Wearable electronic skin (E-skin) with high sensitivity and stable response characteristics holds significant promise for human body monitoring. To address the critical bottleneck of stochastic microcrack morphology and poor structural controllability inherent in conventional MXene-based microcrack sensors, we present a skin-inspired, hierarchically structured E-skin in which ordered regulation of MXene microcracks is achieved through a pre-stretching–spray-coating coupling strategy. Benefiting from the synergistic interplay between structural engineering and conductive pathway modulation, the device achieves a sensitivity of 6.17 kPa–1 over a pressure range of 0–60 kPa, along with a cycling stability exceeding 12000 loading–unloading cycles, a rapid response time of 40 ms, and a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 30.64 dB. By combining discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for multi-scale analysis of radial and carotid arterial pulse signals, a dominant frequency of approximately 1.3 Hz (78 bpm) was extracted, validating the device’s high-resolution capability for detecting subtle physiological signals. This MXene-based microcrack E-skin offers a novel technical approach for the controllable fabrication of microcracks and demonstrates considerable potential for applications in wearable medical monitoring.

Graphene oxide-based materials exhibiting opposite properties on each side hold significant potential for applications in flexible electronics. Simplifying its preparation process is crucial for application production. This study presents a straightforward approach in which micron-sized graphite is integrated into a graphene oxide solution through a one-step mixing process and gravitational sedimentation, yielding a bilaterally anisotropic graphene oxide/graphite composite film. The film shows distinct differences in hydrophilicity and conductivity across its two surfaces, demonstrating high sensitivity to environmental and skin moisture. Owing to this bilateral anisotropy, a single film can be readily integrated into an electrical circuit as a moisture-actuated signal generator, bending towards the more conductive side to complete the circuit within 5 s when approached by a sweating finger. Furthermore, two films can be self-assembled into a moisture electricity generator capable of powering an LED, with voltage signals varying significantly with changes in environmental humidity and biological behaviors such as breathing, speaking, and sweating. Through creative assembly, the film shows the rich possibilities of application in wearable electronics, humidity sensors, and health monitoring devices. This work inspires a new approach to smart material design based on asymmetric bilateral properties, providing broader applications in moisture-driven electronics.

As the energy crisis gradually becomes the main cause of global conflict, the utilization of solar energy is imperative for the well-being of the planet. Regarded as a renewable energy source by the scientific community, solar energy has become one of the most important areas of future energy exploration. This paper proposes a solar absorber design based on Ti with fractal geometry. The device is designed to optimize solar energy utilization, thereby achieving higher efficiency. It exhibits over 90 % absorption across the 446.5-2479.5 nm wavelength range, with a weighted average absorption rate of 92.47 % under AM1.5 conditions. The device also exhibits favorable thermal radiation characteristics, achieving thermal radiation efficiencies of 86.5 %, 88.66 %, and 90.07 % at temperatures of 1000 K, 1250 K, and 1500 K, respectively. Furthermore, the structure, material, and parameters of the solar absorber were modified to ascertain the impact of these factors on the absorption process. Finally, the absorber structure is designed to exhibit perfect symmetry in the X and Y directions, making the solar absorber proposed in this paper polarization independent. It boasts an average absorption efficiency of 91.01 %, maintaining this efficacy in both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes up to an incidence angle of 60 degrees. This work innovates by designing a titanium-based split ring structure. Its unique layout enhances the surface plasmon resonance effect in each corner, thereby broadening the bandwidth. Its good environmental adaptability indicates that the structure is suitable for solar energy absorption applications.

Flexible pressure sensors reported so far mainly depend on microstructural modification for performance improvement, yet this approach offers limited signal amplification for weak mechanical stimuli and thus falls short of enabling high-fidelity acquisition of subtle physiological signals. Herein, we report and experimentally validate a novel sensing signal-enhancement mechanism rooted in the mesoscale capacitive criticality effect. By precisely tuning the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) loading to 3 wt%, which coincides with the percolation threshold of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, a mesoscale conductive cluster network spanning 20 μm to 100 μm is constructed. The divergence of the dielectric permittivity following a power law at the percolation transition (critical exponent 0.82 ± 0.05) yields a 20-fold enhancement in dielectric response, substantially amplifying the electrical output under weak pressure excitation. The resulting pressure sensor achieves a sensitivity of 3.80 kPa−1 in the low-pressure regime below 1 kPa, a detection limit of 0.66 Pa, and a response time below 200 ms, enabling high-fidelity capture of low-amplitude physiological signals including fine-structured pulse waveforms and time-frequency characteristics of multi-syllable speech. This work elucidates the physical origin of sensing enhancement arising from mesoscale percolation criticality, surpasses the performance ceiling imposed by conventional structural optimization, and offers a novel design route toward high-performance wearable flexible sensing devices.

In response to the critical demand for exploring and optimizing impact-resistant performance of hybrid-layer fabric panels in protective engineering applications, this study systematically investigates the low-velocity impact response mechanisms of hybrid-layer fabric panels through comprehensive parametric analysis. The developed finite element model innovatively integrates three key material characteristics (yarn density, failure strain, and longitudinal modulus) to establish optimal design of hybrid-layer panels. The findings reveal three groundbreaking design principles for hybrid-layer fabric panels: (1) Gradient optimization strategy demonstrating that decreasing yarn density from impact surface of fabric panel achieves highest energy absorption; (2) Hybrid-failure-strain fabric panel in which the middle layer possessed the greatest failure strain achieving the best improvement in impact-resistant performance; (3) Fabric arrangement according to decreasing yarn modulus from impact surface of fabric panel resulted in the highest energy absorption capacity. These fundamental discoveries advance the theoretical framework for protective material design in impact engineering, providing guidelines for developing next-generation protective systems in body armor applications.

In the present study, a finite element impact model of plain-woven fabric was developed and analyzed using commercial FEM code ANSYS ® and then validated via a drop-weight impact experiment. Then numerical analysis was carried out to investigate the low-velocity impact performance of hybrid carbon/Twaron fabric. During the analysis, several factors were considered, such as different hybrid ratios of plain fabric, hybrid fabric with different weaves, and the case of a hybrid multi-layer fabric panel. The results show that among the different types of hybrid plain fabric, the impact scenario of plain fabric with a hybrid ratio of 1:1, where carbon yarns are only in the warp direction and Twaron yarns are only in the weft direction (M4-2), has the best impact resistance performance. The impact scenario M4-2 performed excellently in other weaves, such as twill weave, while impact scenario M4-1 (plain fabric with a hybrid ratio of 1:1, one carbon yarns interval with one Twaron yarn) in basket weave showed high suitability for body armor in terms of impact protection. Additionally, arranging Twaron fabric in the top layers of a hybrid multi-layer carbon/Twaron fabric panel yielded superior impact resistance performance during low-velocity impact events compared to other layer arrangements.

Nanostructures based on flexible material are essential for modulating reflected colors by actively changing the unit structure. However, current nanostructures face challenges in achieving active and efficient modulation across a broader spectral range. Here, we propose a stretchable color management method. The structure consists of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate and cross-shaped lithium niobate (LiNbO3). This study achieves reflection color changes, continuous adjustment, and automatic switching of solar spectrum reflectance by optimizing the geometric structure. It shows that the spectral tuning range is larger, benefiting from the special nanostructures and the stretchability of PDMS, which result in a larger tunable period range and a maximum wavelength shift of nearly 180 nm. Moreover, this unique design has been effectively balanced and optimized to respond to different polarization waves. Finally, the sensing characteristics of the nanostructure are studied through its response to changes in the refractive index (RI). The results demonstrate a method with implications for flexible electronic devices, color generation, and biochemical sensing, contributing to progress in flexible wearable technology and green building.

Passive cooling materials represent an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for achieving energy efficiency. The passive cooling performance can be achieved by shielding partial solar irradiance and transmitting infrared radiation emitted by the human body or surroundings. One solution is to utilize the Mie scattering theory of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in polymers to adjust the spectral transmissivity. However, the performance of passive cooling materials is often limited by the agglomeration of NPs in the polymer matrix. In this study, spherical titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs with a diameter of 350 nm were surface-modified by different concentrations and durations of the silane coupling agent 3- (trimethoxy silyl) propyl methacrylate (KH-570). Then, the 2 wt% surface-modified TiO2 NPs were extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to obtain well-dispersed passive cooling composites. The optimal passive cooling performance was achieved using TiO2 NPs treated with 20 wt% KH-570 for 8 h. The fabricated composites exhibited an average solar irradiation shielding rate of 58.0%, an average atmospheric window transmissivity of 97.1%, and a cooling performance of 10.0 degrees C under direct solar exposure. This study presented an economical approach for achieving passive cooling with potential applications in building envelopes, industrial facilities, and personal thermal management systems.Highlights TiO2 NPs were modified by KH-570 under varying concentrations and durations. Polymer composites hybridized with modified TiO2 NPs and LDPE were fabricated. The composites exhibited excellent solar irradiation shielding performance. The composites achieved optimal transmittance across atmospheric windows.

Outdoor structures, such as vehicles, buildings, and outdoor equipment, are prone to overheat due to prolonged exposure to solar irradiation, which could affect their service life or user experience. To address this urgent issue, we developed a climate-adaptive thermal management solution using zinc oxide (ZnO)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) hybrid membranes. The cooling performance of the membrane was examined across different seasons, achieving maximum temperature reductions (∆T) of 12.55 °C in summer, 8.02 °C in autumn, and 2.90 °C in winter. Our results demonstrated that the material’s cooling efficiency varied with seasonal solar irradiance, showing quicker responsiveness in summer and reduced in winter, effectively preventing overcooling. Moreover, the enclosed specific volume (SV) was identified as another critical parameter affecting cooling performance. We established an empirical correlation between ∆T and SV to quantify passive cooling performance across different seasons. This standardized method for assessing the cooling effect enables comparison between different materials, which is essential for determining climate-adaptive thermal management. Notably, the ZnO/LDPE membranes exhibited stable and balanced performance year-round, highlighting their potential for substantial energy savings in outdoor applications. This research provided valuable insights for designing climate-adaptive passive cooling materials that optimize thermal management across seasonal variations while contributing to sustainable energy conservation.

The development of impact-resistant composite materials for protective applications such as helmet and body armor has attracted considerable attention. In this study, a novel aramid fiber-woven thermoplastic-epoxy composite was developed. Furthermore, three types of woven textiles, namely three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal-woven (3DOW), 3D angle-interlock woven (3DAIW), and two-dimensional plain-woven (2DPW) textiles, were used as reinforcement structures. To study the effect of the woven structure, impact energy, and damage repairment on impact-resistance performance of these composites, low-velocity drop-weight impact tests with various impact scenarios, such as single-impact, repeated-impact, as well as multiple-impact with hot-press damage repairment, were conducted. The results revealed that the woven structure exhibited an obvious effect on the composite impact-resistance performance and failure modes when subjected to specific impact scenarios. For the single-impact scenario, especially under high impact energy levels (10 and 20 J), the 3DOW structure exhibited superior impact-resistance performance as well as damage tolerance, followed by 3DAIW and 2DPW structures. Furthermore, 3DOW achieved superior impact-resistance to the other two structures for the 10-J repeated-impact scenario. The 3DAIW structure, in which debonding or delamination as well as severe resin cracks dominated, achieved superior impact-resistance to multiple impacts with damage repairment.

The cooling performance of nanoparticle (NP)-doped radiative cooling materials depends on the dispersion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. However, it is a technical challenge to suppress agglomeration of NPs due to their high surface energy, resulting in poor dispersion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. In order to optimize the dispersion of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs in low-density polyethylene (LDPE), NPs were treated with atmospheric pressure plasmas for 30, 60 and 90 s. The ZnO NPs were dispersed in LDPE using a xylene solution method. The dispersion of the NPs was progressively improved as the plasma-treatment time increased, likely due to the roughened and perhaps also activated NP surfaces by the plasma treatment. This made the transmittances of the films decrease in the solar-radiation band and absorptivity increased monotonically in the high-energy band as the plasma-treatment time increased, while in the mid-infrared band, the films maintained a similar high transmittance to the untreated sample. The differential scanning colorimetry analysis revealed that the crystallinities of the plasma-treated NP-doped samples were similar to those of the untreated sample. The cooling-performance tests showed that the maximum temperature reductions of the films with NP plasma-treated for 0 s, 30 s, 60 s and 90 s were 6.82, 7.90, 9.34 and 10.34 °C, respectively, corresponded to the intrinsic temperature reductions of 7.27, 8.23, 10.54, and 11.40 °C, respectively, when calculated using Cui’s Model. The results of the current study show that a simple one-step atmospheric pressure plasma treatment to the ZnO NPs can indeed improve dispersion of the NPs in LDPE and lead to the greatly improved passive-cooling performance of the film.

Many researchers have reported that inter-yarn friction has an important effect on the response of the plain-weave fabric to an impact. However, the effects of inter-yarn friction on impact responses of woven fabrics with other weaves have not been studied in detail. In the present work, numerical analysis was utilized to study the effects of inter-yarn friction on responses of woven fabrics with different weaves (the plain weave, 2/2 twill, 2/2 basket, and 3/1 twill) to a low-velocity impact. Both inter-yarn friction and the weaves of the woven fabrics greatly influenced the responses of the fabrics to a low-velocity impact. The higher the inter-yarn friction, the higher the levels of the tensile stresses concentrated near the centers of impact of the woven fabrics, and the earlier the failures of the fabrics. In addition, the greater the inter-yarn friction, the higher the velocities of the transverse stress waves in the woven fabrics, and the more effective the distributions of impact energy from the primary yarns of the fabrics to the secondary yarns of the fabrics. Although it had the lowest velocity of the transverse stress wave, due to its firmly interlaced yarns, the plain-weave fabric had the highest total energy absorption capacity among the woven fabrics with the different weaves. On the other hand, due to its loosely interlaced yarns, the 3/1 twill fabric had the lowest total energy absorption capacity among the woven fabrics.

Aluminum-air (Al-air) battery-inspired water-movement-based devices have emerged as promising candidates for green conversion because of their high specific energy and theoretical voltage. However, the self-corrosion of Al remains a huge barrier to hinder their large-scale applications. This study developed a novel hybrid device by merging an Al-air battery and a solid-state hydrocapacitor using a graphene sheet/carbon particles (GSCP) composite anode. A plant fiber layer separated the Al electrode from the poly(vinyl alcohol)/phosphoric acid electrolyte, which could greatly reduce Al self-corrosion. Additionally, the all-solid-state working condition of the device prevented negative leakage or undesirable deformation of the electrolyte when not in use. Moreover, the microporous GSCP electrode was synthesized through a green, cost-effective, and nonhazardous process by compositing exfoliated graphene with micro/nano-sized carbon particles processed from recovered spent battery parts. Remarkably, it could achieve a high-level open-circuit voltage of 1.5 V by simply dropping small-scale water droplets and daily repeating for over a month. Simultaneously, the stored energy was maintained for approximately 2.8 h due to water evaporation. Simply stacking cells in an array could amplify the output to power commercial devices. As a breakthrough, the device successfully operated as a human-breathing transducer. To explain the operational principle, a possible model based on the capillarity, ion diffusion, and streaming potential mechanisms was proposed and discussed comprehensively. This novel hybrid device provides considerable insight for future water-movement-based devices and small portable/wearable electronics and facilitates the development of green energy conversion systems.

The hairy skin of the human body is the main receptor of fabric contact. In order to evaluate clothing comfort objectively, electroneurophysiological tests with nine subjects were carried out to determine their cognitive differences in fabric static and dynamic contact. Electroencephalography and electrocardiography signals were collected when the subjects statically and dynamically touched a piece of polyester fabric with their forearms. According to their electroneurophysiological responses to fabric contact, the subjects could be categorized into three different types, namely, extraordinary, ordinary and nonsensitive ones. Their different sensitivity could be observed from the activities of α waves, sympathetic nervous system and pneumogastric nervous system. The extraordinarily sensitive subject responded to the fabric–skin static contact with an intensive α rhythm reaction followed by a suppressed α wave, an enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system and a mild participation of the pneumogastric nervous system. During dynamic contact, the pneumogastric nervous system activity increased greatly to balance the nervous system. The ordinarily sensitive subjects responded gently to the fabric–skin static contact, with a gradually suppressed α wave, an enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the near absence of the pneumogastric nervous system. Fabric dynamic contact induced a strong α rhythm reaction followed by a suppressed α wave combined with a joint effort of the sympathetic nervous system and pneumogastric nervous system. The nonsensitive subjects responded with almost no difference between the fabric–skin static and dynamic contact in both electroencephalography and electrocardiography tests. This preliminary study could provide an efficient way to identify different types of subjects and lay a fair ground for comparison purposes in future electroneurophysiological studies of clothing comfort.

剪纸被列为人类非物质文化遗产名录,是中华民族数千年传统文化的积淀.文章介绍了中国剪纸的来源与特征,并从图案、面料、色彩等三个方面分析了剪纸艺术风格在服装设计中的创新应用及改良手法.在此基础上,结合流行趋势,将剪纸艺术风格与当代服装设计进行融合探索,通过运用剪纸艺术表现形式创作国潮风格服装的设计案例,也为更好地传承发展传统剪纸艺术形式提供了新的思路.

In the present work, we investigated optoelectronic properties of the PEDOT: PSS/GaAs thin-film hybrid solar cells (HSCs) with and without GaAs nanodisc (ND) structures through Finite Difference Time Domain method. The GaAs ND enhances solar energy absorption due to incident light coupling with the surface plasmons resonance (SPR). The effect of geometric parameters like the height (h) and radius (r) of GaAs ND and the thickness (d) of GaAs substrate of the HSCs with GaAs ND on light absorption characteristics is investigated. As well as, we studied the anisotropy of absorptance spectrum of the HSCs with incident angles ranging from 0 to 80. Besides, in order to recover the underlying optical absorption mechanism, the electric field intensity profile for the HSCs with and without GaAs ND is investigated. Furthermore, we studied the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) to characterize the electrical performance. Simulation results show that average absorption of the HSCs with GaAs ND is 88.23% in wavelength from 300 nm to 1500 nm. The maximum Jsc is 31.91 mA/cm(2), which is 20.02% higher than the planar HSCs. Through theoretical calculation, the maximum PCE of the HSCs with GaAs ND is 27.84%. The high absorption coefficient of GaAs combined with the advantages of organic polymer materials is a very promising thin film solar cells (SCs) solution, which has further potential to improve the availability of GaAs SCs.

Electroneurophysiology has been more and more widely used to evaluate the tactile comfort of fabrics. In our previous study, it was found that three different types of subjects exist, namely extraordinary, ordinary, and non-sensitive people, corresponding to their electroneurophysiological responses to fabric-skin contact. In the current study, 19 subjects were recruited, including one extraordinary sensitive, eight ordinary sensitive and 10 non-sensitive subjects who were tested with a smooth cotton fabric and a rough polyester fabric in a fabric-skin dynamic contact experiment. Electromyography, electroencephalography, and electrocardiography signals of the human body, paired with subjective evaluation were carried out. The results show that the rough polyester fabric, compared with the smooth cotton fabric, tended to cause higher mean amplitude and larger waveform area of the myoelectric potential, reduced energy percentage of α wave, improved pneumogastric nerve activity and heart rate variability of the ordinary sensitive subjects, indicating more discomfort in fabric-skin dynamic contact. However, for the non-sensitive subjects, no consistent pattern could be observed in all of the above indicators. Therefore, the ordinary sensitive subjects are more suitable in clothing tactile comfort evaluation using electroneurophysiological measurements. In addition, it was found that ordinary sensitive subjects are predominantly females while non-sensitive subjects are most likely males.

Fabrics with weaves of low interlacing density and smooth yarns such as continuous cuprammonium filaments are often susceptible to sewing damage of cracks perpendicular to the sewing line, seriously influencing the aesthetics of the finished garment. To understand how the important factors such as yarn modulus, yarn bending stiffness, sewing needle radius, yarn-on yarn-friction, fabric counts and fabric weaves act on the crack length of such a fabric, a micromechanical model is proposed, and the experimental results are compared with the theoretical prediction. Single yarn pull-out tests and single yarn axial compression tests are performed to estimate yarn-on-yarn friction and yarn bending stiffness, respectively. The model indicates that the sewing crack length is positively proportional to the yarn tensile modulus, yarn bending stiffness and the needle radius and is negatively proportional to the fabric count and the inter-yarn friction. The model predicted crack lengths are within the range of the experimental results in warp direction while the predicted value is substantially larger than the observed crack lengths in weft direction due to the high compressibility of the weft yarn, which decreased yarn tension, bending stiffness and increased yarn cover power. For a given fabric, increasing yarn-on-yarn friction and raising yarn compressibility is an effective way to control the crack lengths.

We propose a novel micro-nano structure that can realize a photonic nanojet (PNJ) switch by adjusting the temperature, which is composed of a truncated cylinder coated with a thin vanadium dioxide (VO2) film. The influence of temperature on the maximum strength, full width at half maximum (FWHM), working distance, and focal length of the PNJ were studied by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results demonstrate that the structure can adjust the open and close state of the PNJ by changing the temperature. A PNJ with varying characteristics can be obtained at both high and low temperatures, and the maximum intensity ratio of the PNJ can reach up to 7.25. This discovery provides a new way of optical manipulation, sensing and detection, microscopy imaging, optoelectronic devices, and other fields.

复古未来主义风格是将早期艺术与未来科技幻想有机结合的结晶.服装作为快速更新迭代的物质载体,淋漓尽致地表现了复古未来主义的风格.文章首先介绍了复古未来主义风格的概念及来源,根据历史脉络区分其不同的风格类型.通过搜集整理复古未来主义风格的服装作品,从廓形、色彩、面料及图案四个方面总结概括了复古未来主义风格在服装中的表现形式,为服装的创作提供了横向与纵向结合的思考.