[Objective]As a kind of special historical and cultural landscape,coastal defense settlements in Ming Dynasty were often distributed along the coast.Considering the special geographical characteristics of the coast,in addition to meeting the basic functions of military defense,coastal defense settlements should also meet the water environment requirements for flood control and drainage,which may affect their siting and spatial layout.Minjiang River Estuary is the estuary of the capital of Fujian Province,which has important strategic significance in the coastal defense system of Fujian Province.Meihua Fortress is an important military defense post guarding the entrance of Minjiang River Estuary.This research may contribute to the protection and development of coastal settlements including Meihua Fortress,to the exploration of local cultural value.and also to the protection and research of regional settlements under the influence of water environment.It may also expand research perspectives on the protection and utilization of cultural landscape about the relationship between human and environment. [Methods]Taking Meihua Fortress in Fujian in Ming Dynasty as an example,this research conducts a field investigation and integrates the science of human settlement environment with such disciplines as history,military science,hydraulics and geography.Moreover,the research conducts a quantitative analysis by using ArcGIS tools to analyze slope,slope aspects,reclassification and cost distance based on digital elevation model(DEM)data and using DepthMapX software to analyze street characteristic based on space syntax.Starting from the man-land relationship,the research explores the spatial construction characteristics of coastal defense settlements under the influence of water environment in the aspects of enemy resisting,flood control,moisture protection,drainage,and water intaking,so as to supplement and deepen the research on coastal defense settlements. [Results]The results show that Meihua Fortress leans against mountain while facing water,which is sited in consideration of such factors as sea control,altitude control,risk control and accessibility conducive to military defense.Relying on the natural environment,Meihua Fortress was off the coast in Ming Dynasty to effectively monitor the northern sea area of the Minjiang River Estuary District and form a good observation post.Being mostly located above the highest tide level in history by then,Meihua Fortress can basically resist the invasion of tides without the consideration of embankments.Considering factors such as terrain and topography,Meihua Fortress was built on high ground in avoidance of low-lying stagnant areas.Meihua Fortress had no river inside,with only the Meihua River located 200 meters away from the southwest side of the city to reduce the impact of flooding and waterlogging.Meihua Fortress built multiple layers of defense,including the barbican entrance in the east gate as an important core site,the firm city walls constituting the peripheral defense system together with the trenches around,as well as relevant stone houses and stone retaining walls.Meihua Fortress strengthened resistance to enemies and the ability to resist flood and sea salt erosion in the construction of multiple building details.Thanks to the high terrain,the external flood around Meihua Fortress can be directly discharged into the downstream low-lying areas through the main ditches around Meihua Fortress.Meihua Fortress adopted streets and alleys for internal drainage.Specifically,it leveraged the elevation difference of terrain,slope and slope aspects of Mount Gui to divert rainwater from the southeast of the city to the low and flat areas in the northwest,and leveraged its own street ditches to dredge rainwater and strengthen drainage in order to reduce the pressure of rainstorm and flood on buildings and streets,and ensure the safety of villages,streets and buildings for drainage.Meanwhile,the buildings in Meihua Fortress also contributed to drainage by setting drain under the stone steps and on the walls and oblique roofs overhanging wall surface.Because of the distance away from the river,the water intaking resource was mainly from the wells in Meihua Fortress.The wells reasonably built inside the city could meet the production and living needs of the soldiers and civilians,while protecting them from being poisoned by enemy forces outside the city and ensuring water supply in case of siege to keep water safe.According to the results of the analysis of the cost distance from each designated location to water well points in Meihua Fortress in ArcGIS and the analysis of the global integration,regional integration(R=3)and connectivity value of Meihua Fortress,the research figured out that the distribution of wells affected the layout of streets.Using the methods mentioned above can achieve the effect of no waterlogging arising from heavy rain,and meet the needs of local residents to resist floods in the face of less manpower and single production and life mode in Ming Dynasty. [Conclusion]Coastal defense settlements represented by Meihua Fortress in Ming Dynasty were sited on the basis of the influence of water environment,which contributed to the formation of a special spatial layout meeting local needs for defense and development.Such spatial layout is characterized by the combination of flood control and drainage with defense against enemies,which may provide reference for the protection and research of historical cultural landscape such as coastal defense settlements,and provide inspiration for the construction of modern resilient cities.

Under the promotion of planned economy,Fuzhou's public buildings have developed rapidly with diverse architectural styles.This paper takes the public buildings in the planned economy period of Fuzhou as the research object,through the induction of the era background and architectural style,carries out a preliminary carding of the development of public buildings in Fuzhou during this period,and expounds the factors that affect the development of public buildings in Fuzhou during the urban construction process.

The coastal defense system of Fujian in the Ming Dynasty was not only an efficient coastal defense work,but also an important guarantee for supporting the tribute system and merchant ship trade system of the Ming Dynasty.The paper is based on the process of the transformation of the coastal defense system in the Three Route Defense Zone of Fujian in the Ming Dynasty.It discusses the shift from the proactive coastal defense policy during the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty to the passive coastal defense policy during the orthodox and Jiajing periods in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,explores the influencing factors of its transformation,and combines historical geographic databases to explore the spatial pattern changes during the transformation process.

侨乡民居是中国近代建筑史中不可或缺的一部分.福清的天井式侨厝是福清华侨将侨居地建筑风格与传统天井式民居融合而形成的一种侨乡民居类型,在福清侨乡分布广泛、数量众多,是近代以来,中西方建筑文化交流融合的产物.通过解读天井式侨厝在空间、形式与结构三个维度的演变过程与特征,从文化背景、社会环境、经济条件、营建方式等方面,对福清天井式侨厝的演变原因进行分析,提出可供当代地域性建筑创作借鉴的思路.

通过奥速科技办公楼方案设计实践,从办公建筑立面、屋面及内部交往空间三个方面分析生态理念在办公建筑设计中的运用,采用Ecotect Analysis生态分析软件对建筑生态性设计方案进行模拟研究,为营建一个生态低碳、绿色健康、高舒适性、极具活力的办公空间作出合宜探索.

赞比亚地区村庄遵循可持续理念,追求传统聚落与自然和谐发展.文章选取赞比亚南部汤加和班诺卡两个村落进行案例研究,分析其历史背景和居住模式,总结赞比亚南部聚落可持续发展理念的特征,以期为赞比亚地区的传统村落保护与发展提供理论支撑,也为其旅游新村的建设带来有益启示.

社会网络结构修补在老社区公共空间更新中起着重要作用.以福州市新港社区为例,运用社会网络分析法,确定网络中的点线关系;运用Ucinet建构社会网络结构模型,选取中心性、网络密度、小世界值三项网络结构特征指标,计算得出参数值并加以分析,客观评价网络结构的均衡性、关联度、通达性等特性;同时,基于三种指标内涵,以调整自身网络结构为导向,研究老社区公共空间修补方法.

福建莆田涵江古镇自宋代开阜以来,商贸繁华,在上世纪二三十年代达到了顶峰,用于储物和居住的栈房便在此处应运而生."东方廿五坎"更是涵江镇上现存最大栈房的典例.基于海洋文化的视角,通过文献研究法和田野调查法对"东方廿五坎"相关信息进行收集与整理,分析"东方廿五坎"中所蕴含的海洋文化基因载体,不仅可以推动海洋文化的历史研究,而且可以为萝苜田历史街区的保护提供理论研究价值和现实启示.

在城市的边缘区域存在着数量庞大的市郊村落,其外部空间本是村落公共活动的物质载体.如今在快速城镇化的大潮下,市郊村落受到城市扩张等外部力量的侵蚀而衰败,外部空间面临重构的需求迫切.通过提取外部空间的村落位置、平面形态和竖向形态三个核心变量,建立空间直角坐标系模型对村落外部空间进行特征分类;进而展开外部空间的两次转译与设计表达:一方面,结合空间组构解析对空间变量的属性进行量化描述;另一方面,通过参数化建模软件实现空间语汇的转译与建造体系的引入,生成可视化的建造形态.研究选取福州市厚美村八处具有代表性的外部空间进行更新实践,结果表明:通过外部空间的两次转译,能够将空间特征规律通过信息加工输出,得到竖向层次、结构密度和相对数量三个影响因子,进而形成一系列符合场地空间属性的要素语汇以供设计者和使用者双向选择,最终提出可视化、易操作的建造目标,借助小尺度、渐进式的"点式切入"更新方式提升村落人居环境品质,以期为"在地城镇化"背景下市郊村落的外部空间的更新优化提供有益的设计参考.

为了抵御倭寇,明朝在福建沿海地区设立了许多军事防区,其中在福建兴化府设立平海卫防区来防御倭寇.结合实地调研和文献资料,对海上防线、陆地防线和信息传递体系三个海防层级进行分析,可以看出明代平海卫防区有着多层次的、大纵深的地理空间层次布局,并随着明朝海防政策的变化而不断调整,其军事聚落设施的规划布局与当时的战略背景和自然地形有着密切的关系.

丰富多样的砖砌构造是福州上下杭近代建筑的重要特色之一.文章从建构视角出发,探析砖砌构造特征及产生原因,思考作为物质载体的建筑与近代福州社会活动、文化间的互动性.研究表明,该地区建筑的砌构造受制于民间传统文化与建造技艺,而西方文化的渗透、匠作工艺的延续、个体意识的转变等社会、文化因素共同推动了砖砌构造的普及与延展,最终成为上下杭近代时期建筑立面风格中不可或缺的组成要素.该研究有助于明晰福州近代建筑构造背后的生成逻辑与文化内涵,为该地区历史建筑研究与修缮保护工作提供帮助.

文章以建筑再循环理论为指导,介绍福州大学怡山校区文科楼改造的设计构思和设计特点,分析了建筑内部功能空间的转换,以及对空间格局进行的相应调整,使新的功能和新需求得以实现;对建筑外部特征进行了重塑,使建筑外立面风格、建筑造型符合时代审美观念的变化,场地的改造适应新的外部环境;建筑结构中原结构的保留和更新,新结构的植入.改造后的建筑焕发了新的活力,延续了建筑的生命周期,提高了建筑的使用效率,同时减少了资源的浪费.

随着可持续发展观念深入人心,人们对环境资源的保护意识日益增强,如何对建筑废旧材料再利用成为目前亟待解决的问题.先民在长期建筑建造实践过程中,积累了大量具有朴素生态价值的经验和智慧,值得我们借鉴.对废旧材料进行构造创新、材料再生和用途创新,将废旧材料运用于传统建筑墙体的营造之中,朴素的生态价值经验与智慧值得当代建筑师反思和学习.

城市化进程中,城市边界的扩张导致城市边缘区历史村落行将消亡,村落背后所蕴含的传统、历史与文脉难以被真正传承和发扬.历史村落通过自我更新,在城市中找到新的角色定位,是城市、村落协同发展的重要内容.文章以城市边缘区历史村落——福州市厚美村为例,基于城市上位规划的不足之处,以城市设计的视角做出修正,通过肌理再现,轴线重塑,边界融合等具体策略的提出,一方面对村落进行保护与更新,实现厚美村的"在地城镇化";另一方面也为城市保留历史村落特有的空间结构,增强城市的历史记忆和文化体验.

所城是明代海防军事聚落的重要组成部分.文章从海洋文化的视角,探讨了明代福建海防所城聚落形态及其演变机制.研究表明,明代福建所城形态受其地形地势的制约,平面形态由防御战术需要所确定,总体趋向团状.海防所城的兴衰受制于国际海洋局势和国家海防制度的变迁,而近海防御及商舶贸易等海洋文化因素共同推动了所城聚落形态的发展与演变,最终向生活性聚落转化.该研究有助于挖掘明代海防历史景观的海洋文化基因,赓续被历史遮蔽的海洋文化传统,为构建新时代中国特色海洋文化理论体系提供历史借鉴.

利用地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析平台,在建立明代海防驿递系统数据库的基础上,研究海防驿递系统的空间布局特点.论文总结其特征有三:第一,以京师为核心形成放射状主干线,各防区次干线与主干线形成网状交汇;第二,主次干线的联系与河流、道路关系密切,并形成驿路;最后,驿站与各州县以及急递铺按照服务范围形成服务网络,覆盖全国.

Historic district become the key point of the transformation of the old city during the process of urban development, while spatial form is the key to success or failure to make historic district serve the present. Taking"San Fang Oi Xiang"as an example, this paper proposes and researches the optimal design methods of three space forms respectively by analyzing and reading three space forms of South Street, lanes and alleys, water lane,, and sums up the experiences in order to make historic district truly inherited also innovative, so as to perfect the urban style and features, improve the quality of the urban space and life.

国家提出了"一带一路"发展战略,福建作为"海上丝绸之路"的起点,对其海防军事聚落历史景观的研究具有重要意义.明代闽江口地区作为八闽首邑的门户,其海防聚落具有严密的整体性、层次性,具备良好的交通及视觉可达性,在面向海上防御的总体布局较为合理,在福建海防军事防御体系中具有重要地位.

文章以贵谷名人堂为例,对名人堂的建筑群空间进行视知觉分析.首先以格式塔心理学的理论为基础,从封闭性和相似性的层面进行剖析,研究名人堂内部建筑的空间布局形式.并且将阿恩海姆的建筑空间观与《街道美学》的高宽比理论相结合,分析其空间视觉环境,试图探索建筑组群空间中,不同的视觉距离和空间尺度是如何影响着人们对于建筑组群空间的感知、认识.同时从视觉艺术的角度出发,对建筑的形式和立面色彩进行分析,探寻和谐的空间意蕴.

本文尝试从民间信仰角度出发以福州螺洲多宗族聚落为研究对象,以宗祠为线索通过整理陈、林、吴三大宗族演变,梳理分析在螺洲古镇多宗族聚落祭祖与游神等仪式行为下的民间信仰具有跨宗族族群整合功能,并提出在民间信仰视角下螺洲古镇多宗族社区建设的启示.