known as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to modulate periodontal microecology. L. rhamnosus exerts therapeutic effects by inhibiting pathogens, modulating immune responses, and promoting tissue repair. L. rhamnosus has been applied in various forms for the adjuvant treatment of periodontitis and numerous clinical trials have confirmed its safety and effectiveness, indicating broad potential for application. Nevertheless, current clinical studies still face challenges such as unclear strain-specific effects and a lack of standardized administration protocols. Future research should investigate the mechanisms of different strains and evaluate targeted interventions in diverse patient populations to advance the clinical use of probiotic therapies.
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