Stropharia rugosoannulata is a widely cultivated edible mushroom known for its nutritional value and umami flavour. Electronic tongue technology and metabolomics revealed that glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) levels were positively correlated with umami in the fruiting body developmental stages. Subsequent investigations found that overexpression of SrCS within the TCA cycle resulted in decreased levels of Glu and Asp. Integrating TF-gene-metabolite network modelling with experiments identified SrELT1 as a transcriptional regulator of SrCS. Different temperatures, cultivation substrates and genetics significantly impacted SrELT1 and SrCS expression, thereby affecting Glu and Asp synthesis. The findings suggest that increased Citrate synthase (CS) activity channelled citrate into glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation without excessive accumulation; in contrast, decreased CS activity shifted metabolism toward the production of metabolites like Glu and Asp. This study provides insights for enhancing the umami of S. rugosoannulata, thereby substantially increasing its market competitiveness in the premium food segment.

Cap color is a critical commercial trait in Stropharia rugosoannulata mushrooms, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its temperature-induced variation remain poorly understood. This study integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to identify key metabolites and genes associated with the transition of cap color from white to wine-red under different temperature conditions. Metabolomic analysis identified 1913 metabolites, with flavonoid derivatives such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-based compounds accumulating preferentially in wine-red mushrooms at high temperatures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 13,428 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 36 structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, upregulation of SrGene13140 (F3'H) and SrGene10248 (F3'5'H) was observed in wine-red mushrooms, suggesting their involvement in red pigment production. In contrast, SrGene10253 (F3'H) was more highly expressed in yellow mushrooms, indicating isoform-specific hydroxylation activity. Integrated gene-metabolite correlation and network analysis highlighted key enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), and 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), as central regulators of color-related flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of temperature-induced color variation in S. rugosoannulata and offer potential applications in mushroom breeding and horticulture.

Based on transcriptome and proteome sequencing technologies, this study aims to preliminarily reveal the molecular mechanisms of growth and development and related metabolic regulation in Morchella sextelat. A total of 42.31 GB of Clean Data was acquired from the transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of six samples in two development phases (n = 3) of M. sextelata. In the young phase (YP) and harvest phase (HP), there were 2887 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1910 up-regulated genes and 977 down-regulated genes. In YP and HP, there were 987 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 417 up-regulated ones and 570 down-regulated ones. Based on GO and KEGG analysis, significant differences in the transcriptomes and proteins in metabolic pathways are disclosed. Glycometabolism, especially starch, saccharose, and polysaccharide metabolism, plays a crucial role in the growth of M. sextelata. In addition, expression changes in the genes related to selenium metabolism are here recognized. These research results not only offer strong support for further exploration of the biological significance and functional differences of M. sextelata, but are also conducive to discovering key genes and understanding their regulation network during growth.

Morchella rotation and intercropping is a new and efficient ecological planting mode, which not only contributes to economic growth, but also promotes the sustainable development of agriculture and has high ecological benefits. Morchella sextelata is an edible mushroom that relies on soil-based cultivation. Understanding the composition and dynamics of soil fungal communities under different cropping systems is crucial for optimising its cultivation. This study investigated the fungal community characteristics of Morchella spp. under different rotation and intercropping patterns, together with the associated environmental factors. Using Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing coupled with ecological and statistical analyses, the relative abundance, alpha diversity index, beta diversity, and intergroup differences in fungal communities were assessed. Additionally, key soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated across four cultivation systems: conventional Morchella spp. cultivation, Morchella sextelata—ginger rotation, vine—Morchella sextelata intercropping, and mulberry tree—Morchella sextelata intercropping. Our results indicate that Morchella spp. cultivation leads to a significant decline in soil fungal diversity compared to uncultivated soils This indicates that cultivation with Morchella spp. simplifies the soil fungal community structure to some extent. Furthermore, distinct variations in fungal community structure were observed across the different cropping systems. Regarding major pathomycete, the relative abundance of Paecilomyces penicillatus increases in vine intercropping soil (VIS), whereas Botryotrichum atrogriseum and Paecilomyces sp. are more abundant in ginger rotation soil (GRS). Similarly, Fusarium solani and Mortierella sp. exhibit higher relative abundance in mulberry tree intercropping soil (MTIS) and fallow soil (FS) compared to natural soil (NS). Functional prediction analysis indicated a general increase in the relative abundance of potential animal and plant pathogenic fungi across all the soil samples, excluding the VIS. This increase was most pronounced in GRS. Further study revealed that the physical and chemical properties of covering soil, including pH, available potassium (AK), available phosphorus (AP), and total phosphorus (TP), significantly influence fungal community diversity and structure. A significant negative correlation was observed between pH and the relative abundance of Fusarium fungi. These findings provide valuable data for further exploration of the ecological mechanisms underlying Morchella spp. cultivation, including rotation constraints and disease dynamics. Ultimately, this research aims to support the development of sustainable and high-quality Morchella spp. production.

Morchella spp. is a type of valuable and rare edible fungi cultivated in soil. Optimization of the cultivation medium for Morchella spp. is key to obtaining high-efficiency production in an ecologically friendly manner. Recently, the sustainable resource utilization of agricultural waste has gathered attention. Specifically, reusing tomato substrate, mushroom residues, and coconut shells can lower the production costs and reduce environmental pollution, demonstrating remarkable ecological and economic benefits. To determine the soil microbial communities of Morchella spp. using different culture medias and influencing factors, this study analysed the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal communities in natural soil, soil with 5% tomato substrate, soil with 5% mushroom residues, and soil with 5% coconut shells using Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing. In addition, intergroup differences, soil physiochemical properties, and product quality were also determined. Results demonstrated that agricultural waste consisting of mushroom residues, waste tomato substrate, and coconut shells can improve the efficiency of Morchella spp. cultivation. When considering yield and quality, mushroom residue achieved the highest yield (soil nutrient enrichment), followed by tomato substrate (water holding + grass carbon nutrient). All three types of agricultural waste promoted early fruiting, significantly increased polysaccharide, crude protein, and potassium content, and lowered crude fat and fibre. In regard to soil improvement, the addition of different materials optimized the soil’s physical structure (reducing volume weight and increasing water holding capacity) and chemical properties (enrichment of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, regulating nitrogen and medium trace elements). For microbial regulation, the added materials significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Actinomycetota, Gemmatimonadota and Devosia) and strengthened nitrogen’s fixation/nitration/decomposition functions. In the mushroom residue group, the abundance of Bacillaceae was positively related to yield. Moreover, it inhibited pathogenic fungi like Mortierella and Trichoderma, and lowered fungal diversity to decrease ecological competition. In summary, mushroom residues have nutrient releasing and microbial regulation advantages, while tomato substrate and coconut shells are new high-efficiency resources. These increase yield through the “physiochemical–microorganism” collaborative path. Future applications may include regulating the function of microorganisms and optimizing waste preprocessing technologies to achieve sustainability.

Stropharia rugosoannulata, or wine-cap Stropharia, is a well-known edible mushroom cultivated globally. The pileipellis color is a crucial quality attribute of S. rugosoannulata, exhibiting significant variation throughout its developmental stages. However, the pigment types and regulatory mechanisms behind color variation remain unclear. The metabolome analysis found that the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was significantly enriched and anthocyanins accumulated steadily in fruiting bodies during three developmental stages. The pileipellis pigment was extracted, and HPLC-MS confirmed the presence of anthocyanins. Notably, significant differences in anthocyanin content were observed among the various colored varieties. Thus, anthocyanins contribute to the pileipellis color of S. rugosoannulata. Through further investigation, this study elucidated, for the first time, the relationship between the "SrNFYA-SrDRF2" regulatory module and anthocyanin accumulation. Combined multiomics assays and HPLC analysis revealed that auxin functions as a signaling molecule that regulates the accumulation of anthocyanins in the pileipellis. Subsequently, the hub gene of anthranilate synthase for auxin synthesis was identified as SrTRP1, and the transcription factor SrMYB1 was verified as a regulator of SrTRP1, influencing auxin accumulation. These findings provide a valuable resource for the targeted enhancement of the quality of S. rugosoannulata.

With the increasing yield of Flammulina filiformis, spent mushroom root waste (MRW) has emerged as a major agricultural residue in F. filiformis production. In this paper, MRW was used as a new supplement for substrate mixtures to produce F. filiformis. Thirteen formulations and a control were designed to evaluate 37 cultivation and quality indices, including the physicochemical properties of the substrate, mycelial growth and development, yield, biological efficiency, fruiting body appearance quality, and nutritional quality. The cultivation substrate, including 1

The analysis of the developmental stages of Agaricus bisporus, a major edible and medicinal mushroom, has always been an important focus in this research area. The process of the growth and development of edible mushrooms is complex and involves the regulation of multiple genes and metabolic pathways. Less data exist on the mechanism of their growth and development at the overall level. In this study, RNA sequencing analyses (RNA-Seq) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic analyses were carried out at the button phase (BP), harvesting phase (HP), and opening phase (OP) stages of Agaricus bisporus ‘Shuangbao 106’ to reveal the changes in gene expression during the different growth periods of its substrates. The authors screened and explored 3351 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a difference factor of ≥2.0, including 2080 up-regulated and 1271 down-regulated genes. After proteome sequencing, 1156 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened, including 524 up-regulated and 632 down-regulated genes. The expression in TPM of glycoside hydrolase, catalytic core, and chitinase II decreased during both the HP and OP compared with the BP. This may be because mushrooms require higher levels of glycoside hydrolase, catalytic core, and chitinase II activity during the BP to cope with external threats and the need for cell wall remodeling. Conversely, the growth of mushrooms slowed down and the need for cell wall remodeling decreased during the HP and OP, leading to a decrease in the expression of glycoside hydrolase, catalytic core, and chitinase II. This change is related to the need for environmental adaptation, immune defense, and cell wall remodeling, and may regulate the post-growth process of A. bisporus via the hydrolysis of cell wall chitin and glycoside hydrolase. It may also inhibit the growth of mushroom pilei.

A novel polysaccharide PSRa-2 was purified from Stropharia rugosoannulata fruiting bodies using high pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme method, ion exchange, and gel chromatography. The PSRa-2 was characterized via FT-IR, HPAEC, SEM, Congo red test, SEC–MALLS-RI, methylation analysis, and NMR analysis. Structural characterization revealed that PSRa-2 was an α-glucan with a Mw 455.6 kDa. The backbone of PSRa-2 was composed of →4)-α- d -Glc p -(1→ and →3)-α- d -Glc p -(1→ and branches of α- d -Glc p -(1→ at position O-6 of →4,6)-α- d -Glc p -(1→. PSRa-2 induced splenocyte proliferation and protected splenocytes against 5-Fu-induced immunosuppression by restoring the proliferation and secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-2) secretion levels. Thus, PSRa-2 exhibits obviously immunomodulatory activity and represents a potential natural immunomodulator. Graphical Abstract

以浙江省衢州市常山县志龙家庭农场新昌黑木耳栽培基地为例,简述黑木耳简易设施高产栽培技术要点.其主要技术环节有拌料、装袋、灭菌、冷却、接种、发菌管理、菌棒排场、出耳管理、采收、田间病虫害防治等.

金针菇Flammulina filiformis作为国内产销量大、工厂化生产程度高的食用菌种类之一,其育种工作因表型信息采集效率低下而受到限制.本研究以金针菇子实体可见光图像为信息来源,基于育种工作对表型信息的需求,利用图像识别技术和深度学习模型,提出了金针菇高通量表型信息采集分析方法,并开发了相应分析系统软件.利用该套方法结合金针菇子实体的可见光扫描图像,可以自动化大批量计算金针菇子实体的菌盖形状、面积、着生位置、颜色和菌柄长度、宽度、颜色等表型信息.本研究提出的金针菇表型采集与分析方法操作便捷,能大幅减少观测误差,提高表型信息可靠性,提升育种工作效率,可一定程度上应用于其他外形相近的食用菌或作物育种工作;同时获得的数据有助于金针菇表型信息的定量化分析和标准化表型数据集的建立.

Agricultural straws (AS) may serve as potential base-substances in the production of Agaricus bisporus. Six AS that occur across China were investigated in a two-stage composting experiment; lignocellulose components, AS morphology, and the effects of different AS on mushroom yields from 2015–2017 were examined. In addition, microbial biodiversity and their impact on substrate degradation were studied using 16S gene sequenc based on six different AS on the 3rd (I.F), 6th (I.S), and 10th (I.T) day of Phase I, and Phase II (II). Results showed that the six different AS exhibited differences in the progression of degradation under the same compost condition; the wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton straw induced a significantly higher mushroom yield than did the others (P < 0.05); Thermobispora, Thermopolyspora, and Vulgatibacter genera may play an important role in the different AS degradations. According to our experiments, we can adjust formulations and compost methods to obtain high-yield mushroom compost based on different AS in the future.

为筛选适宜浙江省开化县自然季节栽培的金针菇黄色菌株,进行了9个金针菇菌株比较试验.试验结果,川金631号、开试2、931、F8四个菌株的子实体商品性状较好,产量高,生物转化率在130％以上,可以在当地推广.

我国双孢蘑菇工厂化生产正处于快速发展的阶段,针对一直来生产装备被国外垄断的"卡脖子"难题,系统开展双孢蘑菇培养料隧道发酵装备与控制系统、菇房节能高效制冷机组、菇房通风及气流循环系统和双孢蘑菇工厂化生产控制系统的设计和研发,形成具有自主知识产权的系列装备产品,其主要技术指标、运行稳定性及应用效果均达到国际先进水平.其中菇房节能高效制冷机组的节能性达到国际领先水平,实现了双孢蘑菇工厂化生产环控装备与控制系统的进口替代.

介绍黄色金针菇品种‘黄金102’的摇瓶液体种和发酵罐液体种生产方法;总结工厂化瓶栽技术要点,内容有培养料配制、灭菌、冷却、接种、菌丝培养、搔菌、出菇管理、采收、包装、病虫害防控等.

回顾我国双孢蘑菇培养料生产工艺的发展历程,分析国内外双孢蘑菇培养料生产装备发展现状,指出国外引进的培养料隧道集中发酵装备在我国使用非麦草原料时容易引起堵塞、缠绕,以及破坏草料结构等问题.介绍研制适于我国多元化原料的双孢蘑菇培养料高效生产装备的设计原理、部件系统及其应用效果.