This review examines the significance of amaranth protein, offering a comprehensive analysis of its nutritional composition, health-promoting features, functional characteristics, and versatile applications. The high digestibility and unique amino acid profile endow it with remarkable health-promoting properties and open doors to an array of applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Amaranth protein extracted from the seeds of the amaranth plant is now recognized as an attractive alternative protein source owing to its distinctive nutritional profile and potential health benefits. The protein profile of amaranth protein, which includes albumins, globulins, prolamins, and glutelins, along with the well-balanced amino acid composition, makes it a suitable substitute to boost protein quality and meet dietary requirements. Amaranth protein isolate exhibits strong emulsifying, foaming, and gelation capabilities owing to the presence of protein-polysaccharide complexes and an abundance of disulfide bonds. Furthermore, modification approaches like physical, chemical, or biological treatments boost its functioning and broaden its prospects in the food and packaging sectors. The relevance of amaranth proteins in terms of their nutritional value, functional potential, health-promoting properties, and sustainability is outlined in this article, thereby highlighting its immense potential to revolutionize various industries and open up prospective applications in an array of food items.

Paneer is a fresh, non-melting, unripened cheese commonly consumed in South Asian countries. It is known for its mild flavor, firm texture, and high nutritional value. The manufacturing and compositional factors driving its production are complex and multifaceted. Beginning with the crucial function that, the composition and variety of the milk, and coagulating agents play in determining the texture and flavour characteristics of paneer, this review also includes a discussion on the importance of different pre-treatments of milk on the quality of paneer. The composition of milk varies depending on the source such as cow, buffalo, goat, camel, sheep and yak milk. The protein and fat content of milk varies depending on the type of milk, which affects the quality of the final product in terms of yield, taste and texture. The use of coagulant in the manufacturing of paneer is also an important factor affecting its yield and quality. The use of coagulants such as calcium lactone and galacto delta lactone was found to increase the yield of paneer. Paneer prepared using different coagulants was found to have different textural and organoleptic characteristics. The processing parameters and the pre-treatments are one of the principal factors that play an important role in paneer manufacturing. Pre-treatments such as High-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, homogenization, etc. have been found to significantly affect the quality characteristics of paneer. These techniques play an important role in reducing the microbial load of milk. Thus, review focuses on the effect of different varieties of milk, type of coagulant and pre-treatments on the yield and quality of the paneer.

Soybean meal is an underutilized byproduct of the soybean oil processing industry, which is rich in high quality protein but mostly used as an animal feed. Valorization of soybean meal on a large scale is possible by extracting protein isolate and modifying its structural characteristics through pH-shifting or ultrasonic treatment, which has a direct association with the better functional properties of protein isolate. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of pH-shifting treatment on the structural characteristics and nutritional quality of ultrasonically extracted soybean meal protein isolate (SMPI). The results showed that the pH shifted SMPI had higher hydrophobicity (60.5-104.3) and free sulfhydryl group (22.67-24.45 mu mol/g) than without pH shifted SMPI (53.5 and 19.67 mu mol/g, respectively). The fluorescence intensity of the SMPI treated at extreme acidic and alkaline pH was higher than that of other pH-treated samples. The beta-sheet (39.68%) components of SMPI treated at pH 10 showed the highest value when compared to other pH-treated (38.18-39.26%). The alkaline pH-treated sample had higher concentration of essential amino acids (36.16 g/100 g) than other acidic or near neutral pH-treated sample (30.06-32.30 g/100 g). The quality parameters such as biological value (67.62), and amino acid index (72.77) were higher for the SMPI treated at pH 10 as compared to the SMPI treated at other pH conditions. Hence, the pH-treatment method can be utilized as an effective technique to improve the characteristics of SMPI, which will increases its applications in various food sectors.

Huge quantity of by-products is generated by the fruit and vegetable processing industries mostly in the form of peels, seeds, rind, and pomace. These by-products carry high nutritional and economical value owing to their rich composition of bioactive constituents. Utilization of various green extraction methods for the recovery of high-value compounds and their quantification using new and innovative technologies can help achieve complete valorization of fruit and vegetable by-products. The bioactive compounds present in fruit and vegetable by-products contribute to the prevention of several diseases and are therefore, beneficial to human health. Its incorporation in food products as functional food ingredient can be a novel strategy to meet the growing concerns of health and nutrition. This chapter highlights the bioactive potential of fruit and vegetable processing by-products, methods of their extraction and quantification along with its health benefits.

The synthetic, non-renewable nature and harmful effects of plastic packaging have led to the synthesis of eco-friendly renewable bio-nanocomposite film. The present work was aimed at the formulation and characterization of bio-nanocomposite film using soybean meal protein, montmorillonite (MMT), and debittered kinnow peel powder. The composition of film includes protein isolate (5% w/v), glycerol (50% w/w), peel powder (20% w/w), and MMT (0.5-2.5% w/w). Incorporation of MMT in soybean meal protein-based film loaded with kinnow peel powder showed lesser solubility (16.76-26.32%), and swelling ability (142.77-184.21%) than the film prepared without MMT (29.41%, & 229.41%, respectively). The mechanical properties like tensile strength of nanocomposite film improved from 9.41 to 38.69% with the increasing concentration of MMT. The water vapor transmission rate of the nanocomposite film was decreased by 3.45-17.85% when the MMT concentration increased. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed no considerable change in the structural properties of the film after the addition of MMT. Differential scanning colorimeter analysis revealed the increment in melting temperature (85.33-92.67 °C) of the film with a higher concentration of MMT. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated an increased distributed area of MMT throughout the film at higher concentrations. The antimicrobial activity of the film was remarkably increased by 4.96-17.18% with the addition of MMT. The results obtained in the current work confirmed that MMT incorporation in soybean meal protein-based film can augment its properties and can be utilized for enhancing the storage period of food products.

Soybean meal, a reservoir of high-quality protein has been produced in large quantities from the soybean oil processing industry and is mostly used as animal feed. The present work was aimed at the development and characterization of soybean meal protein-based antimicrobial edible film incorporating debittered kinnow peel powder (KPP) and valorizing the underutilized soybean meal protein as well as kinnow peel bioactive compounds. The incorporation of kinnow peel powder reduced the solubility, moisture content and swelling ability of the film than the film prepared without KPP. The addition of KPP up to 20 % (w/w) increased the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the film increased by 19 to 20 %, and 75 to 79 %, respectively after the incorporation of KPP. The results of structural characteristics (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction), and morphology (Scanning electron microscopy) showed the good compatibility of KPP and soybean protein isolate. Thermal properties studied through differential scanning colorimetry showed higher melting temperature of KKP added films as compared to control film. The present work indicated that KPP can be successfully used to develop an active edible film and can be used for storing a variety of food products like cheese, paneer, chocolate bars, cut fruits, etc.

Interdiffusion study was carried out in β-(Ni,Pt)Al system at 1100 °C by solid–solid diffusion couple technique. Using Kirkaldy’s approach, ternary interdiffusion coefficients were determined at 27 different compositions covering broad range of the β phase region. Zero flux planes (ZFP) and regions of uphill diffusion were manifested in several diffusion couples indicating presence of strong diffusional interactions in the system. Among the three components, Pt and Al were found to be the slowest and the fastest diffusing elements, respectively. For a given Al content, the main interdiffusion coefficients D_AlAl^Ni and D_PtPt^Ni increased with increase in Pt content but they decreased with increase in Al concentration at a given Pt-content. The cross interdiffusion coefficient D_NiAl^Pt is negative and about one order magnitude higher than the main coefficient D_NiNi^Pt which implies that the interdiffusion flux of Ni is enhanced up the Al concentration gradient. Based on the ternary interdiffusion coefficients, it is inferred that Ni and Al have stronger interaction than Pt and Al. The effect of Pt in reducing spinel oxide formation in TGO layer is explained based on the diffusional interactions of Al and Ni as determined in this study.

The aerospace components operating in hot sections of aero-engines and combustors experience extreme environments. Typically, the components are subjected to high service temperatures exceeding 1100°C and oxidizing conditions. Protective coatings are essential for preventing oxidation-induced dimensional degradation of the components and enhancing their high temperature capability as well as durability. Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) has developed a variety of metallic and ceramic thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems for Ni-base superalloys, and refractory Nb-alloys for strategic aerospace applications involving ultra-high temperatures and high flow velocities. These coatings have demonstrated significant effectiveness against thermal degradation at temperatures as high as 2000 °C during oxidation in static air as well as in dynamic conditions involving high flow velocities (Mach > 2). The present article provides an overview of the advanced oxidation resistant and thermal barrier coatings developed in DMRL. The effectiveness of the TBCs in preventing dimensional degradation of the metallic and composite substrate materials has been evaluated at the laboratory scale. The developed TBCs have the potential for use in aero-engines and propulsion systems of hypervelocity vehicles.

Soy meal as an agro-industrial by-product produced by the soybean oil processing industry is rich in protein. To valorize soy meal, the present study was aimed at the optimization of soy protein isolate (SPI) extraction by ultrasound treatment, its characterization, and comparison with microwave, enzymatic, and conventionally extracted SPI. Maximum yield (24.17% ± 0.79%) and protein purity (91.6% ± 1.08%) of SPI were obtained at the optimized ultrasound extraction conditions of 15.38:1 (liquid-solid ratio), 51.85% (amplitude), 21.70°C (temperature), 3.49 s (pulse), and 11.01 min (time). The SPI extracted with ultrasound treatment showed a smaller particle size (27.24 ± 0.33 µm) as compared to that extracted with microwave, enzymatically, or conventional treatment. Functional characteristics, namely, water and oil binding capacity, emulsion properties, and foaming properties of ultrasonically extracted SPI were increased by 40%-50% as compared to SPI extracted with microwave treatment, enzymatically, or conventionally. Structural and thermal properties studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning colorimeter showed amorphous, secondary structural change, and high thermal resistance of ultrasonically extracted SPI. Increased functionality of ultrasonically obtained SPI can enhance its application in the development of various new food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soybean meal is one of the richest sources of protein and has huge potential to lessen protein-based malnutrition. Most of the studies on soy protein extraction were found to be based on the conventional methods that yield less quantity of protein. Hence, ultrasound treatment which is one of the novel nonthermal techniques has been selected for the present work and optimized for soy protein extraction. The ultrasound treatment showed significant improvement in extraction yield, proximate composition, amino acids profile, and improvement of functional properties of SPI as compared to the conventional, microwave, and enzymatic methods which proved the novelty of the work. Hence, the ultrasound technique could be used to increase the applications of SPI for developing a wide range of food products.

Turbo-fan gas turbine engines, or simply turbo-fan engines (STFEs), are used for powering both manned aircrafts and unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). The high pressure turbine section of such engines use Ni-base superalloy cast rotor blades because of their good mechanical properties at high operating temperatures. The present paper provides the technical/technological details of the various aspects associated with development and manufacturing of high pressure turbine blades (HPTBs) for utilization in an indigenously-developed small turbo-fan engine. Vacuum investment casting process has been adopted for realization of the above equiaxed components using a Ni-base superalloy.

Extraction and improvement of plant-based protein isolate by microwave and pH shifting treatment have received increasing attention to widening its applications. In the current study, protein isolate was prepared by optimizing microwave treatment parameters from soybean meal, and the impact of pH shifting on the microwave-extracted soybean meal protein isolate (SMPI) was analyzed. The maximum yield and purity were obtained at the optimal microwave treatment conditions of 16:1 v/w, 600 W, and 32 s of liquid-solid ratio, power, and time respectively. The SMPI samples shifted at various pH after microwave treatment showed better functional characteristics like solubility, emulsion forming capacity, wettability, and foaming capacity and stability than the control sample (non-pH shifted). The structural characteristics of pH-shifted SMPI studied through FTRI and XRD indicated the presence of more ꞵ-sheets, increased hydrogen bonds, and less crystalline conformation than the control sample. The SMPI sample shifted near the isoelectric point of protein showed better thermal properties than other pH-shifted samples. This study demonstrated that pH shifting of SMPI extracted by microwave treatment causes desirable changes and can play a huge role in the utilization of soybean meal for food product development. Statement of Novelty Current work includes the extraction of soybean meal protein isolate (SMPI) by optimizing microwave treatment parameters through response surface methodology. The optimized sample was adjusted at five different pHs and various functional, structural, and thermal properties were studied. The extraction yield and purity of soybean meal protein isolate obtained after optimizing microwave treatment parameters were noticeably higher than the conventional methods. Significant improvements were also observed in the structural, functional, and thermal properties of soybean meal protein isolate after pH adjustment as compared to protein isolate obtained without pH adjustment.

Alumina-mullite ceramic shell moulds were developed to cast single-crystal hollow high-pressure turbine blades (SX-HPTB). Mullite and fine alumina powders were used as fillers. Two colloidal silica binders were used to bind the filler particles. One colloidal silica binder (binder A) had no polymer and the second colloidal silica binder (binder B) had 8 wt % polymer. Eight slurry compositions with fine alumina substitution (0, 10, 30 and 50 wt %) were prepared. Silica cores were used to achieve hollow castings. The effect of alumina substitution and binders on the slurry characteristics, flexural strength of green and fired samples, air permeability and self-load sag resistance was studied. It was observed that with an increase in alumina percentage, the test specimens showed increased viscosity, pick-up weight, density, green strength and fired residual strength. In addition, the slurries prepared from binder B possessed larger values of viscosity and pick-up weight compared to the slurries prepared from binder A. The residual strength of fired test specimens containing binder A was higher than those containing binder B. The test specimens with 30 wt % fine alumina substitution showed the highest self-load sag resistance w.r.t. each test temperature. Also, the air permeability of the fired samples was higher than the green (de-waxed) samples. The casting of hollow HPTB components was performed at two temperatures (1525 C and 1550 C) using nickel-based superalloy CMSX4. The HPTB components, cast at 1550 ? from ceramic shell mould having binder B and 30 wt % fine alumina substitution, resulted in an acceptable aerofoil profile and surface roughness.

Thermal barrier coatings system normally consists of substrate, a bond coat and a ceramic top coat. Platinum aluminide diffusion bond coat are extensively used in modern aero-engine. Sometimes bond coat is subjected to solid particle erosion. The objective of present work is to examine the influence of test conditions on the erosion response of platinum aluminide bond coat. The erosion rate of bond coat deposited on CM247 and AM1 alloy is evaluated as function of test temperature, impact velocity and impact angle in this work. The results show that coating on AM1 alloy exhibits better erosion resistance than that on CM247. In general, erosion response is brittle. At elevated temperatures, oxidation affected erosion dominates. The erosion rate of PtAl coating on both the substrates increases with increase in test temperature, impact velocity and impact angle.

Introduction The relationship between the level of anxiety and depression among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and coronary angiographic findings is ambiguously mentioned in studies. Past evidence shows that the relationship between anxiety and depression with coronary artery disease can be bidirectional. There is a paucity of literature on the association of levels of anxiety and depression with the number of coronary arteries involved in coronary artery disease. Methods This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital to find the level of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and their association with the numbers of the major coronary artery involved. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization in the Department of Cardiovascular Science of a tertiary care hospital in India from May 2020 to December 2020 were considered for inclusion in the study. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed based on the combination of clinical, ECG, echocardiography, or biomarker parameters in various combinations. These patients were further subjected to coronary angiogram to know the extent of stenosis and the number of coronary vessels involved in the disease. The level of anxiety and depression was measured by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during the period of admission and at least 24 hours after diagnosis and at least 12 hours before cardiac catheterization. The data was entered into SPSS software version 22.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) for statistical analysis. Chi-square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the interpretation of data and find an association between severity of anxiety and depression with the number of major coronary vessels involved. Results Anxiety was seen in 83.3% of the patients with 31.5% having severe anxiety. Depression was found in 77.8% with 38.9% suffering from severe depression. The anxiety and depression scores of HADS were significantly higher in those with triple-vessel disease compared to the double-vessel or single-vessel disease. Conclusion Screening and management of anxiety and depression is an essential part of the care of patients with coronary artery disease. People with triple-vessel disease need the most attention and appropriate management of anxiety and depression.

Soybean meal, an agro-industrial by-product is rich in protein and can be used as a potential source of protein isolate. In the present work, protein isolate was extracted from soybean meal by ultrasound treatment and pH was adjusted to 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Ultrasonic extraction of protein isolates resulted in maximum yield and purity of 41 +/- 2 % and 92 +/- 2% respectively at optimized ultrasound conditions. Soybean meal protein isolates adjusted at pH 10 showed reduced particle size, increased solubility, high emulsifying, foaming, water, and oil binding properties. Structural characteristics of pH adjusted soybean meal protein isolate studied by FTIR and XRD indicated increased changes of secondary structures and less crystallinity of protein after pH adjustment. SEM and TEM analysis indicated the formation of a more aggregated structure of protein in pH adjusted samples compared to the control. The soybean meal protein isolates sample adjusted at pH 10 showed higher thermal stability with a denaturation temperature of 123 +/- 2 degrees C as compared to those samples adjusted pH at 2, 4, 6, and 8. Thus, pH adjustment can be adopted as a potential method for the improvement of soybean meal protein and increase its applicability in a wide range of food product development.

Edible film packaging is recognized as a suitable alternative for maintaining quality and increasing the storage life of foods. Edible films are produced from naturally available polymer sources viz. carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and combination of these. The applicability of biopolymer-based edible films is increasing due to the usage of advanced technologies for improving their structural, physical, mechanical, and barrier properties. Various non-thermal techniques, for example, ultrasound, cold plasma, high-pressure processing, and ultraviolet treatments can be efficient to modify the functional properties of edible films. These techniques can improve the properties of films by reducing particle size, strengthening inter-molecular electrostatic repulsion, and increasing the cross-linking of biopolymers. Enrichment of nanomaterials in biopolymer matrix can increase the structural and mechanical properties of films through the generation of new hydrogen bonds between nanomaterials and polymers. So, non-thermal techniques and nanomaterials can be useful to improve the properties of edible films.

The investment casting process was adopted to cast a low-pressure turbine rotor (LPTR) blisk. The casting was carried out in vacuum at 1525 degrees C by using BZL12Y superalloy. Ceramic shell moulds for the casting were prepared by two different fillers (mullite and zircon), two types of colloidal silica binders (polymer-free binder-A and polymer-containing binder-B) and cobalt aluminate solution. The shell specimens having binder B showed improved green strength and self-load sag resistance in comparison to their counterparts having binder-A. Samples prepared from the slurry compositions having binder-A showed higher residual fired strength than the samples prepared from slurry compositions having binder-B. Defect-free castings of LPTR blisks with fine equiaxed grains were obtained by using ceramic shell moulds containing binder-B and cobalt aluminate solution. The LPTR blisks cast from the ceramic shell moulds having binder-A showed hot tear defect along-with coarse grains. Irrespective of the filler, the LPTR blisk cast by using ceramic shell moulds and cobalt aluminate showed fine grains. The average surface roughness values of LPTR blisks cast from ceramic shell moulds, having binder-B and binder-A, were observed to be in the acceptable range even though castings with binder-A showed marginally lower surface roughness.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficient extraction technique and recovery of superior quality anthocyanins from blood fruit. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques were carried out using different solvents. The results of the anthocyanin concentration, co-pigmenting compounds, color values, and antioxidant activities of blood fruit extracts suggested that the methanol extract is better than the other solvents extract. The mass spectrometry detection of anthocyanins revealed the abundance of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (cy3g) fraction in ultrasonic methanol extract as compared with conventional extract. In the storage stability study, it was found that the stability of anthocyanins in acidic buffer was higher with low degradation rate as compared with that in the near neutral and alkaline buffer. The current study of anthocyanins rich blood fruit extract will enhance the utilization of this fruit in food and pharmaceutical industry to develop potential food colorants, antioxidants, cosmetics, and so forth. Practical applications Natural colorants have been regarded as safe and alternatives to potentially harmful synthetic dyes, especially in food industries. The natural colorants including anthocyanins has increased due to their health-promoting properties and an overall increase in consumer demand. It possesses industrially desirable attributes as they are attractive in color and hence have high consumer preference, soluble in water, exhibit moderate stability, and provide health/nutritional benefits. The extracted anthocyanins from blood fruits may help to use as a potent of natural coloring substance for food, nutraceutical, antioxidant, handicraft, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry.

Ceramic shell moulds for investment casting of shrouded low-pressure turbine (LPT) blades were prepared by using colloidal silica binder and partial substitution of the zircon filler with fine alumina. Among the two ceramic slurry systems designed, the first slurry system comprised of polymer-free colloidal silica binder, and the second slurry system comprised of polymer-containing colloidal silica binder. The samples prepared from the first slurry system showed higher fired residual strength and self-load sag values (lesser sag resistance). The casting of shrouded LPT blades was carried out at 1525 degrees C and 1550 degrees C using CM247LC superalloy. Ceramic shell moulds prepared from the second slurry system, containing 30 wt% of fine alumina filler, yielded aeronautical grade casting (at 1550 degrees C) of blades with required dimensional accuracy and average surface roughness. Microstructural analysis of the cut surfaces of self-load sag tested samples was carried out to understand the effect of fine alumina substitution on shell characteristics.