The article discusses the results of a study of the effect of aqueous solution composition on the polymerization process of elemental phosphorus under the influence of accelerated electrons. Placing elemental phosphorus in water and aqueous solutions eliminates direct contact with air, thus making the process safer. In turn, adding various substances to the solution, one can control the speed and efficiency of the process. The solutions used were distilled water, degassed water, and water solutions of acetonitrile (0.01 mol·L–1), and sodium hypophosphite (1.8⋅10–5 mol·L–1). It is shown that the use of aqueous solutions of acetonitrile and sodium hypophosphite allows increasing the conversion of phosphorus by 7

This research article describes the results of studies of the processes occurring under the electron beam irradiation of elemental phosphorus in an aqueous medium. Comparisons of the results of white phosphorus samples irradiation using electron accelerators with different technical parameters are presented. The structure of the obtained phosphorus-containing polymers was determined using MALDI mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A scheme of the formation of macroparticles in the process of irradiation of elemental phosphorus by a beam of accelerated electrons in an aqueous medium is discussed.

The MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry was employed to analyze the structure of the reaction products of limonene, a natural terpene, and elemental sulfur, with the objective of identifying the occurrence of side processes, such as oxidative dehydrogenation, aromatization, and the Diels–Alder reaction cascade. The MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry was demonstrated to be effective for the analysis of high-sulfur polymers obtained by the inverse vulcanization reaction, allowing for the unambiguous separation of sulfur-containing and hydrocarbon molecular fragments and the detailed characterization of macromolecular structures. By varying the ratio of sulfur (S8) and limonene in the initial reaction system, we were able to ascertain the limiting amount of sulfur that can be covalently bonded by terpene, as well as determine the average length of polysulfide chains under the assumption of equal reactivity and complete depletion of all double bonds. The side reaction of limonene aromatization, as indicated by the MALDI-TOF spectrum of the product resulting from its interaction with elemental sulfur, was corroborated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Consequently, the registration and interpretation of MALDI-TOF spectra of inverse vulcanization products, either independently or in conjunction with the application of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy methods, as well as the determination of the limiting number of sulfur atoms that can be bound to one molecule of an unsaturated compound, paves the way for new avenues of investigation into the structure and side reactions involved in the synthesis of high-sulfur polymers.

The article discusses the results of the synthesis of polymer phosphorus from the elemental phosphorus in the aqueous medium under the electron-beam irradiation. The structure of the obtained high-molecular phosphorus-containing compounds was analyzed and compared with samples of commercially available red phosphorus by mass spectrometry with matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization.

In comparison with white phosphorus, the toxicity of red phosphorus is thousands times smaller. Therefore, red phosphorus is the main modification produced and consumed by industry. Productivity, quality and product range depend on the efficiency of the technological system, on the possibility of modernizing production by introducing new progressive and environmentally friendly technologies using modern equipment. Development of a technological project for the production of red phosphorus is an urgent issue, which is the goal and the task of the research. The article presents the results of the synthesis of phosphorus-containing polymers from the white phosphorus, carried out under the influence of a beam of accelerated electrons.

The possibility of initiating anionic polymerization in the presence of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide is shown by the example of the synthesis of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate). The structure of the synthesized poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight methods on positively and negatively charged ions. It is shown that the chains of synthesized poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) have a terminal group containing sulfur and phosphorus atoms. The presence of sulfur and phosphorus atoms in the terminal group confirms the initiation of anionic polymerization as a result of nucleophilic attack by (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide-anion by electrophilic ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate.

Abstract Based on field studies of the snow cover and systematization and analysis of scientific data and technical literature data, the distributions of fluorine, sodium, and lithium, as elements included in the raw materials used for aluminum production, in the snow cover in areas proximal to Siberian aluminum smelters were considered. The results showed that the changes in concentrations of fluorine, sodium, and lithium in the snow cover near various plants have the same dispersion pattern, which can be described by an exponential relationship. Exponential relationships of diminishing concentration with distance from the emission source had high correlation coefficients. From the examples established by these relationships, an assumption was made that the behavior of these aerosols in the atmosphere is determined by the general physical and chemical properties, irrespective of the technologies and natural climatic regions of the plant locations. It is suggested that deposition of aerosols from industrial aluminium production can be achieved at a minimum distance from the plants or within the plant area through particle enlargement by various technological methods in aluminium production or by changing the atmospheric scattering capacity.

The comparative stability of ionic liquids containing alkyl-substituted imidazolium and phosphonium cations on exposure to gamma radiation (60Co source) under the same conditions has been studied for the first time. It has been shown that when exposed to 60Co gamma radiation (an absorbed dose of up to 550 kGy) in the presence of air oxygen, phosphonium and imidazolium ionic liquids exhibit high radiolytic stability. Under these conditions, the yield of radiolytic products is no more than 1 wt %. At the same time, in contrast to phosphonium ionic liquids, imidazolium ionic liquids undergo radiolytic staining at absorbed doses in the range studied. Based on IR, UV, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and known literature data, an assumption has been made about the most probable mechanisms of transformation of imidazolium cations of an ionic liquid under the influence of gamma radiation.

The aim of the study is to search for a reaction that provides the possibility of tandem “one-pot” formation of polymer networks during radical copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and glycidyl methacrylate. It was shown that the addition of recently synthesized 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide makes it possible to obtain a cross-linked copolymer in one stage as a result of radical copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and glycidyl methacrylate with a molar ratio of monomers less than 1.4. The structure of the copolymerization products of N-vinyl-2-pyrroldione and glycidyl methacrylate formed in the presence of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR and MALDI spectroscopy. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed an interaction under moderate heating between glycidyl methacrylate and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide, accompanied by the formation of a mixture of unsaturated products of complex structure, presumably acting as crosslinking agents. It is shown that when the molar ratio of N-vinyl-2-pyrroldione/glycidyl methacrylate comonomers is 0.89, a densely crosslinked copolymer is formed, capable of limited swelling in water with a velocity constant of 5.06 × 10−2 min−1 and an equilibrium degree of swelling of about 227%.

Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfur-enriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200 °C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.

Abstract The opening of the S8 ring with the formation of linear sulfur oligomers in the presence of tri-n-butylmethylphosphonium dimethylphosphate is shown. The reaction products are separated and characterized with 1H, 13C, 31P, 17O NMR spectroscopy, HD-MS, MALDI spectroscopy and XRD. It is shown that dimethylphosphate-anion is active in the reaction, and the addition of sulfur atoms occurs via the oxygen atom of dimethylphosphate-anion. It is found that a mixture of products is formed, which differ in the number of sulfur atoms in the chain. The assumptions were made about the mechanism of interaction of sulfur with tri-n-butylmethylphosphonium dimethylphosphate.

The review considers the current ideas of a relatively new field of "green chemistry" in the field of chemical processing of renewable natural plant raw materials. For a number of processes, the ways, methods and some technological aspects of obtaining new compounds and reagent systems, biodegradable compositions and "green chemistry" products that are in demand in various sectors of the economy, industry and life support of society are shown. The article presents the results of the analysis of Russian and world reserves of forest resources according to authoritative modern sources and proposals for their conservation and restoration. The problems of biorefiling of plant raw materials are described, one of which is the valorization of lignin-the aromatic component of the chemical composition of wood. It is proposed to obtain biodegradable systems and compositions based on the by-product of wood processing lignosulfonate of a neutral production method characterized by a high content of polysaccharides in the hemicellulose of the carbohydrate part of wood after the separation of cellulose. The ways of using modified cellulose products as inhibitors of salt deposition and gas hydrate formation, and the areas of their application in oilfield chemistry are shown. Lignin and other components of plant resources have long been the basis of various classes of fibers of natural origin, including plant and animal origin, artificial fibers. In the sector of creating materials with new properties that have a wide range of practical applications, the review describes the production of PLA polylactide synthesized from lactic acid as a modern alternative to many synthetic polymers obtained from refined petroleum products. For the products of the interaction of ammonium lactate and n-butyl alcohol, a kinetic model for the production of butyl lactate, an intermediate product of green chemistry, is described. The results of the study of a specific class of compounds - ionic liquids - traditionally considered as so-called "green solvents" are presented. An approach to the creation of a mathematical model by calculating the adsorption characteristics for evaluating the effectiveness of systems and composites based on biodegradable polymers in the direction of "green chemistry" is proposed.

The synthesis of polymers using elemental sulphur as a chemical agent has been studied in relation to the worldwide overproduction of cyclo-octasulphur. Herein, the mechanisms of the processes leading to the inclusion of elemental sulphur into macromolecules have been reviewed and the main methods for reduction of the reaction temperature required for the S8 ring opening have been shown. Approaches to the activation of cyclo-octasulphur in the synthesis and macromolecule cross-linking reactions were discussed in the context of finding the chemical agents and conditions that satisfy the principles of green chemistry.

The new initiator of the polymerization of acrylamide, leading to the formation of crosslinked polyacrylamide, was discovered. The structure of the synthesized polyacrylamide was characterized by XRD, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulphanide is able to initiate radical polymerization under drying aqueous solutions of acrylamide, even at room temperature. According to XRF data, the synthesized polyacrylamide gel contains 0.28 wt% of sulphur. The formed polymer network has a low crosslinking density and a high equilibrium degree of swelling. The swelling rate of polyacrylamide gel in water corresponds to the first order kinetic equation with the rate constant 6.2 × 10−2 min−1. The initiator is promising for combining acrylamide polymerization with the processes of gel molding and drying.

Interaction of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate and elemental sulfur synthesized a new initiator of polymerization of formaldehyde, opening the possibility of its implementation in accordance with the principles of Green chemistry. The possibility of fast oligomerization of formaldehyde in an aqueous medium with the formation of insoluble products, the structure of which is determined by FTIR, MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC and HMBC spectroscopy, is shown. It was found that (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide anion initiates formaldehyde oligomerization by anionic mechanism with chain termination due to interaction with water. It was shown that the synthesized formaldehyde oligomers retain resistance to degradation up to a temperature of 443 K, and then slowly thermally decompose to a temperature of 513 K, above which the rate of thermal degradation increases significantly.

Abstract By the methods of MALDI and mass spectroscopy with the detection of positively and negatively charged ions, it was found that the reaction of elemental sulfur and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate is accompanied by the opening of the S8 ring. 1H, 13C, 15N and 31P NMR spectroscopy showed that the interaction of S8 and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate proceeds exclusively on the oxygen atom of the dimethylphosphate anion carrying a negative charge. Kohn-Sham calculations at B3LYP/STO-3G, B3LYP/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-311G* levels of theory confirmed that the reaction of S8 with dimethylphosphate anion is possible.

In 2015 the United Nations at its General Assembly set 17 Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. Many of these goals could be associated with the development and enhancement of the chemical industry.

Oxidation of diethyl disulfide with atmospheric oxygen at 363 К in the presence of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate is described. On the basis of the 1 Н, 31 Р, and 13 С NMR data, it is shown that oxidation of diethyl disulfide results in ethyl sulfonates. Formation of ethyl alcohol, which is a product of a side reaction of ethyl sulfonate hydrolysis, probably, catalyzed by the 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, was detected using HPLC and 1 Н and 13 С NMR.