Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can progress from asymptomatic glandular involvement to systemic manifestations affecting multiple organs, thereby imposing a notable economic burden on both patients and society. The pathogenesis of pSS is complex and involves multifactorial interactions between genetic, environmental and immune components. Although pSS is a common rheumatic disease, current therapeutic approaches primarily focus on symptom management and no curative treatment is available. Therefore, it is key to identify novel and effective therapeutic strategies for affected individuals. The mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulatory pathway in numerous types of cell, playing a crucial role in immune regulation, inflammation and autophagy. Activation of this pathway can promote inflammation by inducing immune dysregulation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of pSS. Conversely, inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway mitigates these pathological processes and may help alleviate disease severity. Thus, the mTOR signaling pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for pSS. The present review aimed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of the mTOR signaling pathway in pSS and provide a theoretical foundation for developing targeted therapeutic interventions.

OBJECTIVE:Studies of the impact of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and its pregnancy complications have yielded controversial results. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between IIM and adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS:PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify reports of interest. The databases were searched from establishment to May 15, 2025. Two investigators independently screened literature and extracted data according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. A random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting was selected to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Data analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS:This analysis included five population-based retrospective cohorts, predominantly comprising patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis; thus, the pooled estimates primarily reflect these subtypes. Compared to pregnant patients without IIM, patients with IIM had significantly higher risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR 2.73 [95% CI 1.76-4.23]; I2 = 70%, Cochran's Q P = 0.01, overall effect P < 0.00001) and cesarean section (OR 2.03 [95% CI 1.37-3.00]; I2 = 79%, Cochran's Q P = 0.002, overall effect P = 0.004). Infants born to birthing parents with IIM also had notably higher rates of being born preterm (OR 3.71 [95% CI 2.35-5.85]; I2 = 60%, Cochran's Q P = 0.06, overall effect P < 0.00001) and being small for gestational age or having intrauterine growth restriction (OR 1.90 [95% CI 1.03-3.51]; I2 = 43%, Cochran's Q P = 0.15, overall effect P = 0.04). CONCLUSION:Our meta-analysis showed IIM to be associated with increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean section, preterm birth, and infants who are small for gestational age or had intrauterine growth restriction, although residual confounding by disease activity and treatment may contribute.

The clinical phenotype of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) varies with age at onset, yet evidence on age and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate in pSS is limited and conflicting. This study describes the age-specific distribution of UWS flow rate in pSS patients and provides reference values for clinical use. This retrospective cross-sectional study included pSS patients diagnosed per 2016 ACR/EULAR criteria, stratified by age at diagnosis: early-onset (≤ 35 years), middle-onset (35–65 years), and elderly-onset (≥ 65 years). UWS flow rate was compared across groups. Linear regression assessed the age-UWS association, adjusting for sex, pre-diagnostic period, and anticholinergic use. For each age group, we calculated the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of UWS flow rate as reference values. Of 338 pSS patients (early-onset ≤ 35 years: 40; middle-onset 35–65 years: 193; elderly-onset ≥ 65 years: 105), UWS flow rate decreased significantly with age. Each 10-year increase was associated with a 0.04 mL/min decrease (β= -0.04, 95

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis in arteries, veins or small blood vessels, and/or obstetric APS (OAPS), as well as persistent positive antiphospholipid antibodies. In recent years, some authors have proposed that the pathogenesis of APS is closely related to activation of vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, and complement activation. However, further exploration is still needed. Previous studies have shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is associated with pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant processes. This indicates that the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway may function as an intermediate mediator, causing immune disorders, thereby leading to thrombosis and OAPS. Therefore, we should correctly understand the potential pathogenic role of the mTOR signaling pathway in APS, which will be more conducive to clinicians' understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and the search for new therapeutic targets. We hope this can open up a new window for the management of APS.

IntroductionPatient attitudes toward systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) play a critical role in disease management, yet their evolution through the treatment course remains understudied. This study aimed to map changes in patients’ SLE-related attitudes from diagnosis to post-treatment and to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and management-related factors associated with these attitudinal changes.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter cross-sectional retrospective study involving 1,509 patients with confirmed SLE from 105 hospitals across China. Participants completed a structured questionnaire assessing attitudes toward SLE at diagnosis and post-treatment. Attitudes were categorized as positive or negative, and changes classified as better, worsen, or unchanged. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors associated with initial attitudes, post-treatment attitudes, and attitudinal changes.ResultsAt diagnosis, 959 (63.6%) patients held a negative attitude, while 550 (36.5%) reported a positive attitude. After treatment, 1,367 patients (90.6%) reported a positive attitude. At diagnosis, female sex and higher education level were associated with lower odds of a positive attitude, while familiarity with national SLE guidelines and doctor-oriented medication management were positively associated. After treatment, improved attitudes were significantly associated with older age, guideline familiarity, and collaborative management expectations. Conversely, younger onset age, side effects, and patient-led medication management were linked to persistent negative attitudes. Among patients with better attitudinal change, older age, higher education, guideline familiarity, and doctor-oriented and patient-involved management expectations were key predictors. Attitudes worsening was significantly associated with the incidence of extra side effects.DiscussionPatient attitudes toward SLE are dynamic and shaped by clinical experiences, knowledge, and treatment interactions. Recommendations include enhancing physician-patient interactions, strengthening patient education, and proactive intervention and management of treatment, particularly during early stages, to foster more positive attitudes and support better long-term outcomes.

To determine the predictors of irreversible respiratory failure in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated interstitial lung disease (IIM-ILD) and create a predictive nomogram. In this retrospective study, 313 IIM patients treated between March 2014 and March 2024 were randomly divided (6:4 ratio) into development (n = 189) and validation (n = 124) cohorts. Irreversible respiratory failure was characterized by persistent hypoxemia with PaO2 levels below 60 mmHg for more than 1 month. Predictive factors were initially screened using LASSO regression, and independent predictors were subsequently identified using multivariate Cox regression. A nomogram was developed using key predictors. Model performance was assessed through time-dependent ROC curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). Multivariate Cox analysis identified multiple independent risk factors for respiratory failure (p < 0.05). The final predictive nomogram incorporated six variables: cough, carcinoembryonic antigen, creatine kinase, lymphocyte count, myositis-specific autoantibodies status, and osteopontin (OPN) level. The model demonstrated excellent discrimination in both cohorts, with time-dependent AUCs of 0.926, 0.934, and 0.935 at 6 months, 12 months, and 60 months in the development group, and 0.942, 0.893, and 0.972 at corresponding time points in the validation group. DCA confirmed the model’s clinical utility. We successfully developed and validated a novel nomogram that integrates essential clinical and laboratory indicators. This tool, incorporating the research biomarker OPN, provides a framework for personalized risk assessment in research settings and may aid future risk stratification strategies pending further validation.

This study analyzes the number of deaths related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) combined with heart failure (HF) in the United States from 1999 to 2020, as well as the changing trend and causes of death of age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR). The annual number of deaths and ASMR with M32 (SLE) and I50 (HF) as the causes of death from 1999 to 2020 were extracted from the mortality database of the US CDC. Referring to the ICD-10 classification standard, the epidemiology and related data were described, and the number of deaths and the trend of ASMR were analyzed. A 2 trend test was conducted on the changing trend. Over the past 22 years, the total number of deaths related to SLE in the United States was 47,337, and the total number of deaths combined with HF was 3896, accounting for 8.2% of all deaths related to SLE. The number of male deaths from SLE combined with HF was 606 (15.6%), and that of female deaths was 3290 (84.4%), with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1:5.4. The number of deaths related to SLE and SLE combined with HF showed an upward trend, and the difference in trend change was statistically significant ( P < .001). Regarding ASMR, SLE shows a downward trend, while SLE combined with HF shows a slow upward trend. When it was regarded as MCD, both females and males showed an overall upward trend, but there was no statistically significant difference in the trend changes between the 2 groups ( P = .673). The overall U/M shows a downward trend. The number of deaths in different age groups showed an upward trend, but there was no statistically significant difference in the trend changes between the 2 groups ( P = .543). At present, chronic lower respiratory diseases are the leading cause of death, followed by malignant neoplasms. Although the number of deaths and ASMR in SLE combined with HF is relatively low, it shows a slow upward trend overall. Therefore, for patients with this disease, medical workers should be vigilant, provide timely diagnosis and treatment, and further reduce the mortality rate.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that has historically been used to treat and prevent malaria. However, its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. HCQ affects various cellular and molecular pathways through different mechanisms. HCQ has also been shown to be a disease‑improving agent for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Although generally considered safe, adverse reactions have been reported with the use of HCQ and clinicians should carefully monitor patients with rheumatism when prescribing these drugs. The purpose of the present review is to strengthen the clinical use of HCQ for autoimmune diseases while highlighting the adverse effects that may occur during treatment.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized primarily by arterial and/or venous thrombosis, obstetric complications and persistent positivity for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). It has been proposed that the pathogenesis of APS is closely associated with vascular endothelial cell activation, complement activation and platelet activation. Notably, APS may be key to understanding the relationship between innate immune cells, and thrombosis and obstetric complications. Monocytes are activated by aPLs, adopting a pro‑inflammatory and pro‑coagulant phenotype, and producing inflammatory cytokines; however, the exact mechanisms of action of monocytes in APS remain unclear. Monocytes may act as an intermediary, triggering immune dysregulation, closely linking them to thrombosis and obstetric complications. Therefore, a better understanding of the potential pathogenic role of monocytes in APS is required, which could assist clinicians in gaining deeper insights into the pathogenesis of APS and identifying new therapeutic targets. This may provide new options for the management of APS. Therefore, the present study aimed to review monocytes and their role in APS.

To describe the number of deaths related to systemic sclerosis (SSc) having renal failure, the changing trend in ASMR, and causes of death using a multi-cause method. Annual death toll and ASMR data from 1999 to 2020 were obtained from the death database of the US CDC. All death certificates in the M34 (SSc) and N17-19 (renal failure) categories of the ICD-10 were selected as potential or related causes of death. The epidemiology was described, and number of deaths and ASMR trends were analyzed. NCI-Joinpoint Analysis was used to test the changing trends in different years. For 22 years, 39,496 and 5,163 deaths were related to SSc and SSc having renal failure, respectively. There were 1,139 males (22.1%) with SSc having renal failure and 4,024 females (77.9%) with 1:3.5 male-to-female ratio. The number of female deaths and the ASMR were higher than those of male deaths, and decreased. Most deaths occurred approximately > 75 years. The number of deaths in different age groups showed a downward trend. Acute renal function was dominant in patients with SSc. Although the mortality rate of SSc having renal failure was relatively low and decreasing, timely diagnosis and treatment are required to reduce the mortality rate.

Objective To investigate predictive factors for irreversible organ damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and establish a nomogram model.Methods This retrospective study included patients with SSc who were treated at our hospital between March 2013 and March 2023. Irreversible organ damage included heart failure, respiratory failure, renal failure, and gangrene of the hands and feet. Cox and LASSO regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive factors. Based on the results, a nomogram model was developed. The model was evaluated using the C-indices, calibration plots and DCA.Results A total of 361 patients with systemic sclerosis were randomly divided into the development (n = 181) and validation (n = 180) groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age >= 65 years, weight loss, digital ulcers, mRSS >= 16, elevated creatinine, elevated myoglobin, elevated C-reactive protein, renal involvement and cardiac involvement were independent risk factors. Based on the LASSO analysis, a nomogram model of irreversible organ damage was established. The C-indices of the development group at 24, 60 and 96 m were 96.7, 84.5 and 85.7, whereas those of the validation group at 24, 60 and 96 m were 86.6, 79.1 and 78.5, respectively. The results of the DCA showed that the nomogram can be used as a valuable tool to predict irreversible organ damage in patients with SSc.Conclusion We included commonly used clinical indicators. According to the nomogram, the probability of irreversible organ damage can be calculated and high-risk patients can be identified.

OBJECTIVE:Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) is a frequent and serious manifestation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) associated with poor outcomes. Plasma exchange (PE) can quickly remove pathogenic substances from the blood. Therefore, PE may be efficacious in IIM patients who have elevated levels of autoantibodies, cytokines and chemokines, fighting for time for immunosuppressive therapy. However, the value of adding PE to immunosuppressants remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term outcomes, including the survival rate at 6 months and change of the laboratory data, of PE in combination with immunosuppressants and/or biologics in the treatment of IIM-RP-ILD. METHODS:We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library to find reports of interest published from inception to March 4, 2024. STATA 15.1 was used for data analysis. A fixed or random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting was used to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS:Two hundred and thirty studies were identified. Eleven studies, including five retrospective cohort studies, four case-control studies and two case series, were included. PE was performed on 114 patients. The survival rate at 6 months was 80% (95%CI = 64%-92%), with moderate heterogeneity (I2=63.45%, p < 0.05). Moreover, the 6-month survival rate was significantly better in the PE group than in the non-PE group (RR, 1.34; 95% CI = 1.05-1.71, I2=30.7%; p = 0.194). ILD-related serum markers, including ferritin, KL-6 and anti-MDA-5 antibody titres, were significantly suppressed by a series of PE treatments (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:The application of PE therapy plus treatment with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and/or biologics was effective for patients with IIM-RP-ILD. PE may have additional supportive effect in intractable disease.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi‑system chronic autoimmune disease with a complex occurrence and development process, associated with immune disorders, uncertain prognosis, and treatment modalities which vary by patient and disease activity. At present, the clinical treatment of SLE mainly focuses on hormones and immunosuppressants. In recent years, the research on new treatment strategies for SLE has been booming, and strong preclinical results and clinical research have promoted the development of numerous drugs (such as rituximab and orencia), but numerous of these drugs have failed to achieve effectiveness in clinical trials, and there are some adverse reactions. Recent evidence suggests that resveratrol (RSV) has the effect of ameliorating immune disorders by inhibiting overactivation of immune cells. In the present review, advances in research on the protective effects and potential mechanisms of RSV against SLE are summarized and the potential potency of RSV and its use as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of SLE are highlighted.

Osteoporosis with pathological fractures is a significant public health issue, contributing to morbidity, disability, diminished quality of life, and increased mortality. Understanding mortality trends related to this condition is crucial for developing effective interventions to reduce mortality and improve healthcare outcomes. This study aimed to analyze trends and causes of death associated with osteoporosis and pathological fractures in the United States using a multi-cause approach. Annual death and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) data from 1999 to 2020 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mortality database. Death certificates listing ICD-10 M82 (osteoporosis with pathological fracture) as an underlying or related cause of death were analyzed. Epidemiological data were analyzed, and the ASMR data were calculated for each year, and trends were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. From 1999 to 2020, there were 40,441 deaths related to osteoporosis with pathological fractures in the United States, with a female-to-male ratio of 5.6:1. Among these, 12,820 deaths (31.7

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis, pathological pregnancies and persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. The occurrence and development of APS are complex and associated with immune disorders, with its prognosis remaining uncertain. Owing to its pathogenesis, anticoagulation therapy is the primary treatment for patients with APS. In recent years, with increased attention on APS, research on its treatment strategies has flourished, and preclinical and clinical relevance studies are being conducted to re‑evaluate the mechanism of action of existing drugs and to develop new drugs. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D (VD) may help improve immune disorders in patients with APS by regulating the balance between immune cells. In this review, the potential mechanistic role of VD in APS protection was discussed, highlighting the potential effects of VD as a promising adjuvant treatment option for APS.

The study aimed to analyze the mortality and leading causes of death associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in the United States (US) between 1999 and 2020 using a multicause approach. We analyzed mortality based on SS as the cause-of-death. Using mortality rates, number of deaths, and historical trends, we examined sex, age of death, comparisons of SS- and polymyalgia rheumatica-related deaths (multiple cause-of-death) in the last 20 years, changes in the ranking of causes of death when SS was the underlying cause-of-death (UCD) in the first and last 5 years of the last 20 years, and the number of deaths and standardized mortality (per 100,000 people) when SS combined with interstitial lung disease (ILD) or tumor was the multiple cause-of-death. An SS-standardized mortality trend chart and a trend line were created. In 22 years, the total number of SS-related deaths in the US was 7,817, including 7,016 women. When SS was the UCD and non-UCD, the standardized ratios of female-to-male deaths (per 100,000 people) were approximately 4.6-13:1 and 6.8-19.6:1, respectively. SS-related deaths were more common in people aged >60 years and concentrated in patients aged 60-79. In cases where SS and polymyalgia rheumatica were the multiple cause-of-death, the number of deaths and age-standardized mortality of SS and polymyalgia rheumatica increased, although lower in SS than in polymyalgia rheumatica. Regarding SS as the UCD, heart disease ranks first. Concerning the number of deaths and standardized mortality in the first (1999-2003) and second (2016-2020) 5 years, when SS-ILD and SS combined with tumors were the multiple causes of death, the number increased in the second 5 years compared to that in the first 5 years. When SS combined with COVID-19 was the multiple cause-of-death, 73 deaths occurred, comprising 64 females and 9 males. Death predominance was observed among women and patients aged 60-79 years with SS. Although the SS-standardized mortality rate was low, an increasing trend was observed. When SS was the primary cause-of-death, heart disease remained primarily involved, followed by malignant neoplasms. The number of patients with SS-ILD and SS combined with tumors in the past 22 years and the standardized mortality rate after 5 years increased compared with those of the previous 5 years. Concurrent SS and COVID-19 may be related to the increased SS deaths.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs throughout the body. The health care–seeking behaviors, disease progression of SLE, and patients' knowledge of and attitudes toward SLE have not been characterized in China. The aim of this study was to depict the health care–seeking behaviors, disease progression, and medications in patients with SLE and to examine the factors associated with their disease flares, knowledge, and attitudes toward SLE in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 27 provinces in China. Descriptive statistical methods were used to depict the demographic characteristics, health care–seeking behaviors, medications, and health status. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with disease flares, medication changes, and attitudes toward SLE. An ordinal regression model was used to examine the factors associated with the knowledge of the treatment guidelines. We recruited 1509 patients with SLE, and 715 had lupus nephritis (LN). Approximately 39.96% (603/1509) of the patients with SLE were primarily diagnosed with LN, and 12.4% (112/906) developed LN (mean time 5.2 years) from non-LN. Patients whose registered permanent residences or workplaces in other cities from the same province and adjacent provinces seeking health care accounted for 66.9% (569/850) and 48.8% (479/981) of the patients with SLE in the provincial capital cities, respectively. Mycophenolate mofetil was the most commonly used immunosuppressive drug in patients without LN (185/794, 23.3%) and patients with LN (307/715, 42.9%). Femoral head necrosis (71/228, 31.1%) and hypertension (99/229, 43.2%) were the most common adverse event (AE) and chronic disease during treatment, respectively. Change of hospitals for medical consultation (odds ratio [OR] 1.90, 95% CI 1.24-2.90) and development of 1 chronic disease (OR 3.60, 95% CI 2.04-6.24) and AE (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.46-2.92) and more were associated with disease flares. A pregnancy plan (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.13) was associated with changes in medication. Only 242 (16.03%) patients with SLE were familiar with the treatment guidelines, and patients with LN tended to be more familiar with the disease (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.81-2.68). After receiving treatment, 891 (59.04%) patients changed their attitudes toward SLE from fear to acceptance, and patients with college education or higher (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.10-4.04) were associated with a positive attitude toward SLE. A large proportion of patients seeking health care in the provincial capital cities of China migrated from other cities. Persistent monitoring of potential AEs and chronic diseases during SLE treatment and managing patients who changed hospitals for medical consultation are essential for controlling disease flares. Patients had insufficient knowledge about SLE treatment guidelines and would benefit from health education to maintain a positive attitude toward SLE.

Abstract Background The clinical manifestations of SSc are highly heterogeneous, and there is still no clinical predictive model that can accurately predict prognosis and guide treatment decision-making. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore effective and non-invasive biomarkers which can be efficiently used in the clinical management of patients with SSc. Objective To investigate the predictive factors of organ damage in systemic sclerosis and establish a nomogram model. Methods This project is a retrospective study. A total of 331 SSc patients treated in our hospital from September 2012 to September 2022 were included. Gender, age, course of disease, mRSS, OPN, KL-6, IL-6, Dlco% and other relevant data were collected. Cox regression analysis and lasso regression analysis were performed to determine the predictive factors. Based on the results, a nomogram model was established. The model were evaluated by C-indices, calibration plot and DCA. Results Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that age ≥ 66 years old, course of disease ≥ 10 months, mRSS ≥ 14, DUs, elevated myoglobin, OPN ≥ 25ng/ml were independent risk factors for organ damage in patients with SSc (P < 0.05). According to lasso analysis, a nomogram model of organ damage was established. The C-indices of the development group at 24m, 48m and 72m were 64.4, 63.1 and 64.6, while the C-indices of the validation group at 24m, 48m and 72m were 63.7, 64.2 and 64.1, respectively.The results of DCA show that the nomogram can be used as a valuable predictive tool to predict irreversible organ damage in SSc patients. Conclusion OPN is an independent risk factor for organ damage in SSc. We included OPN and several other commonly used clinical indicators and constructed a nomogram model. According to the nomogram, we can calculate the probability of organ damage, identify high-risk patients, and improve the prognosis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis. One characteristic of SLE is pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance. Janus kinase (JAK) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase essential for many cytokine signaling pathways. Dysregulation of the JAK/signal transduction and transcriptional activator (STAT) pathway is an important process in SLE pathogenesis. Targeting JAK/STAT proteins can simultaneously block the functions of multiple cytokines. Current SLE treatment with non-specific corticosteroids and immunosuppressants can cause many adverse reactions. Therefore, treatments designed to control specific molecular targets for SLE are desirable. JAK inhibitors (JAKis) are a potential treatment for rheumatic diseases; however, the use of targeted signaling pathways to treat SLE remains a challenge, and its efficacy has not been determined. JAKis have shown positive results in reducing the use of glucocorticoids and/or non-specific immunosuppressants for SLE. JAKis are currently undergoing several clinical trials and expected to be the next stage in the treatment of SLE. Therefore, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway through JAKis may improve traditional treatment strategies for SLE.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by lung injury caused by lung fibroblast proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Different cell signal transduction pathways are activated in response to various proinflammatory or fibrotic cytokines, such as IL-6, and these cytokines are increased in different ILDs. The overexpressed cytokines and growth factors in ILD can activate TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways, promote the activation of immune cells, increase the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors, differentiate fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and promote the occurrence and development of ILD. This finding suggests the importance of signal transduction pathways in patients with ILD. Recent evidence suggests that resveratrol (RSV) attenuates excessive inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways and overactivation of immune cells. In this review, advances in lung protection and the underlying mechanisms of RSV are summarized, and the potential efficacy of RSV as a promising treatment option for ILD is highlighted.