What is already known about this topic?:Myocarditis is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that can lead to severe complications. The number of patients with myocarditis, new cases, and deaths in China has been on an upward trend over the years, causing a certain disease burden. What is added by this report?:The overall burden of myocarditis in China is on a downward trend; however, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate remain higher than the global average. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rate were higher in men than in women. Individuals younger than 5 years or older than 70 years, the period from 2002-2016, and birth cohort earlier than 1957 were identified as risk factors for myocarditis-related mortality. What are the implications for public health practices?:We should still prioritize the prevention and treatment of myocarditis. It is recommended that primary and secondary prevention efforts focus on individuals younger than 5 years, older than 70 years, and males, with an emphasis on proactive health education and management.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the impact of pertussis on the global, regional, and national levels between 1990 and 2019. Methods Data on pertussis on a global scale from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. We performed a secondary analysis to report the global epidemiology and disease burden of pertussis. Results During the period spanning from 1990 to 2019, pertussis exhibited a steady global decline in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASYR), and age-standardized death rate (ASDR). Nevertheless, upon delving into an in-depth analysis of various regions, it was apparent that ASIR in southern sub-Saharan Africa, ASYR and ASDR in high-income North America, and ASDR in Western Europe and Australasia, were witnessing an upward trajectory. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between the Socio‑demographic Index (SDI) and burden inflicted by pertussis. Notably, the incidence of pertussis was comparatively lower in men than in women, with 0–4-year-olds emerging as the most profoundly affected demographic. Conclusion The global pertussis burden decreased from 1990 to 2019. However, certain regions and countries faced an increasing disease burden. Therefore, urgent measures are required to alleviate the pertussis burden in these areas.

The present study aims to establish comprehensive evaluation models of physical fitness of the elderly based on machine learning, and provide an important basis to monitor the elderly's physique. Through stratified sampling, the elderly aged 60 years and above were selected from 10 communities in Nanchang City. The physical fitness of the elderly was measured by the comprehensive physical assessment scale based on our previous study. Fuzzy neural network (FNN), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) models for comprehensive physical evaluation of the elderly people in communities were constructed respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the comprehensive physical fitness evaluation models constructed by FNN, SVM and RF were above 0.85, 0.75 and 0.89, respectively, with the FNN model possessing the best prediction performance. FNN, RF and SVM models are valuable in the comprehensive evaluation and prediction of physical fitness, which can be used as tools to carry out physical evaluation of the elderly.

The present study aims to construct an elderly vitality index evaluation system and develop a comprehensive vitality evaluation scale for the elderly to reasonably evaluate the vitality level of the elderly in China, so as to provide a reference for promoting the realization of "active aging" and "healthy aging". Literature research and in-depth interview were used to collect the senile vitality sensitive indexes. The indexes were screened and corrected by Delphi expert consultation method, item analysis method based on classical test theory, factor analysis method, and reliability and validity analysis method. The analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weight of each level of indexes. An elderly vitality evaluation system including 4 first-level indexes and 24 second-level indexes was constructed. The consistency test results of all levels of indicators showed that the consistency index (CI) and consistent ratio (CR) were both less than 0.1, which met the requirements and showed satisfactory consistency. The weights of exercise vitality, nutritional vitality, psychological vitality and social vitality were 0.263, 0.141, 0.455 and 0.141, respectively. In conclusion, the comprehensive vitality scale constructed for the Chinese elderly is reliable and scientific, and can be used to evaluate the vitality of the elderly.

Background: Through meta-analysis of the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we studied the impact of glomerular filtration rate on the prognosis of PCI. Methods: We collected literature on the incidence of MACE in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2) and patients with nonchronic kidney disease undergoing PCI. The search period was from January 1, 2000, to November 1, 2021. The searched databases included CNKI, Chinese Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine disc, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. We used subgroup analysis and meta-regression to assess heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-one eligible studies were included, with 46,255 samples included, 4903 cases of MACE (10.6%), and patients with CKD had a higher risk of MACE after PCI (Risk ratios = 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.51–1.85). Multivariate meta regression results show that heterogeneity is related to region. The risk of MACEs in patients with CKD is different in different regions, and North America has the lowest risk, with an risk ratios value of 1.21 (95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.35). Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease will increase the probability of MACE in patients with myocardial infarction after PCI and affect the prognosis of PCI. Therefore, clinical attention should be given to assessing glomerular filtration rate effects while treating patients with myocardial infarction with the PCI procedure.

The Gusu Cohort study is a community-based, prospective longitudinal study designed to identify new biomarkers and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and its risk factors in Chinese adults. This study, initiated in 2010, recruited 2,498 participants aged over 30 years from eight randomly selected communities in the Gusu district of Suzhou City using cluster random sampling. All participants have been followed up by either phone calls or face-to-face visits every two years to identify the incidence of CVD (nonfatal coronary heart disease, nonfatal stroke, and death from any CVD cause) by the end of 2020. Besides, all surviving participants were reexamined in 2014, to monitor longitudinal changes in the risk factors and cardiovascular health. Data on conventional risk factors of CVD including socioeconomic, behavioral, cardio-metabolic, and environmental factors, and blood specimens were collected at both baseline and follow-up examinations. These data provide a comprehensive resource for further studies on the risk factors and crosstalk between them. Here, we reported the study design, survey methods, data collection, and guidelines for data application for potential collaborations in scientific research.

Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient with important antioxidant properties. Ischemic stroke is a major public health problem worldwide. Extensive evidence demonstrates that vitamin C has protective effects against cardiovascular disease, and there is a close relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemic stroke risk. Based on the evidence, we conducted this umbrella review to clarify the relationship between vitamin C intake and ischemic stroke risk from four perspectives: cellular mechanisms, animal experiments, clinical trials, and cohort studies.

Emerging studies have pointed to a significant relationship between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, PM2.5) and the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By referring to previous studies on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and PM2.5 exposure-induced metabolic damage, we summarized the possible mediating pathways through which PM2.5 exposure can cause the phenotype and progression of NAFLD. Crucially, PM2.5 exposure is considered to have an impact on the classic hypothesis “multiple hits” of NAFLD. In addition, we also concluded that exposure to PM2.5 can promote the development of NAFLD by destroying the intestinal epithelium and microbiotic homeostasis, triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress, inducing abnormal expression of specific microRNA or inflammatory factors.

Objectives: Ageing is related to physical, psychological and social conditions. The aim of this study was to develop a scale that comprehensively assesses these three dimensions to reflect the ageing state of the human body. Study design: The study design of this study is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The items for the preliminary scale were selected from relevant high-quality literature. The preliminary scale was developed by experts through two rounds of the Delphi method. The analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weights of the items. Cronbach's alpha, the test-retest reliability, the content validity index and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scale. Results: This study developed the Physiological-Psychological-Social Three-dimensional Human Ageing Scale (PPSHAS), which includes 3 dimensions, 10 components and 51 items. The Cronbach's alpha of the PPSHAS was 0.930, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.856 (P < 0.001). The scale-level content validity index/universal agreement was 0.82, and the scale-level content validity index/average was 0.98. The EFA yielded 10 components; the total variance explained by these components was 57.491%. Conclusions: This PPSHAS is an easy-to-use instrument for assessing the ageing process among elderly people and has adequate validity and reliability. (C) 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives: Simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) have been shown to be good indicators for quantitatively assessing the level of human cognitive impairment, but these parameters have also been linked to the risk of human death. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the independent predictive value of SRT or CRT for all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Study design: The study design of this study is a prospective cohort study. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis by combining hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of SRT or CRT with all-cause mortality or CVD mortality in healthy community residents aged 18 and over. Heterogeneity was evaluated by using Q statistics and Cochrane's I-2 statistics. Results: A total of seven prospective studies that examined all-cause mortality and CVD mortality were included. The pooled HR of all-cause mortality in SRT was 1.099 (1.065-1.134, I-2 = 11.9%), and an increased risk of CVD mortality was associated with lower SRT (HR = 1.186, 95% CI = 1.137-1.236; I-2 = 52.4%). Similarly, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality in CRT was 1.140 (95% CI = 1.085-1.197, I-2 = 33.7%). However, lower CRT was not statistically associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. Conclusion: SRT may be a predictor of all-cause-mortality and CVD mortality, and CRT is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. (C) 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aim The purpose of this study was to develop a machine learning prediction model for successful aging (SA) based on physical fitness tests. Methods A total of 3657 community-dwelling adults aged >= 60 years from Nanchang city were recruited in this study. A 3-year follow-up test was carried out for all the participants to determine whether they turn to non-SA. Developed questionnaires and physical fitness tests were used to obtain overall health condition, balance, agility, speed, reactions and gait. Four machine learning models (logistic regression, deep learning, random forest and gradient boosting decision tree) were applied to develop the prediction models, the analyzed sample was 890. Results The baseline prevalence of successful aging was 26.99%, The average annual incidence rate of SA to non-SA was 11.04%. There were significant differences between the SA and non-SA groups for all physical fitness tests at baseline. The accuracy and area under the curve of all four machine learning models was >85%, the positive predictive value and sensitivity was >75%, and the specificity was >86% on the average. The deep learning model outperformed the other model, with area under the curve 90.00%, accuracy 89.3%, positive predictive value 85.8% and specificity 93.1%, respectively. Compared with other models, the logistic regression model performed best in sensitivity. Age, arm curl, 30-s sit-to-stand and reaction time were important predictors in all models. Conclusion The deep learning model is ideal in the prediction of SA maintenance, and the corresponding physical fitness interventions are essential to ensuring SA. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; center dot center dot: center dot center dot-center dot center dot.

The last two decades have witnessed two large-scale pandemics caused by corona-viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). At the end of 2019, another novel coronavirus, designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hit Wuhan, a city in the center of China, and subsequently spread rapidly to the whole world. Latest reports revealed that more than 800 thousand people in over 200 countries are involved in the epidemic disease by SARS-CoV-2. Due to the high mortality rate and the lack of optimum therapeutics, it is crucial to understand the biological characteristics of the virus and its possible pathogenesis to respond to the SARS-CoV-2. Rapid diagnostics and effective therapeutics are also important interventions for the management of infection control. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 exerted tremendous challenges on its diagnostics and therapeutics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to summarize the existing research results to guide decision-making on the prioritization of resources for research and development. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapeutics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

AimTo develop a logistic regression model, artificial neural network (ANN) model and decision tree (DT) model for the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) to compare the performance of the three models.MethodsA total of 425 patients with MCI were screened from the original cohort. The actual follow up included 361 patients, with AD as the outcome variable. Three kinds of prediction models were developed: a logistic regression model, ANN model and DT model. The performance of all three models was measured with accuracy, sensitivity, positive predictive value and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsA total of 121 patients with MCI developed AD, and the average conversion rate was 9.49% per year. The ANN model had higher accuracy (89.52 ± 0.36%), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (92.08 ± 0.12), sensitivity (82.11 ± 0.42%) and positive predictive value (75.26 ± 0.86%) than the other two models. The first five important predictors of the ANN model were, in order, ADL score, age, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein, alcohol consumption and smoking. For the DT model, they were age, activities of daily living score, family history of dementia, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein and alcohol consumption. For the logistic regression model, they were age, sex, activities of daily living score, alcohol consumption and smoking.ConclusionThe logistic regression, ANN and DT models performed well at predicting the transition from MCI to AD with ideal stability. However, the ANN model had the best predictive value. Increased age, activities of daily living score, urine AD‐associated neuronal thread protein, alcohol consumption, smoking and sex were important factors. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 43–47.

Background: Tuberculosis remains a serious and substantial global public health problem today. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is the most common clinical presentation of TB. In clinical practice, PTB patients have concurrent many types of co-morbidities such as pneumonia, liver disorder, diabetes mellitus, hematological disorder, malnutrition, hemoptysis, etc. This causes the condition of PTB patients complicated. Detecting and treating specific co-morbidities and preventing their development are important for PTB patients. However, the prevalence of most co-morbid conditions in patients with PTB is not well described.Methods: We conducted a large-scale, multi-center, observational study using admission data at 21 hospitals in China from Jan 1, 2011 to Dec 31, 2017, to elucidate and illustrate the prevalence rates of major co-morbidities in inpatients admitted to hospital for pulmonary TB. The 20 specific co-morbidities were selected for analysis in this patient cohort, and stratified the patient cohort according to age and gender.Findings: A total of 355,929 PTB inpatients were included, with a male:female ratio of 1.97 and the median age 47 (IQR:28~62) years old. The prevalence of 20 specific co-morbidities in patients with PTB was analyzed, with pneumonia being the most common co-morbidity. The prevalence of most co-morbidities were higher in males with PTB except thyroid disorders, mental health disorders, etc. The prevalence of defined most co-morbidities in patients with PTB tended to increase with increasing age, although some specific co-morbidities tended to increase initially then decrease with increasing age.Interpretation: Early identification and management of co-morbidities in patients with PTB may positively influence treatment outcomes for PTB patients. Our study, together with future research into co-morbidity trends in non-hospitalized PTB patients, may be useful in determining community based prevalence rates for PTB co-morbidities, thus enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making, and clinical outcomes in all PTB patients.Funding Statement: Key Project of Chinese National Programs (Grant No. 2015ZX10003001), ‘Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals’ Ascent Plan (No. DFL20181601) and Tongzhou District Science and Technology Committee [No.KJ2017CX054].Declaration of Interests: All the authors declare no conflicts of interest.Ethics Approval Statement: The Ethics Committee of Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University approved this study with a waiver of informed consent from the patients involved.

INTRODUCTION:The Chinese government's implementation of the MPOWER policies and compliance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requirements has been slow. We used the 'foot-in-the-door' approach to promote tobacco control advocacy through capacity building of healthcare leaders, and establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Guangzhou and Beijing (two of the largest cities in China).METHODS:This collaborative pilot project involved the University of Hong Kong and three major hospitals in Guangzhou and Beijing. A steering committee conducted the smoking cessation training workshops starting from April 2006, and set up three smoking cessation model clinics during August 2006 to October 2008. We followed up the trained health care professionals (HCPs) in 2014 and 2015 to assess their impacts on tobacco control beyond smoking cessation.RESULTS:We emphasized the importance of the general tobacco control atmosphere during smoking cessation training of 139 HCPs to motivate them to engage in tobacco control advocacy. In addition to enhancing their knowledge and skills in cessation, the HCPs were then involved in the establishment of three in-hospital smoking cessation clinics and served as smoking cessation counselors since June 2008. Moreover, they ventured outside the clinics and the community to publicize smoking cessation. Their effort has contributed to smoke-free legislation, better surveillance on smoking and media advocacy on tobacco control in China.CONCLUSIONS:The training and establishment of smoking cessation clinics could serve as a means to motivate and empower HCPs who could contribute to broaden tobacco control policy in China.

Previous studies have examined the association between elevated serum uric acid (SUA) level and hypertension; however, the association in the Chinese elderly is still uncertain. A cross-sectional study was performed in a rural district of Beijing. A total of 2,397 participants (967 men and 1,430 women) completed the survey. The SUA levels of participants were categorized into four levels using the quartiles (P25, P50, and P75) as cutoff values. Participant was diagnosed as hyperuricemia if the SUA level was ≥417 μmol/L (male) or ≥357 μmol/L (female). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg and/or receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SUA and hypertension. We found that higher SUA level was associated with the increased risk of hypertension in both sexes, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. In total, the risk for having hypertension increased by 0.3% per 1 μmol/L increment in SUA level, increased by 95% for the highest vs. lowest quartile of SUA level, and increased by 111% in the hyperuricemia patients. Moreover, we found that the association was more pronounced in the male participants. There were approximately J-shaped relationships between SUA level (quartiles) and hypertension in all age groups. Higher SUA levels are positively associated with hypertension among the Chinese rural elderly. Further studies are still required to determine the relationship between SUA level and hypertension and to explore its potential biological mechanisms underlying the gender-related association in the elderly population.ABBREVIATIONS:CVD; cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; SUA: serum uric acid; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; FPG: fasting blood glucose; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of psychological intervention and psychological plus drug intervention on smoking cessation among male smokers with single chronic diseases.A total of 509 male smokers were divided into psychological group (n=290) and psychological plus drugs (n=219) groups according to their will. The physicians provided free individual counseling and follow-up interviews with brief counseling for all the subjects. In addition to mental intervention, patients in psychological plus drug group also received bupropion hydrochloride or varenicline tartrate to quit smoking. Outcomes were self-reported, regarding the 7-day point prevalence on abstinence rate and continuous abstinence rates at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up period. Data analyses were performed using intention-to-treat analysis and per protocol analysis.With regards to the 3 follow-up time points, 7-day point-prevalence abstinence rate in psychological plus drugs group was all higher than that in the psychological intervention group. Additionally, the 3-month continuous abstinence rate (21.4%) of the 6-month follow-up in the psychological group was not significantly higher than that (26.9%) in the psychological plus drugs group (P>.05 for all). Fagerstrom test score, stage of quitting smoking, perceived confidence or difficulty in quitting, and chronic disease types were independently correlated with 3-month continuous abstinence in the 6-month follow up (P<.05 for all). The results were similar between intentional analysis and protocol analysis.The psychological intervention and psychological plus drugs intervention exerted good effects on smoking cessation in a short time (1 month). Nevertheless, the advantages did not appear during long-time (6 months) follow-up.

Background & aims: Previous epidemiological studies have provided inconsistent conclusions on the impact of coffee consumption in the developing of cognitive disorders. However, no previous meta analysis has pooled the evidence from the prospective cohort studies to assess the influence of coffee drinking and its potential dose response patterns on the risk of developing cognitive disorders specifically.Methods: Two databases (PubMed and Embase) were searched for evidence of cohort studies from inception to February 2016. We used a generic inverse-variance method with a random-effects model to pool the fully adjusted relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (Cis). In the dose response analyses, a generalized least-squares trend estimation model was applied to computing the study-specific slopes.Results: Nine prospective cohort studies involving 34,282 participants were included in our study. The duration of follow-up years ranged from 1.3 to 28. Compared with <1 cup, daily drinking of 1-2 cups of coffee was inversely linked with the occurrence of cognitive disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, dementia, cognitive decline, and cognitive impairment), and the pooled RR (95% CI) was 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) with evidence of non-significant heterogeneity (I-2 = 25%). Non-significant differences were presented for the association between coffee consumption (>3 vs. <1 cup/d) and incident cognitive disorders. The dose response analysis showed a "j-shaped" curve relationship of the risk of developing cognitive disorders with coffee consumption.Conclusions: A "J-shaped" association was presented between coffee intake and incident cognitive disorders, with the lowest risk of incident cognitive disorders at a daily consumption level of 1-2 cups of coffee. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

The measurement and control of hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration in solution are essential in industrial processes. However, no portable sensing method directly targeting OH- ion with low-cost has been reported till date. Herein, we demonstrate an electrical detection method for OH- concentration in solution based on impedance spectroscopy of hydroxyl ions (OH-) attached to amorphous InGaZnO4 (aIGZO) film surfaces. The systematic examination of impedance response reveals that the resistance component of impedance is sensitive to the OH- ions interaction with the film surface. Results of X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy confirm that the change of the impedance property is directly attributed to the amount of hydroxyl radical on the film surface originated from OH- ions in the solution. The impedance behavior of the film upon interaction with OH- was reasonably described by the theoretical analysis of optical measurements based on a vacancy-dependent model. Developed by applying this mechanism as a reference application, an easy-to-use aIGZO thin film based resistance OH- sensor at room temperature shows superior sensitivity, reproducibility, and linearity in the alkali range. This study extends the understanding and usage of aIGZO thin film regarding surface-sensing for the detection of surface interaction and process involving chemical ions and species. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.