Objectives . With the development of modern omix technologies, there has been an increased interest in searching for biomarkers in various biological materials as a new diagnostic tool in the future noninvasive diagnostics of bronchial asthma (BA), especially those that can be used in clinical practice. Therefore, there is a need to systematize data on the features of metabolic profiles in children with asthma and to identify biochemical reactions associated with the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective . The aim of the study is to summarize the results of studies of metabolites determined by mass spectrometry and associated with bronchial asthma in children. Methods . The review included studies involving children with bronchial asthma under the age of 18, where a metabolome (a set of endogenous metabolites formed during metabolism in the body) was studied in biological samples obtained using noninvasive or minimally invasive methods by mass spectrometry methods. The search for published papers is performed in the Medline and eLibrary databases. The search period: until August 2025. Results . 29 studies were found where the metabolome was analyzed in exhaled air condensate samples (13 studies), blood serum (11), urine (5), and feces (1). Non-targeted analysis of metabolites was performed in 18 studies, targeted in 11. Among the metabolites, compounds related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and amino acids, oxidative stress, compounds of the nicotinamide pathway, volatile organic compounds, bile acids, and heme metabolites were studied. Conclusion . Numerous changes in the molecular profile in children with bronchial asthma have been identified. Many of the metabolites in bronchial asthma are associated with inflammatory processes.

Predominance of the Th2 pathway was noted for adaptive immune response in atopic diseases. The Th2-type response is characterized by increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, triggering humoral and cell-mediated immune responses associated with production of IgE, basophils, eosinophils and mast cells. Current research focuses on immunoregulatory potential of helminths and their excretory products, which have potential for the pharmaceutical industry. It is known that the parasite in host organism is able to evade the immune response and it may inhibit, alter and modify the current immune responses in the host by producing immunomodulatory substances. The excretory/secretory products resulting from the co-evolution of the host and parasite, may suppress the type 2 immune response, while activating type 1 and type 17 responses. The immunosuppressive microenvironment created by helminths may not only help them to evade the host immune response, but also prevent serious damage to the body caused by excessive inflammation. The role of liver fluke in reducing inflammation has been shown in allergic diseases. The excretory/secretory molecule of the liver fluke (hemozoin) is a promising product of parasitic origin which has a pronounced immunomodulatory properties: it is a dark brown insoluble biocrystal substance synthesized during the life of hematophagous parasites Rhodnius prolixus, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium falciparum, Echinostoma trivolvis, Haemoproteus columbae, Clonorchis sinensisi and Plasmodium falciparum, Opisthorchis felineus. In this regard, the search for helminth-associated molecules exhibiting immunomodulatory effects with low toxicity and immunogenicity, seems to be an urgent task. The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of O. felineus hemozoin on the cytokine profile of dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with bronchial asthma. It was shown that a combined stimulation of DCs from examined patients with the D. pteronyssinus antigen and O. felineus hemozoin is associated with high levels of Th1 profile cytokines (IL-1β, IFNγ), as well as high activity of Treg cells (IL-10). Hence, the liver fluke hemozoin is able to change the cytokine profile of DCs in patients with bronchial asthma. This property of native hemozoin isolated from O. felineus may be further studied for correction of disorders associated with Th2 polarization of immune response which is a common feature of atopic diseases.

Molecules of the excretory-secretory product arising as a result of co-evolution of a host and a parasite are able to inhibit the type 2 immune response, while activating the type 1 and the type 17 responses. The ability to alter the immune response can be used to inhibit inflammation in allergic diseases. In this regard, a search for helminth-associated molecules both with an immunomodulatory effect and immunogenicity and low toxicity is represented as a topical task. Hemozoin being a dark brown insoluble biocrystal is an excretory product of a number of hematophagous parasites (Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium falciparum and Opisthorchis felineus). This substance as a compound of parasitic origin with explicit immunomodulatory properties has prospects for deep research. Lots of relevant literature has been studied carefully before developing a concept about Opisthorchis felineus hemozoin and its unique properties. Thus, the current review presents an analysis of the accumulated data regarding the effect of Opisthorchis felineus trematode on the host immune system. Also the data on the immunomodulatory effect of hemozoin of various origins is analyzed. The current knowledge on the immune mechanisms of inflammasome activation and the possible role of hemozoin in reducing allergic inflammation through this mechanism is represented in this article. According to the systemized research results the excretory-secretory molecule of the liver fluke is a product of parasitic origin with an explicit immunomodulatory effect which is promising for prospective scientific study. Opisthorchis felineus extract increases the expression of T-regulatory cells and inhibits the Th2-immune response. Hemozoin produced by Opisthorchis felineus, like one produced by Plasmodium falciparum, may be involved in reducing the activity of allergic inflammation through activation of the inflammasome. Comprehension of the mechanism of how hemozoin interacts with the host immune system can be applied for correction of conditions associated with Th2-polarization of the immune response, which primarily include atopic diseases. Studying the mechanism of inflammation will help by the search for a biological target to create a vaccine to prevent the spread of atopic diseases, including bronchial asthma.

Purpose of the research was to establish the characteristics of the cardiovascular system in premature newborns with a birth weight below 2500 gram in their early childhood. Methods used: the data of 302 children born in 2014-2020 in the Tomsk Oblast Regional Perinatal Center named after I.D. Yevtushenko and the Maternity Hospital No. 4 (both located in Tomsk, Russia) were analyzed. The control group of 76 was formed from healthy full-term newborns. The comparison group of 226 consisted of premature infants with birth weight below 2500 gram with the three subgroups depending on birth weight: low (LBW), very low (VLBW) and extremely low body weight (ELBW). During the follow-up that lasted for up to 3 years after birth an anamnesis, physical examination and fixation of the results of paraclinical studies (ECG, EchoCG) were carried out. Results: the probability of having a cardiac diagnosis among children with ELBW at birth at the time of discharge from the obstetric institution was 7 times higher compared to children with LBW (OR=7.60; [CI 95% 1.6-35.3]); birth weight below 1500 gram was associated with a 7-fold greater likelihood of PDA persistence compared to children with LBW at birth (OR=7.44; [CI 95% 3.34-16.55]); in the comparison group at the different age periods the low EchoCG parameters of heart size were established, while normal values of the left ventricular ejection fraction were noted. Conclusion: children with ELBW at birth differed in their cardiological profile already in their early childhood.

BACKGROUND: Food allergy is an urgent problem for public health around the world. One of the most promising methods of food allergy treatment is allergen-specific immunotherapy. AIM: to analyze the results of clinical studies on the effectiveness and safety of modern allergen-specific immunotherapy technologies in the treatment of food allergies published over the past three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search and analysis of scientific publications was carried out using resources cataloging biomedical scientific literature: PubMed and eLibrary. The review includes original studies published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022. RESULTS: The review made it possible to systematize the data accumulated over the past three years, reflecting the main trends in allergen-specific immunotherapy of food allergy. The analysis of studies showed modern approaches to oral and epicutaneous immunotherapy and affected the efficacy and safety of these types of treatment. In food allergy cohorts, the allergen-specific immunotherapy approach of oral and epicutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy has been shown to be highly effective in achieving tolerance and desensitization to the food trigger it was revealed that epicutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy is characterized by a high level of adherence of patients to treatment. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to continue conducting large-scale clinical studies on modern methods of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with food allergies to form standardized therapy protocols.

BACKGROUND: The problem of food allergy remains actual in pediatric practice. AIM: to establish the prevalence, clinical features and risk factors of food allergy in infants predisposed to allergy diseases in a cohort prospective study with a follow-up period of 12 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study in children whose parents suffer from allergic diseases (n=151) was initiated. Prospective observation included: clinical examination at birth and at the age of 3, 9, 12 months, interviewing parents, assessment of allergen-specific IgE to food allergens in blood serum at the age of 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 13.3. RESULTS: 141 children completed the prospective follow-up. Suspected food allergy (reactions associated with the use of food products) was registered in 48.9% of predisposed children. The symptoms of food allergy include skin lesions and gastrointestinal symptoms. Oral allergic syndrome and respiratory symptoms were recorded only in some cases. Prevalence of suspected food allergy progressively increase by 12 months, mainly due to skin symptoms, while the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, on the contrary, decreased by this age. Mixed feeding was recognized as a risk factor for suspected food allergy in predisposed children. The prevalence of IgE ― mediated food allergy, was 13.9%. The use of antibiotics in the first year of life was shown as risk factor for IgE-mediated food allergy in predisposed children. Multivariate logistic regression showed that pets (cats) owners had lower risk of food allergy. CONCLUSION: Primary allergy prevention and adherence to the principles of rational antibiotic therapy is necessary in children predisposed to allergic diseases.

Background. Childhood obesity is one of the pressing problems in modern healthcare, since it is associated with a high risk of non-communicable diseases, such as bronchial asthma (BA).The aim. To determine the features of cytokine profiles in children with and without BA, depending on body weight and visceral fat area. Materials and methods. At the first stage, 506 Tomsk schoolchildren underwent anthropometry with the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) and measurement of the visceral fat area (VFA) using the InBody 770 analyzer. Fiftyone (51) children from the first stage were included in the second clinical and diagnostic stage. The children were divided into four clinical groups: "Obesity" (n = 17), "Visceral Obesity" (n = 7), "Asthma" (n = 15), and "Healthy Children" (n = 12). In all study participants, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-4, IL-10, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E in the blood serum were determined by the multiplex assay (MagPix and Luminex 200 c analyzers). Statistical data analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 software package and the 4.2.2 version of R.Results. The levels of IL-10 in the "Asthma" (p < 0.006) and "Obesity" (p < 0.008) groups were significantly higher than in the "Visceral Obesity" group. Significantly higher levels of IL-8 were found in patients with asthma (p < 0.003) and obesity (p < 0.003) compared to the "Visceral Obesity" group. Higher concentrations of IL-6 were found in the "Asthma" (p < 0.001) and "Obesity" (p < 0.028) groups compared to the "Visceral Obesity" group.Conclusion. Similar upward changes in IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in children with asthma and obesity without a history of asthma may explain the contribution of obesity to a risk of asthma in children, possibly through excessive production of these proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the implementation of Th2-mediated allergic inflammation.

IntroductionOpisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis are the most medically important species of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes. O. felineus is endemic to the river plains of Western Siberia and Eastern Europe, and it is estimated that more than 1.6 million people could be infected with this parasite. Chronic opisthorchiasis may lead to significant gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary pathology. This study aimed to identify and characterize proteins from the secreted and tegumental proteomes of O. felineus. MethodsAdult flukes were collected from experimentally infected hamsters and cultured in vitro in serum-free media. We extracted proteins from different compartments of the O. felineus secretome, including (i) soluble excretory/secretory (ES) products; (ii) secreted 15K-extracellular vesicles (EVs); and (iii) tegument. ResultsWe also generated a transcriptome using long-read sequencing, and when this was combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separation, and protein digestion, we identified 686, 894, 389, 324, and 165 proteins from the ES, 15K-EV, and the three sequentially extracted tegument (TEG) protein fractions, respectively. We conducted in-depth gene ontology and protein family analyses on the identified proteins and discussed comparisons against similar proteome data sets acquired for the Southeast Asian liver fluke O. viverrini and the Chinese liver fluke C. sinensis. DiscussionThe information from this study will form a biologically relevant data set of O. felineus proteins that could be used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools to manage the human cost of O. felineus infection and its associated comorbidities.

The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases has been a driver of the development of new technologies. Over the past two decades, significant progress in biochemistry and molecular allergology has contributed to the study of the structure of allergens and development of component-resolved diagnostics. Specifically, clinically significant families of allergens have been identified, including tropomyosin, which can cause various cross-IgE-mediated reactions. One of the risk factors for sensitization development is helminthiasis, which is common in different regions and population of endemic areas. The global prevalence of helminthiasis remains high. Approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide have chronic infections with at least one helminth. This review aimed to analyze current studies determining the relationship between helminth infections and the development of sensitization to helminth tropomyosin and clinical course of allergic diseases. The analysis of scientific publications described the relationship between helminth tropomyosin and the development of allergic diseases and sensitization in patients with parasitic infection. The PubMed database was used for the review. The review included original articles published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2021.

The Union of Pediatricians of Russia together with the Russian Association of Allergologists and Clinical Immunologists and the Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists have developed new clinical guidelines for the urticaria in adults and children. Urticaria is a common disease; its various clinical variants are diagnosed in 15–25% of people in the global population, and a quarter of all cases belongs to chronic urticaria. The prevalence of acute urticaria is 20%, and 2.1–6.7% in child population, whereas acute urticaria is more common in children than in adults. The prevalence of chronic urticaria in adults in the general population is 0.7 and 1.4%, and 1.1% in children under 15 years of age, according to the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. This article covers features of epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of the disease with particular focus on differential diagnostic search. Guidelines on treatment and step-by-step therapy scheme (both based on principles of evidencebased medicine) for pediatric patients were presented. Clarification on the analysis of the therapy efficacy and the degree of disease activity was given.

Objective. To analyze the vaccination coverage and adherence to the vaccination schedule among premature newborns with a birthweight of <2,500 g. Patients and methods. This study included 119 children aged 5 to 6 years followed up within the "National prospective multicenter cohort study of newborns" in Tomsk. The experimental group comprised 96 children born prematurely, including 36 low-birthweight (LBW), 25 very low-birthweight (VLBW), and 36 extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) children. The control group included 23 healthy children born full-term. We analyzed their clinical data and information on vaccination. Results. The number of children who had completed their vaccination by the age of 5 years varied across the groups: 34.8% of controls; 16.7% of LBW children; 28% of VLBW children; and 17.1% of ELBW children (p > 0.05). Thirteen percent of controls and 5.6% of LBW children were timely vaccinated, whereas none of the VLBW and ELBW children had their vaccination in time. We observed no differences in the vaccination profiles (types of administered vaccines) between the VLBW children and controls; vaccination profiles of the LBW and ELBW children were similar. ELBW children were less likely to be vaccinated against tuberculosis, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio than controls (p < 0.01). None of the ELBW children received vaccines against hepatitis B, pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus, as well as third vaccine against polio at birth. In the rest of the groups, the proportion of timely vaccinated children did not exceed 20%. Parents in the control group were less likely to refuse vaccination for their children than those in the experimental group. Non-adherence to the vaccination schedule was more common in the LBW children. VLBW and ELBW children had medical exemptions more frequently than LBW children and controls. Conclusion. We observed low vaccination coverage among premature newborns for all vaccines caused both by medical exemption and non-adherence to the vaccination schedule. Key words: vaccination, premature newborns, extremely low birth weight

Due to the rapid development of perinatal care in the Russian Federation, there has been an increase in the survival rate of premature infants with very low and extremely low birth weight in recent decades. This patient cohort is characterized by the development of several severe disabling conditions that cause health problems in older age. The structure of morbidity of children born preterm has its own features – almost 100% of these patients have pathology of the nervous system, they are susceptible to diseases of the respiratory system, and diseases of the sensory system are more common. The care and rehabilitation of these patients requires high financial costs. This article presents a review of literary data concerning the results of studies that assessed the need for medical care, the structure of morbidity of premature children at different ages, depending on the birth weight and gestational age. Key words: morbidity, medical care, preemies, review, very low birth weight, extremely low birth weight

The study assessed the role of non-commercial cyprinid species in maintaining the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin, Tomsk region, Russia. The source of O. felineus infection for humans and carnivores is fish of the family Cyprinidae. This is the most numerous family, 14 species live in the middle Ob River basin, which includes 6 commercial species and 8 non-commercial species. This study aimed to investigate the current situation on infestation of non-commercial cyprinids with O. felineus metacercariae and their role in maintaining and spreading the natural focus of opisthorchiasis in the middle Ob River basin. We investigated 4 non-commercial species (tench, sunbleak, common bleak, gudgeon), which are highly abundant in water bodies. Tench, common bleak and gudgeon are objects of amateur fishing. These species are traditionally included in the diet of the local population. Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae were recorded in muscles of all the examined fish species. The identification of metacercariae was confirmed by morphological methods and PCR diagnostics. Tench and sunbleak are the main sources of opisthorchiasis infection in the floodplain lakes of the Ob River basin (the prevalence of tench infection is 89.3% and mean intensity of infection is 11.2 metacercariae per fish, the prevalence of sunbleak infection is 50.9% and the intensity of infection is 4.25 metacercariae per fish). The prevalence of infection in the introduced common bleak from the rivers of the middle Ob River basin is rapidly increasing from 2.4 (2016-2018) to 37.5% (2020-2021), and mean intensity of infection increased from 1 to 4.15. The epizootic state of water bodies in the middle Ob River basin remains unfavorable in relation to opisthorchiasis. Tench, common bleak and sunbleak, along with ide and dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals, which is evidenced by high infection with Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae in these numerous fish species. They pose the greatest danger of infection of people and animals with opisthorchiasis. These species should be included in the campaign to avoid raw and poorly cooked fish in the diet. In addition, such species as roach, bream and sunbleak also pose the danger of infection with opisthorchiasis, but to a lesser extent.

BACKGROUND: Food allergy (FA) is an urgent problem for public health worldwide. This disease reduces the quality of life of patients and increases the risk of developing unpredictable anaphylactic reactions. AIM: Conduct an analysis of genetic studies in cohorts of patients with FA aimed at assessing the role of genetic factors in the development of this pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of genome-wide association studies aimed at studying the influence of genetic factors in FA development. The review includes original articles published for the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021. RESULTS: This systematic review analyzed data on the relationship of genetic variations associated with FA. Eight studies were analyzed, and the maximum effect with the development of IgE-mediated FA on peanuts was found for the rs10018666 variant of the SLC2A9 gene in Europeans. Some allergens associated with specific loci have been found, for example, variants rs9273440 (HLA-DQB1), rs115218289 (ITGA6), rs10018666 (SLC2A9), and others are unique to peanut. Associated variants are predominantly associated with disorders of the innate/adaptive immune response and functioning of the epithelial barrier, confirming their leading role in FA development. In addition to associations with FA, most of the identified genes affect the development of other allergic march phenotypes, including atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and non-allergic (type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinsons disease, myocardial infarction, and others) diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Summarizing the results of genome-wide associative studies, it should be noted that the development of food allergies involves variants localized both in known atopic and newly identified loci that are not related to the development of other allergic diseases. The peculiarities of the structure of food sensitization and the lack of research on the susceptibility to food allergies in Russia determine the direction of further scientific research in this area.

BACKGROUND: Food allergy is an actual problem in pediatric practice. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of food allergies, as well as an increase in the number of severe cases. AIM: To assess the prevalence of food allergy and the role of hereditary and environmental factors in food allergy development in children according to epidemiological cohorts and cross-sectional studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of epidemiological cohorts and cross-sectional studies published between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2021, was conducted This review investigated the developmental factors and prevalence of food allergy. RESULTS: This review made it possible to generalize and systematize the accumulated worldwide scientific data on food allergy. An analysis of epidemiological studies revealed a significant prevalence of food allergy, which reflected the natural course of the disease; the highest rates were found among young children, and by school age, the prevalence of symptoms and confirmed food allergy is gradually decreasing. Based on epidemiological data, the main risk factors for food allergy are hereditary predisposition and environmental factors that modify the microbial environment. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to further study the genetic markers of food allergy, as well as the role of microbiotic factors in the implementation of hereditary predisposition to allergic diseases.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of features of growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of low birth weight infants during different ages of life, according to the data of domestic and foreign studies published over the past 10 years, into electronic databases PubMed, Medscape. Results of the study demonstrated the fact that, as before, majority of children in the study population in the older age have pronounced deviations in growth, motor and cognitive development, great academic failure, behavioral problems. At the same time, many authors note the emergence of a positive trend towards a decrease in the frequency of the above conditions in the cohorts of children born in recent years.

Opisthorchiasis due to the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus is highly prevalent in rural regions of Western Siberia, causing severe liver and bile duct maladies. Praziquantel administered as a three-dose regimen is the only drug used to treat O. felineus-infected individuals. A simpler single-dose treatment might serve as an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of single, ascending doses of praziquantel compared to multiple dosing in patients infected with O. felineus to contribute to updated treatment guidelines. Dried blood spots (DBSs) of 110 adults were collected at 11 time points post-drug administration at single oral doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, as well as 3 x 20 mg/kg (4 h dosing interval). DBS samples were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and PK parameters were obtained for R-, S-, and R-trans-4-OH-praziquantel employing noncompartmental analysis. We observed the highest drug exposure for all analytes when the triple-dose scheme was used; area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) values of 8.04, 27.75, and 36.38 mu g/mL.h were obtained, respectively. Maximal plasma concentrations (C-max) values of 1.72, 4.89, and 2.69 mu g/mL were calculated for R-, S-, and R-trans-4-OH-praziquantel, respectively, when patients were given a single 60-mg/kg dose, and they peaked at 1.5 and 2 h for the enantiomers and at 3 h for the metabolite. The herein-generated PK data, together with results that will be obtained from the integrated efficacy study, lay the groundwork for a possibly optimized treatment scheme for O. felineus-infected patients.

The prevalence of childhood obesity in the world is significant and it is topical issue due to the high risk of chronic non-communicable diseases development. This article presents the analysis of pathogenetic role of visceral obesity, describes modern methods for measuring visceral adipose tissue, discusses major terminology on obesity. The current data on inflammation induced by excess of visceral adipose tissue and inflammasome’s role in this process are summed up. All the findings are crucial for the development of tools for prevention any obesity associated adverse effects in children.

Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer, has a high incidence in Western Siberia, Russian Federation. In addition, Opisthorchis felineus, a bile duct-dwelling trematode liver fluke is highly endemic. Closely related species have been shown to be cancerogenic agents in Asia. We therefore examined the association between O felineus infection and CCA in Western Siberia. Methods We conducted a hospital-based, individually matched case-control study between January 2017 and August 2020 in Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Yugra, Russian Federation. Histologically confirmed CCA patients (cases) were compared with matched age, sex, and place of residence hospital controls. The examination of study participants included the diagnosis of current and past O felineus infection, abdominal ultrasonographical assessment, physical examination, and interview on exposures to potential risk factors. Results We identified 40 patients with CCA and 160 controls. Exposures to O felineus infection was strongly associated with CCA (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-10.8; P = .008). Also, cases reported more often that they were currently or in the past were infected by O felineus compared with controls (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.7-9.5; P = .001). Furthermore, cases reported river fish consumption and fishing habits significantly more often than controls (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.5-19.8; P = .009 and OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4-7.7; P = .005). Conclusions The study results revealed a strong significantly increased risk for CCA development in O felineus-infected individuals. Elaboration of the guidelines on screening programs for early CCA diagnosis, prevention, and treatment is socially important in endemic regions. We assessed Opisthorchis felineus infection as a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma with a hospital-based, individually matched case-control study in Western Siberia, Russia. The study results revealed a strong, significantly increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma associated with Opisthorchis felineus infection.

Modern approaches for the management of children with gastrointestinal pathologies include optimal nutritional support that makes it possible to replete energy failure and restore essential nutrients balance. The article presents key information on gastrointestinal diseases in which modern amino acid formulas can be used to regulate nutritional status. The authors have conducted the extensive analysis of all available for now evidence on the efficacy, safety and utility of using such innovative medical technology as special elemental formula in gastrointestinal tract pathological conditions. This material is the basis for guidlines on the use of amino acid formulas developed by expert specialists of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia in 2020.