The growing demand for sustainable agriculture necessitates effective strategies for simultaneous desalination and nutrient regulation in saline-alkali soils. Herein, a hydrogel-templated superheated steam carbonization (HTSSC) strategy was developed to fabricate nutrient-enriched porous biochar under relatively mild thermal conditions (240 °C). During the HTSSC process, water released from the poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel (PAA) generated a localized steam-rich microenvironment, which facilitated pore formation and alleviated structural shrinkage in the biomass matrix. The obtained hydrogel-templated biochar (HTBC) exhibited a well-developed interconnected porous structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, as confirmed by SEM and FTIR analyses. Upon co-carbonization with NH4Cl, KH2PO4, and KCl, nutrient-enriched hydrogel-templated biochar (NPK-HTBC) contains 22.29 g kg-1 N, 11.48 g kg-1 P, and 90.43 g kg-1 K, alongside a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC, 59.36 cmol kg-1). In saline-alkali soil column experiments, NPK-HTBC effectively reduced soil pH from 10.35 to 8.35 and electrical conductivity (EC) from 1351 to 70 µS cm-1, and increased the soil CEC to 45 cmol kg-1. Furthermore, NPK-HTBC exhibited enhanced water retention and slow-release properties, significantly increasing the alfalfa seed germination rate to 68.75%, whereas no germination was observed in the untreated saline-alkali soil. Overall, this work demonstrates that HTSSC is a promising strategy for producing multifunctional biochar for saline-alkali soil remediation.

To overcome the reliance on organic solvents and associated process limitations in conventional hydrophobic functionalization, this study established an aqueous impregnation hydrophobic functionalization strategy for constructing bio-based composites. The synthesized vanillin-furfuramine benzoxazine monomer (VF) is soluble in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, thereby establishing an aqueous impregnation hydrophobic functionalization system. Employing an aqueous impregnation hydrophobic functionalization strategy, melamine foam (MF) underwent surface hydrophobic modification without the use of organic solvents, yielding the composite material P(VF/MF). The rigid aromatic structure of P(VF) and its phenolic hydroxyl groups form stable intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the amino nitrogen atoms in the MF framework. This enhances the adhesion stability of the modified layer on the substrate surface, thereby improving selectivity and efficiency during oilwater separation. Furthermore, this aqueous impregnation hydrophobic functionalization strategy can be extended to various typical hydrophilic substrates (paper samples, fabric, and poplar), all achieving significant hydrophobicity, verifying the method's universality. The hydrophobic enhancement effect on the porous MF framework was particularly pronounced, demonstrating the strategy's high adaptability to porous materials. Leveraging advantages such as aqueous processing, environmental sustainability, and simplified procedures alongside stable oil-water separation performance, P(VF/MF) demonstrates considerable application potential in scenarios including oily wastewater treatment and emergency oil spill recovery.

To address the limitations of traditional waterborne two-component polyurethane (2k-WPU) in terms of water resistance, mechanical strength, and adhesion, this study developed an all-biobased composite material (WPU-VF) using a dual covalent cross-linking strategy. A lignin-derived benzoxazine monomer (VF) was synthesized from vanillic acid and furfurylamine and introduced into 2k -WPU to form a rigid aromatic network through ring-opening polymerization. This improved the material's mechanical properties (tensile strength: 28 MPa), hydrophobicity (contact angle: 101 degrees), and wet adhesion (only a 13% loss of shear strength after soaking). The material also exhibited rapid self-healing ability (10 min at 140 degrees C), triple shape memory performance, and recyclability (92.8% strength retention after two cycles). Notably, WPU-VF-0.3 completely degraded within 2 h under mild alkaline conditions, complying with the principles of the circular economy. The waterborne process minimized the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This sustainable design provides a high-performance, recyclable, and degradable polymer solution, which is expected to be applied in the fields of environmentally friendly coatings, food packaging materials, and smart adhesives, reducing dependence on petrochemical products and waste accumulation.

Oil spills in oceans and the discharge of oily wastewater from industries significantly impact the environment and human health. Recently, biomass aerogels have gained attention for oil-water separation due to their renewability and excellent adsorption capacity. However, the fragility and amphiphilic nature of cellulose aerogels limit their practical use in such applications. A novel all-biological benzoxazine was developed for cellulose aerogel modification. Through chemical cross-linking, freeze-drying, soaking, and thermal curing processes, a modified cellulose aerogel (p(G-md)/CA) with exceptional properties was successfully created. This lightweight material features high porosity, remarkable elasticity, and strong hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 135°), while demonstrating impressive pressure resistance (915 kPa at 90% strain). The preparation method offers significant advantages: simplicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and scalability for industrial production. The p(G-md)/CA aerogel rapidly and selectively adsorbs organic solvents and oils, demonstrating high adsorption capacity and excellent recyclability. After 50 reuse cycles, its adsorption capacity retains over 80% of its initial value (37 g/g). Additionally, the aerogel can serve as an efficient adsorption medium in continuous separation systems, effectively separating oil-water mixtures, including emulsions. As such, this polybenzoxazine-modified cellulose aerogel holds significant potential for practical applications in marine oil spill cleanup and industrial wastewater treatment.

The development of high-energy-density (HED) liquid fuels represents a critical challenge for the sustainable advancement of aerospace vehicles. Polycyclic alkanes are considered ideal high-performance fuel components due to their high density and volumetric calorific value, which originate from their compact polycyclic structures. In this study, five polycyclic alkanes were synthesized as HED liquid fuels using biomass-derived cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, menthone, and nopinone) as raw materials, and their synthesis routes and fuel properties were studied. An optimized McMurry coupling reaction was used to synthesize fuel intermediates, affording a maximum yield of 89.4%. Subsequent hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction afforded the target polycyclic alkanes with yields of up to 96.2%. Fuel performance evaluations revealed that the densities of the five polycyclic alkanes ranged from 0.867 to 0.911 g/mL, and the volumetric net heat of combustion (NHOC) ranged between 36.78 and 39.22 MJ/L. Notably, the best-performing polycyclic alkanes in terms of overall fuel performance have high density (0.874 g/mL), low freezing point (-77.2 degrees C), and high volumetric NHOC (39.22 MJ/L) and show superior or close performance to Jet A, JP-10, and RJ-4 in key fuel aspects. This work provides an efficient and sustainable synthetic pathway toward biomass-based HED liquid fuels, showing significant potential for application in aerospace vehicles.

Despite the promise of photocatalysis for extracting aromatic compounds from renewable lignin feedstocks, the selective cleavage of C alpha-C beta bonds in lignin under mild conditions poses a persistent challenge, primarily due to their elevated dissociation energies and steric hindrance. Herein, an efficient photocatalytic strategy for selectively breaking the C alpha-C beta bonds of lignin with visible-light irradiation and room temperature is proposed, facilitated by the Zn(II)-doped porous graphitic carbon nitride (Zn/CN) photocatalyst. Reduced energy band gap and photoluminescence, along with intensified visible-light absorption and enhanced photocurrent of Zn/CN, contribute to its efficacy in photocatalytic activity. Consequently, the lignin model compound (2-phenoxy-1phenylethanol) achieves a conversion rate of 99 %, demonstrating a notable selectivity of 97 % in specifically breaking the C alpha-C beta bonds. Mechanistic investigations identify that photogenerated holes play a pivotal role during the photocatalytic conversion. Additionally, the activity and selectivity of Zn/CN photocatalyst are further confirmed by the successful photocatalytic conversion of pine kraft lignin, yielding high-value chemicals such as benzoic acid and vanillin. This research proposes an economical, efficient, and facile method for utilizing renewable lignin feedstocks under photocatalysis, thus advancing the production of high-value aromatic compounds.

Traditional adhesives are facing severe challenges, mainly reflected in their poor degradation performance and the raw materials are mostly derived from petroleum-based resources. A self-curable benzoxazine epoxy curing agent was synthesized in this work. Lignin-based polybenzoxazine modified epoxy resin (PL-PBz-AE) was obtained by curing acrylpimaric acid diglycidyl ester (AE) with phenolic lignin-ethanolamine benzoxazine (PL-BOZ). The anchoring effect can be accelerated by the use of ether bonds, the formation of a specific molecular structure after ring opening of the oxazine ring, and multiple hydrogen bonds, which form localised hydrophobic zones. PL-PBz-AE exhibits excellent and stable adhesion properties in underwater environments on a variety of substrates, including stainless steel, aluminum, and ceramics. The incorporation of lignin-derived polyphenolic architecture endows PL-PBz-AE with remarkable interfacial adhesion capabilities, demonstrating superior shear strength values of 3.96 MPa for stainless steel substrates, along with 2.15 MPa and 0.73 MPa for aluminum and ceramic interfaces respectively. This binder system hydrolyzes its carboxyl group in an alkaline solution, and we have a strategy for the specific design of a 1 N NaOH solution, which exhibits a unique alkali-responsive degradation, in which case the resulting oligomer intermediate can rapidly decompose the material through a solution-mediated chain cleavage mechanism. In addition, PL-PBz-AE can also be applied to underwater bonding and underwater pipeline leakage. These multifunctional attributes-combining robust adhesion, controlled degradability, environmental stability, and thermal stability establish PL-PBz-AE as a next-generation adhesive platform that successfully reconciles industrial performance requirements with sustainable material design principles.

Epoxy resins are vital dielectric materials for integrated circuits owing to their excellent insulation, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and cost efficiency. However, conventional epoxy resins generate polar hydroxyl groups and ester/imine bonds during curing, resulting in high dielectric constants and losses that limit their applicability in 5G and high-frequency devices. This review highlights two key strategies for achieving low-dielectric epoxy resins: (1) polarity reduction through fluorine/siloxane incorporation and non-polar molecular design, and (2) density modulation via bulky substituents, hyperbranched architectures, and nanoporous structures. It elucidates the primary dielectric determinants (dipole strength and dipole density), while systematically comparing the advantages and limitations of various modification methods. Furthermore, the review examines the trade-offs between dielectric optimization and mechanical/thermal performance, providing a comprehensive design framework for next-generation epoxy dielectrics (k < 3.0) that harmonize electrical efficiency with structural integrity, thereby offering practical guidance for advanced electronic packaging applications.

Under the background of increasing awareness of global environmental protection, traditional petrochemical products have received extensive attention due to non-renewable raw materials and environmental pollution. Especially in the field of thermosetting resins, petroleum-based polybenzoxazine (PBz) has excellent properties but is limited by the non-renewable nature of its raw materials, which brings a heavy burden to the ecological environment. In recent years, bio-based PBz has come into being. As a cutting-edge technology, it not only inherits the excellent performance of traditional petroleum-based similar products but also has significant advantages in raw material sources and green sustainability. In addition, the flexibility of its molecular structure design enables it to play an excellent role in many fields. PBz, as a high-performance thermosetting resin, has an excellent performance in low dielectric properties due to its inherent high crosslinking density and large volume rigid ring structure. In particular, the introduction of organophosphorus compounds and oxygen-containing heterocyclic structures such as furan rings in the molecule can effectively improve the flame retardancy of the material and broaden its application in the field of fire safety. The synthetic raw materials of PBz mainly include phenols and amines. Among them, the phenolic source can be derived from abundant natural resources, such as vanillin, vanillic acid, guaiacol and cardanol; the amine source covers a variety of options such as furfurylamine, stearic amine, octadecylamine and even chitosan. This paper focused on the research progress of bio-based PBz in flame retardant materials, epoxy resin reinforced materials and low dielectric materials in the past five years. The shortcomings of the existing PBz materials were analyzed and the improved methods were proposed. The future research direction of bio-based PBz was prospected.

To obtain high-valued aromatic products, it is paramount to cleave the C-alpha-C-beta bonds in lignin under mild conditions selectively. Nevertheless, this task remains daunting due to the formidable dissociation energies and steric hindrance associated with these bonds. Herein, a facile, efficient and cost-effective strategy for selectively breaking the C-alpha-C-beta bond in lignin with visible-light irradiation and room temperature is proposed, facilitated by the utilization of the ferric-doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (Fe/mpg-CN) photocatalyst. Collective contributed by the reduced band gap and photoluminescence, combined with intensified visible-light absorption and enhanced photocurrent, the effectiveness in photocatalytic activity of Fe/mpg-CN is offered. Specifically, a high conversion rate (98 %) of the lignin model compound (2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol), coupled with an excellent selectivity of 98 % in cleaving the C-alpha-C-beta bonds is achieved by Fe/mpg-CN. Photogenerated holes are indicated as the main active species through comprehensive mechanistic investigations. Additionally, the successful photocatalytic depolymerization of the complex dimer model compound (conversion rate similar to 96 %) and pine kraft lignin further corroborate the satisfying photocatalytic activity and selectivity of Fe/mpg-CN. This study introduces a promising and viable strategy for the selective breaking of lignin through photocatalysis, offering significant implications for the sustainable production of valuable aromatic compounds.

The traditional carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) matrix is a permanent 3D cross-linked network that is difficult to degrade and reprocess. In order to solve the closed-loop recycling of carbon fibers (CFs) and develop green economy. We synthesized aldehyde-containing bio-based benzoxazine (VD) from vanillin and 1,10-diaminodecane, the epoxy resin vitrimer matrix (P-AE-MV) was prepared by curing acrylpimaric acid diglycidyl ester (AE) with a Schiff base (MV) formed by 1,8-menthane diamine (MDA) and VD. Under the double dynamic covalent bond of Schiff base and beta-hydroxy ester, P-AE-MV has a very low dynamic bond exchange activation energy E-a = 48.1 kJ mol(-1), which can realize the rapid topological rearrangement of polymer network, and give P-AE-MV excellent self-healing, shape memory, reprocessability and degradability. In addition, the introduction of polybenzoxazine (PBz) structure greatly improved the mechanical properties, thermal decomposition temperature, carbon yield and hydrophobicity of epoxy resin vitrimer, which is very suitable for CFRPs matrix. The CFRP (P-AE-MV-CF) prepared with P-AE-MV as matrix resin have good mechanical properties, reprocessability, shape memory and self-adhesion. Especially, it can be rapidly ammonolysis with n-butylamine under mild conditions (60 degrees C), achieving efficient and non-destructive recycling of CFs. This work provides an effective solution to promote the closed-loop recycling of CFs and the sustainable development of CFRPs using fully bio-based resources as raw materials.

Hydrogel electrolyte is an ideal candidate material for flexible energy storage devices due to its excellent softness and conductivity properties. However, challenges such as the inherent mechanical weakness, the susceptibility to be frozen in low-temperature environments, and the insufficiency of hydrogel-electrode contact persist. Herein, a "Multi in One" strategy is employed to effectively conquer these difficulties by endowing hydrogels with high strength, freeze-resistance, and self-adhesive ability. Multiple hydrogen bond networks and ion crosslinking networks are constructed within the hydrogel electrolyte (PVA/PAAc/XG) containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid (AAc), and xanthan gum (XG), promoting the enhanced mechanical property, and the adhesion to electrode materials is also improved through abundant active groups. The introduction of zinc ions provides the material with superior frost resistance while also promoting electrical conductivity. Leveraging its multifunction of superior mechanical strength, anti-freeze property, and self-adhesive characteristic, the PVA/PAAc/XG hydrogel electrolyte is employed to fabricate zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHS). Remarkably, ZHS exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance and cycle stability. A remarkable capacity retention rate of 83.86 % after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles can be achieved at high current densities, even when the operational temperature decreases to -60 degrees C, showing great potential in the field of flexible energy storage devices.

Turpentine is a renewable and resourceful forest product. The deep processing and utilization of turpentine, particularly its primary component β-pinene, has garnered widespread attention. This study aimed to synthesize 40 derivatives of β-pinene, including nopinone, 3-cyanopyridines of nopinone, myrtanyl acid, myrtanyl acylthioureas, and myrtanyl amides. We assessed the antiviral activities of these β-pinene derivatives against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) using the 3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The β-pinene derivatives were used before and after cellular infection with the influenza virus to evaluate their preventive and therapeutic effects against the H1N1 virus. The results showed that only compound 10o exhibited a preventive effect against the H1N1 virus with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 47.6 μmol/L. Among the compounds, 4e, 4i, and 4l demonstrated therapeutic effects against cellular infection, with compound 4e displaying the most potent therapeutic effect (IC50 = 17.5 μmol/L), comparable to the positive control ribavirin. These findings indicated that certain β-pinene derivatives exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza A virus, warranting further investigation as potential anti-influenza agents.

Most epoxy resins on the market have low thermal stability and flammable defects. As a potential curing agent for epoxy resin, polybenzoxazine (PBz) can effectively improve the thermal properties of the resin due to its low heat release capacity (HRC) and rigid aromatic ring support, and its raw materials can be derived from renewable resources. Here, we have successfully developed a molecular design strategy to obtain a trifunctional benzoxazine monomer with phosphate ester. Firstly, guaiacol-ethanolamine benzoxazine monomer (GE) was synthesized by Mannich condensation using guaiacol and ethanolamine as raw materials. Then trifunctional benzoxazine phosphate ester (TBP) was synthesized by the nucleophilic reaction of GE with phosphorus oxychloride. Finally, the epoxy resin DGEBA was cured by TBP to obtain a PBz modified epoxy resin (EP-TBP polymer) with Tg of 113.7 degrees C and char yield of 37.4 %. Due to the introduction of TBP rich in phosphorus and nitrogen, it releases phosphorus radicals and nitrogen-containing inert gases during combustion, which leads to quenching effect and dilution effect. In addition, TBP can also promote the dehydration and dehydrogenation of the polymer and accelerate the formation of the aromatic hybrid char layer. Therefore, the THR of TBP modified epoxy resin is 49.3 % lower than that of epoxy resin without TBP, and the char yield is 47 times higher. And when the phosphorus content is 1.76 %, the flame-retardant grade can reach V-0. In addition, the introduction of TBP also enhanced the mechanical properties, adhesion properties and hydrophobicity properties of the polymer. It is worth mentioning that under alkaline conditions, the phosphate ester in the structure of EP-TBP polymer will undergo ammonolysis reaction with ethanolamine, and the resulting oligomers will be dissolved in it, thereby achieving rapid degradation of EP-TBP polymer. This work is to develop a high-performance multifunctional epoxy resin flame retardant curing agent based on renewable raw materials, and provide important insights for the subsequent development of halogen-free bio-based PBz flame retardant materials.

Practical employment of silicon (Si) electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is limited due to the severe volume changes suffered during charging-discharging process, causing serious capacity fading. Here, a composite polymer (CP-10) containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) and poly-lysine (PL) is proposed for the binder of Si-based anodes, and a multifunctional strategy of "in-situ crosslinking" is achieved to alleviate the severe capacity degradation effectively. A cross-linked three-dimensional (3D) network is established through the strong hydrogen bonding interaction and reversible electrostatic interactions within CP-10, offering favorable mechanical tolerance for the extreme volume expansion of Si. Moreover, hydrogen bonding interaction along with ion-dipole interaction formed between CP-10 and Si surface enhance the bonding capability of Sibased anodes, promoting the maintenance of anodes' integrity. Consequently, over 800 cycles are achieved for the Si@CP-10 at 0.5C while maintaining a fixed discharge specific capacity of 1000 mAh g-1. Moreover, the Si/ C@CP-10 can stably operate over 500 cycles with a capacity retention of 77.12 % at 1C. The prolonged cycling lifetime of Si/C and Si anodes suggests great potential for this strategy in promoting the implementation of highcapacity LIBs.

As a new type of thermosetting resin, polybenzoxazine resin (PBz) has the advantages of flexible molecular design, excellent thermal stability, and mechanical properties. It has application potential in many fields such as aerospace, hydrophobic flame retardant, anti‐corrosion, antibacterial, and electronic communication. Unlike traditional thermosetting resins, PBz can be made with natural renewable resources in addition to petrochemical raw materials. At present, PBz has synthesized monomers from renewable resources and made breakthroughs in raw material sources and performance improvement. In this work, the preparation methods and research progress of bio‐based benzoxazine (BOZ) with different phenol sources and amine sources in the past 10 years are reviewed. The existing shortcomings and improvement methods of PBz functional materials are analyzed, and the future research direction of bio‐based PBz is prospected.

With the development of high-frequency communication, the miniaturization of integrated circuits (ICs) has led to interconnected signal delays and losses. The dielectric properties of epoxy resins are no longer satisfactory, because of the presence of polar groups. Herein, a benzocyclobutene-rosin modifier was designed and synthesized to reduce the dielectric constant of epoxy resins. The recross-linking network of benzocyclobutene inhibits the polarizability of the polar groups, and rosin skeletons increase the free volume of epoxy resins. Consequently, the dielectric constant of epoxy resins decreased from 3.12 to 2.72 and their water absorption decreased from 1.06% to 0.861%. The dielectric constant and water absorption are lower than those of most commercial dielectric materials. Additionally, the adhesion of epoxy resins was improved, which broke the contradiction between the dielectric properties and the adhesion of traditional epoxy resins. The modified epoxy resin was finally applied to printed circuit boards. At 15 GHz, its signal loss was 28.8 dB, which was lower than that of a commercial epoxy resin (FR-4), demonstrating that the modified epoxy resin can better meet the miniaturization needs of ICs.

Self-healing, self-adhesive, and stretchable bio-based conductive hydrogels exhibit properties similar to those of biological tissues, making them an urgent requirement for emerging wearable devices. The primary challenge lies in devising straightforward strategies to accomplish all the aforementioned performances and achieve equilibrium among them. This study used the natural compound thioctic acid (TA) and modified cellulose to prepare conductive hydrogels with stretchability, healing, and self-adhesion through a simple one-step strategy. Metastable poly(TA) was obtained through ring-opening polymerization of lithiated TA, followed by the introduction of dopamine-grafted cellulose nanofibers (DCNF) to stabilize poly(TA) and prepare PTALi/DCNF hydrogels with the aforementioned properties. The hydrogels demonstrated remarkable conductivity, attributed to the existence of Li + ions, with a maximum conductivity of 17.36 mS/cm. The self-healing capacity of the hydrogels was achieved owing to the presence of disulfide bond in TA. The introduction of DCNF can effectively stabilize poly (TA), endow the hydrogel with self-adhesion ability, improve the mechanical properties, and further enhance the formability of hydrogels. Generally, bio-based PTALi/DCNF hydrogels with stretchability, self-healing, selfadhesion, and conductivity are obtained through a simple strategy and used as a sensor with a wide response range and high sensitivity. Hydrogels have significant potential for application in wearable electronic devices, electronic skins, and soft robots.

Low-k dielectrics are urgently needed in modern integrated circuits. The introduction of free volume instead of porous structures has become a powerful strategy to reduce the k value. According to this strategy, the biomass resource rosin-containing hydrogenated phenanthrene ring was introduced into benzocyclobutene (BCB) resin to reduce the k value; then a rosin-based BCB monomer was successfully synthesized. Meanwhile, the BCB monomer without a rosin skeleton was prepared. After converting the monomers into thermo-crosslinked materials, notably that the rosin skeleton has a great influence on the free volume and k value of the material. The fractional free volume and k value of the former are 26% and 2.44, respectively, and those of the latter are 14% and 2.84, respectively. In addition, the distances between molecular chains and the density of the former are 0.60 nm and 1.06 g cm-3, respectively; those of the latter are 0.56 nm and 1.28 g cm-3, respectively. These data show that introducing hydrogenated phenanthrene rings occupies part of the space and hinders the packing of molecular chains, which increases the distance between molecular chains and reduces the density of the polymer, resulting in an increasing free volume and a reducing k value. Notably that introducing hydrogenated phenanthrene rings cannot affect other properties of the material. Therefore, this research indicates that introducing rosin skeletons can prepare high-performance materials, which provide some promising low-k materials for the development of electronics and microelectronics.

Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) thermosets show poor performance owing to the low cross-linking density and flexibility of their backbone structure. Herein, fully bio-derived benzoxazine (GD) cured ESO thermosets (PGEs) with high-performance were prepared through a green process. As a curing agent, GD improved the cross-linking density and rigidity of ESO resins. Moreover, different types of hydrogen bonds formed in the PGEs, further strengthening the intermolecular interactions. Therefore, the glass transition temperature (T-g) and tensile strength of PGEs attained 93 degrees C and 34 MPa, respectively, which are higher than those reported for conventional ESO resins. Additionally, PGEs exhibited substantial hydrophobicity and a low dielectric constant, which can be associated with complex intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds within the thermoset network. Furthermore, as the GD content in PGE increased, the dielectric constant and water absorption of the polymer reduced to 2.72 % and 0.52 %, respectively. Herein, the preparation of novel all-biological ESO thermosets using GD as the curing agent is reported, providing a green and convenient strategy for the design of high-performance ecological materials.