Toxicological Insights of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Plant Extracts of the Annonaceae Family for Control of Insect Vectors of Pathogens: a Systematic Review

Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major public health challenge, intensified by growing resistance to conventional insecticides. In this context, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), especially using plant extracts from the Annonaceae family, has emerged as an effective and environmentally sustainable alternative. This systematic review aimed to examine the use of aqueous extracts of Annonaceae plants in the synthesis of AgNPs, compiling data on synthesis methods, nanoparticle (NP) characteristics, and biological activity. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and included studies identified in 11 databases and gray literature, selected according to the PEO strategy. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were independently assessed by three reviewers. Methodological quality, evaluated using ARRIVE 2.0, ranged from 79 to 94%, with limitations mainly related to ethical reporting, blinding, and inclusion/exclusion criteria. AgNPs were synthesized using leaves or seeds of Annona glabra, Annona squamosa, and Annona muricata, with synthesis conditions influencing particle size (14-500 nm), morphology, dispersion, and stability (4-8 weeks). In bioassays, AgNPs demonstrated potent larvicidal activity against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex species, particularly in early larval stages and with smaller particles, surpassing effectiveness of crude extracts. Observed mechanisms included cuticle penetration, molting interference, enzyme inhibition, and metabolic disruption. Overall, Annona-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs constitutes a promising, low-cost, and sustainable strategy, although further standardization, toxicity assessment, and field studies are needed.