The performance of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is closely related to its flow channel structure, stoichiometric ratio, and operating temperature. In this study, multiphysics numerical models were developed, incorporating coupled heat and mass transport alongside electrochemical reaction processes. The model validity was confirmed by comparing simulated results with experimentally measured I-V curves. The impacts of the fuel-to-air stoichiometric ratio (F:A from 2:1 to 2:4), channel aspect ratio (L:W from 1:1 to 4:1), temperature (from 873.15 K to 1073.15 K), and flow arrangements (co-current vs. counter-current) on the performance of a single-channel electrolyzer were systematically investigated, complemented by an analysis of multi-channel behavior under cross-flow conditions. The findings reveal that among the investigated parameters, temperature exerts the most significant influence on cell performance. Increasing the temperature facilitates the substitution of electrical energy with thermal energy, reducing the cell voltage from 1.5364 V to 1.1142 V at 1.2 A/cm2. Furthermore, varying the stoichiometric ratio effectively improves the oxygen partial pressure in the catalyst layer, thereby reducing concentration polarization. At the same current density, the required cell voltage decreased from 1.5364 V to 1.5153 V. Increasing the channel aspect ratio improves mass transport, reducing the required cell voltage from 1.5444 V to 1.5053 V. In contrast, flow arrangements were found to have a negligible impact on overall performance, though the counter-flow arrangement demonstrated marginal superiority over the co-flow arrangement.
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