Nowadays, more and more IT services are being hosted on cloud systems, which render cloud systems to grow into a huge complex with millions of physical servers, multi-layer software stacks and the processing of cloud service requests across many servers and software layers. It is highly demanded for cloud service providers to have the capability of getting the knowledge on cloud service behaviour directly from the service execution instead of from people's expertise. This paper studies the problem of tracing cloud service's processing of requests across components in cloud environments and proposes cloud tracing mechanisms for this purpose. We also developed model-based studies of our proposed mechanisms for analysing certain designs of the mechanisms. The implementation of the proposed cloud tracing is deployed onto the environments of OpenStack, Kubernetes and Hadoop, and the experiments on these environments demonstrate that our mechanisms effectively trace cloud service behaviour and generate a single complete request execution path, while without our mechanisms the cloud tracing either fails to work or results in thousands of path segments. Our mechanisms have a low performance overhead (2.3%) in the experiments.
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