Vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], commonly known as edamame, is emerging as a premier functional food due to its exceptional nutrient density and health benefits. Harvested at the immature R6 reproductive stage, it offers a superior organoleptic profile-characterized by a softer texture and sweeter flavor compared to grain soybeans. This review synthesized data from global and Indian landscapes, revealing that while East Asia dominates production, a burgeoning interest in plant-based diets is driving global market expansion, with U.S. consumption reaching 30,000 tons annually. The study indicate that vegetable soybean provides a complete protein profile (11%-14% fresh weight), essential fatty acids (linolenic acid at 42.96% of lipid fraction) and significant bioactive isoflavones. However, the study also identifies critical production constraints, specifically regarding seedling establishment. Large-seeded varieties, exhibit physiological vulnerabilities including cracked seed coats, high electrolyte leakage and susceptibility to soil-borne pathogens like Rhizoctonia solani. In India, despite the release of varieties like ‘Swarna Vasundhara’ and ‘Karune’, adoption is hindered by poor seed germination (often approx40%) and limited cold-chain infrastructure. The importance of this crop lies in its dual contribution to nutritional security and agricultural sustainability through atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Future research must prioritize the development of region-specific, disease-resistant cultivars with enhanced “stay-green” traits and improved seed vigor. In conclusion, by strengthening domestic supply chains and improving seed performance, vegetable soybean can transition from a niche crop to a mainstream high-value commodity, significantly boosting rural livelihoods and the Indian agricultural economy.
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