The article presents a novel synthesis methodology and the results of a study of composite materials based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silica, intended for the chromatographic separation of a mixture of light fullerenes (C60 and C70). CNTs were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using catalysts based on silica (KSK-2) modified with metal ammonia complexes, as well as porous nickel (nickel foam). The obtained samples were characterized by physicochemical analytical methods. It was found that the highest yield of CNTs is achieved using KSK-2-Co catalysts and nickel foam. To obtain composite solid stationary phases, both synthesized CNTs (with the highest yield) and commercial samples of carbon nanotubes (Taunite, Dealtom, Bayer), as well as Aerosil A-380 (as a carrier matrix) were used. It was established that the highest efficiency for separating light fullerenes was achieved using the A-380-CNTs-Taunite and A-380-CNTs-Ni foam composites. The study proposed hypotheses for light fullerene separation mechanisms. Using molecular dynamics, it simulated the interaction of individual light fullerenes with CNTs in a toluene medium. Additionally, it analyzed the key factors influencing the sorption properties of the composites: specific surface area, nanotube diameter, and total pore volume.

The article presents a non-model algorithm for calculating the fusibility diagrams of multicomponent systems exclusively from data on the fusibility diagrams of binary subsystems. The first geometric calculation algorithm is based on solving systems of linear equations of liquidus isotherms. The second, thermodynamic calculation algorithm requires only the coordinates of the binary eutectic. The application of both algorithms is demonstrated by the example of fusibility diagrams of ternary quasi-simple salt systems with a common cation and a common anion. There is a convincing agreement between the calculation results the results of the non-model calculation with the available experimental literature data. The proof of the fact that all non-invariant points of various quasi-simple ternary systems (with two identical and one different component) belong to one mono-variant curve is given. Examples of calculations of these mono-variant curves are given and convincing agreement of the non-model calculation with experimental data is demonstrated. A system of transcendental equations has been compiled for calculating the coordinates of ternary eutectic.

The purpose of the study was to consider isothermal vapor-liquid diagrams of quasi-simple systems and to develop a universal algorithm for the calculation of isothermal vapor-liquid diagrams of these systems independent of the type of valence of the electrolyte, the number of components in the system, and the types of solid solutions. The suggested analogues of the three Gibbs–Konovalov and Gibbs–Roozeboom laws are true when moving along the univariant equilibrium lines on the solubility diagrams of systems with a random number of components. The study did not involve any experiments. The suggested algorithm was applied for the description of solubility (solidliquid) diagrams and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams of three- and four-component systems with one, two, or three volatile components. In all the cases, the results of thermodynamic first-principles calculations agreed well with the experimental data presented in the literature. Both the experimental data presented in the literature and the results of the thermodynamic first-principles calculation performed by the authors are also in good agreement with the suggested analogues of the Gibbs–Konovalov and Gibbs–Roozeboom laws

The article presents a method for thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent systems over a wide range of state parameters (temperatures, component quantities) and its application to the study of the synthesis process of a multicomponent (10 or more) ceramic system: SiO₂–K₂O–Na₂O–Al₂O₃–Fe₂O₃–CaO–MgO–TiO₂–P₂O₅–SO₃–H₂O–A (where A is vacuum or air). The method was validated using experimental data on phase equilibria, X-ray phase analysis, thermogravimetry, and mass spectrometric studies of low-component model systems (ranging from 1 to 8 components). Temperature dependencies of the phase composition for condensed phases and the chemical composition of the gas phase were obtained. The influence of synthesis conditions, atmospheric environment, and residual moisture in the batch materials on phase-chemical transformations was investigated. The modeling results were convincingly confirmed by X-ray phase analysis.

As a result of a comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of the C60-l-cysteine aqueous solutions, practically significant results were obtained, which underlie the understanding of the mechanisms of biological action and biocompatibility. It was shown that the adduct of fullerene C60 with l-cysteine is compatible with water and aqueous solutions and at the same time is amphiphilic. Aqueous solutions are strongly associated and, depending on the concentration, associates of various orders are formed up to the micron size; dilute solutions have high negative partial volumes, which indicate a strong structure. The adduct does not exhibit cytotoxicity, possesses antiradical activity, and reversibly binds to human serum albumin. The obtained data demonstrates the complexity of the systems under study and the prospects for their application in medicinal chemistry and biomedical materials science.

The study presents cryoscopic investigation of binary systems containing adducts of fullerene C-60 with sulfur-containing amino acids C-60(C3H7NO2S)(3) (adduct with L-cysteine, C-60-Cys) and C-60(C5H11NO2S)(3) (adduct with L-methionine, C-60-Met). Excess thermodynamic functions of solution components were calculated using a semi-empirical model Virial Decomposition Asymmetric Model (VD-AS). Adducts of fullerene C-60 with sulfur-containing amino acids were characterized using C-13 NMR, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and HPLC. Additionally, experimental data on the enthalpy of combustion of fullerene adducts, as well as concentration dependences of particle size distribution and zeta-potentials are presented.

This work is devoted to the study of the physicochemical properties of the water-soluble adduct fullerene C60-l-methionine. The adduct was characterized using 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, UV/vis spectroscopy, and HPLC. The measured physicochemical properties included density, viscosity, refraction, electrical conductivity, speed of sound, surface properties of aqueous solutions, nanoparticle size distribution in water, the molecular dynamics simulation of the association of C60-Met molecules in water and isotonic saline (0.15 M NaCl solutions), the study of solubility in binary C60-Met-H2O and ternary C60-Met-NaCl-H2O systems, as well as their distribution in the n-octan-1-ol-water system.

The C60-lysine adduct was synthesized using C60 and lysine as starting materials and characterized by elemental analysis, HPLC, electron spectroscopy, DTG-TG and FT-IR. Elemental analysis revealed the calculated formula of the crystalline hydrate of the bis-adduct C60 and lysine: C60(C6H14N2O2)2·5H2O. According to the HPLC chromatogram, the final product comprises lysine and has a purity of 98 rel. masses. %. The electronic spectrum of an aqueous solution of the adduct shows that the resultant chemical is free of starting material impurities. DFT studies of the adduct molecule (fullerene-lysine) were carried out with extensive and precise studies of detailed vibrational and spectroscopic studies and compared with experimental data. Quantum-chemical calculations of geometric optimization and vibrational spectra, which were performed in the Gaussian 09 software package, indicate a possible preferable coordination through the NH2 group. Good agreement between the experimental and calculated data in the range of stretching vibrations of OH groups (3460 and 3446 cm-1) and bending vibrations of COH (1446 and 1441 cm-1) allows us to make an assumption in favor of ε-NH2 coordination

Diagram of solubility in quaternary water-salt system Na+,Ni2+//Cl-,SO42--H2O in the temperature range −5 ÷ 90 °С was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer’s equations. Linear temperature approximation of solubility products of solid phases was used.

The article describes the phenomenon of sequential hierarchical association observed in aqueous solutions of water–soluble derivatives of light fullerenes - C60 and C70 (fullerenols, adducts with carbonic acids, amino acids, low molecular weight proteins) with the general formula CxRn (x = 60, 70; n = 2 ÷ 24; R - substituent). As a result of this process, with an increase in the concentration of monomeric molecules of nanoclusters with linear dimensions of several nm, associates of the I-st order with dimensions of several tens of nm are formed; then associates of the II-nd order with dimensions of the first few hundred nm; then associates of the III-rd order with dimensions of several microns. The formation of type III associates corresponds to the diffusion instability of solutions – a micro-heterogenic state in which there is no delamination of liquid phases in density with a flat interface. Experimental evidence of the effect was obtained using the concentration dependence of excess thermodynamic functions of binary solutions CxRn-H2O obtained by cryometry; data on dynamic light scattering in binary solutions CxRn-H2O; as well as data obtained by studying the topological features of isothermal solubility diagrams of ternary systems of the type: CxRn-Salt-H2O (Salt is an inorganic salt of an alkaline or alkaline–earth s-metal, transition d-metal, lanthanide or actinoid - 4-f, 5-f metal).

This study is devoted to the synthesis of aerated concrete by a non-autoclave method using ash from thermal power plants and a nanopreparation. Fullerenol-m was used as a nanopreparation. The fullerenol-m content in the sealing water of aerated concrete changed in the range of 0.00 ÷ 0.03 mas.%. The main performance characteristics of the nanostructured aerated concrete were studied, namely the compressive strength, impact toughness, thermal conductivity, density and moisture content. A significant improvement in the performance characteristics of the nanomodified aerated concrete compared to unmodified samples was demonstrated, which was most clearly manifested as an increase in impact toughness by several (three to five) times. The best performance characteristics of the modified aerated concrete were observed at a fullerenol-m concentration relative to the added cement within 0.022–0.028 wt.%. The authors attribute such a strong change and improvement in the physical, chemical and operational properties of aerated concrete when modified with fullerenol-m to the fact that fullerenol-m (a few thousandths of wt.%) has a very strong structuring effect on the sealing water and, as a consequence, on the resulting aerated concrete.

This paper provides a proof for the operation of analogues of the three Gibbs–Konovalov laws (Gibbs–Roozeboom rules) in solid–vapor phase diagrams of ternary systems under the conditions of solid solutions desolvation in the absence of liquid phases. The diagrams under consideration are shown to feature topological isomorphism to phase diagrams of polymorphic transformations of solid solutions in binary systems, for which analogues of the Gibbs–Konovalov laws are also formulated. The proof is based on the application of generalized van der Waals differential equations to the phase equilibrium shift, written in the metrics of the incomplete and complete Gibbs potentials of solid phases of variable composition. The applicability of the laws (rules) analogues is shown for a number of model systems. A method is proposed for the separation and purification of salt components of solid solutions based on the laws recognized for the phase diagrams of solid solutions desolvation.

Diagram of solubility in quaternary water-salt system Na + , Ni 2 + // Cl - , SO 2- 4 - H 2 O in the temperature range -5 divided by 90 degrees & Scy; was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer ' s equations. Linear temperature approximation of solubility products of solid phases was used.

This paper is devoted to the consideration of isotherm-isobaric solubility diagrams of quasi-simple systems. Quasi-simple systems are multicomponent systems in which the lines (surfaces, hypersurfaces) of constancy solvent activity are characterized by a linear interdependence of the variables of the composition of liquid solutions. The specific type of dependence of the incomplete Gibbs potential on the composition variables for such systems is determined. A universal algorithm for the calculation of isotherm-isobaric solubility diagrams of these systems, independent of the valence type of the electrolyte, the number of components of the system, and the types of solid phases, which is also extended to systems with solid solutions formed, is presented. The results of nonmodel thermodynamic calculations of solubility diagrams are in convincing agreement with experimental data available in the literature.

Fullerenes and their derivatives have great potential for use as materials for medicine and biology. Fullerenes can enter into various reactions due to the presence of double bonds in their structure; it has also been repeatedly noted in the literature that the molecules have antiradical activity, biocompatibility, the ability to pass through biobarriers and immobilize various active molecules. In this work, a water-soluble adduct of C60 fullerene with glycine was synthesized, its physicochemical properties, biocompatibility were studied, and a protective effects toward collagen photodegradation as well as in the model reaction of human serum albumin glycation was shown.

The solubility diagram of the quaternary water-salt system with the presence of fullerenol-24: C60(OH)24-GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O and ternary subsystems: C60(OH)24-GdCl3-H2O ; C60(OH)24-TbCl3-H2O ; GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O, at 25oC was studied by the method of isothermal saturation in ampoules. A continuous series of solid solutions of isovalent substitution Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O crystallize in quaternary system and ternary subsystem GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O. The solubility diagrams in ternary subsystems C60(OH)24-GdCl3-H2O ; C60(OH)24-TbCl3-H2O ; are simple eutonics, consist of 2 branches of crystallization of C60(OH)2418H2O and GdCl3 6H2O and TbCl3 .6H2O, correspondingly. The solubility diagrams in ternary subsystem GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O consists of the single branch of crystallization of solid solutions Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O without the miscibility gap. The solubility diagrams in quaternary system C60(OH)24-GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O also consists of the single branch of crystallization of solid solutions Gdx Tb(1-x)Cl3∙6H2O and C60(OH)2418H2O simultaneously. Components salts distribution diagram between liquid and solid solutions in quaternary system with fullerenol-24 demonstrates noticeably more favorable opportunities for recrystallization separation of salt components Gd-Tb, compared with ternary subsystem without fullerenol-24: GdCl3-TbCl3-H2O at 25oC.

We review all aspects of the synthesis, properties, and applications of endometallofullerenes (EMF) over the last 20 years. EMF represent a new class of nanosized objects with specific physicochemical properties defined by the encapsulation of individual atoms and small molecules with significant potential of practical applications in biology and medicine. One such application is an EMF based anticancer drug capable of activating antitumour immune response, inhibition of the tumour development, and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. Another, separate application direction is the use of EMF as contrast agents.

An original approach for describing chemical equilibrium shifts in systems of any physico-chemical nature has been developed. The mathematical expression of the equilibri-um principle as formulated by the authors contains, instead of the standard heat and volume changes during a chemical reaction, mixing functions that in some special cases exceed the standard ones. It is shown that in systems with extremely large deviations from ideality (for example, in aqueous solutions of uranyl salts or water-soluble light fullerenes derivatives) the equilibrium shift principle developed by the authors may fundamentally differ from the well-known Le Chatelier-Brown principle).

The solubility diagram of the ternary system NdCl 3 –PrCl 3 –H 2 O has been studied by the method of isothermal saturation in ampules at 25°C. In the system NdCl 3 –PrCl 3 –H 2 O, isovalent substitution solid solutions with the miscibility gap (PrCl 3 ) x (NdCl 3 ) 1 – x ·6H 2 O and (PrCl 3 ) x (NdCl 3 ) 1 – x ·7H 2 O have been crystallized. In the system, there is one non-invariant eutonic type point, corresponding to the saturation of the solution by two solid phases .

The article gives a general classification of non-invariant points in phase equilibrium diagrams of all possible types. The complete topological isomorphism of the diagrams of fusibility, solubility, and liquid-vapor equilibria in various sets of variables is demonstrated. The stability of mono-variant equilibria near the non-variant points is investigated. Recurrent formulas for calculating the number of topological elements of phase diagrams are given. A previously undescribed type of non-invariant points and phase processes in the solubility diagrams is described and characterized. The last ones have no topological analogs in other types of diagrams. Thus, we have carried out, as far as is available to the authors, a complete classification of invariant points and invariant processes in phase equilibrium diagrams of an arbitrary type and with an arbitrary number of components.