种子是农业的"芯片",种业是农业生产的起点、粮食安全的基石、农业现代化的生命线.近年来,国际形势发生了深刻变化,国家将粮食安全和种业创新提到了前所未有的高度.杭州市出台《关于加快推进农业科技创新创业的若干意见》以来,农业科技创新取得了重要突破和显著成绩,逐步打造成为全省乃至全国的农业科技创新示范区,种业创新迎来了重大机遇期.

Soil is an important basic resource for human survival and social development, and is an important component of natural ecosystem. The research on soil nutrients and soil biology has theoretical significance.Although there are more and more related studies, the systematic literature review is lacking and the understanding of the development trend and hotspot evolution characteristics of the research field is insufficient. In this paper, based on literature data of CNKI database, we conducted cluster visualization analysis on the number of publications, author groups, publication institutions, keywords and emergence of literature by the CiteSpace, a bibliometrics software. The results show that the number of papers published on the relationship between soil nutrients and soil fauna has increased each year since 2001, and has remained relatively stable since 2016. Research institutions in China are mainly colleges and universities, such as Nanjing Agricultural University, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Agricultural University, and Nanjing Soil Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences is also a main research group in this field. Soil quality and community structure were the two most prominent research hotspots in soil nutrient-earthworm research in 2001-2021, and the research on soil health has been a new trend since 2020.

对于传统农业和机械化农业而言,数字技术足以推动"颠覆式创新",数字农业是农业的又一次革命.本研究通过研究农业数字化的理论内涵和现实基础,以在杭高校、农业研究机构、数字企业、农业企业等为对象,全面调研杭州农业科技创新数字化转型的现状与存在问题,围绕"双强"行动的战略部署,提出多方位、多层次的对策建议.

创新是引领内涵发展的第一动力,深入实施乡村振兴战略,对于重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局,加快浙江社会主义现代化先行省创建,引领长江经济带区域农业高质量发展具有重要意义.基于此,聚焦现代农业科技支撑乡村振兴重大理论与实践问题,详细分析当前浙江深入实施乡村战略对农业科技的新需求,并从持续优化农业科技供给方向与体系、推进农业创新创业人才队伍建设、加快打造科技振兴乡村示范浙江样板3个方面提出了对策建议.

2020年中央农村工作会议强调,坚持把解决好"三农"问题作为全党工作重中之重,举全党全社会之力推动乡村振兴,促进农业高质高效、乡村宜居宜业、农民富裕富足.农业科技人才是实施乡村振兴战略的重要力量,杭州农业科技人才体系存在现有科技人才队伍难以支撑乡村振兴需求、科技人才从农村逆向外流现象严重以及农业科技人才培育力度亟须加强等突出问题.坚持问题导向,研究提出构建农业科技人才支撑体系及全面推进乡村振兴的具体建议,以期为农业科技更好地服务乡村振兴提供理论依据与支撑.

为了解黏土矿物改良剂在新垦耕地地力提升中的作用,选择膨润土、高岭石、沸石和硅藻土4种黏土矿物,在添加量为10％的条件下,采用培养试验研究其对有机肥料矿化及土壤有机碳积累的影响.结果表明,与对照比较,添加黏土矿物可明显增加土壤有机碳的积累,其效果由强到弱为膨润土、高岭石、硅藻土、沸石;团聚体分析和重液分组结果表明,添加黏土矿物可显著增加土壤水稳定性团聚体数量,促进矿物结合态有机碳的形成.研究认为,黏土矿物增加有机碳稳定性是其促进土壤有机碳积累的主要原因.

[目的]研究杭椒Capsicum annuum'Hangzhou Jizhua'×'Jilin Zaojiao'果实辣椒素、维生素C等物质在采收期的动态变化,以确定最佳采收期.[方法]选取4个常见杭椒品种,采用高效液相色谱法分别测定开花后14、21、28、35、42、49、56 d采收的果实中辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和维生素C以及干物质质量分数.[结果]采收期内4个杭椒品种果实辣椒素类物质质量分数不同,品种间差异显著(P<0.05);维生素C质量分数和干物质相对含量随果实成熟度增加而升高.[结论]花后49 d是杭椒果实最佳采收期,此时果实成熟度好,辣椒素类物质、维生素C质量分数和干物质相对含量均较高.采收期内不同品种辣椒素类物质质量变化差异大,具体采收计划应综合种植品种、市场需求和供求关系等多方面因素考虑.

为了解有机物料施用对新垦低丘红壤酸度的影响,选择水稻秸秆、鸡粪、菜籽饼、紫云英、沼渣和生物质炭等6种常用的有机物料,统一添加量为25 g·kg-1,分别在湿润与淹水2种水分条件下(分别模拟旱地与水田2种利用方式),动态观察有机物料施用对土壤pH、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和交换性酸的影响.结果表明,不同有机物料对新垦红壤酸度的影响不同.根据湿润培养条件下土壤pH、NH+4-N、NO-3-N等的变化特征,可分为3类:(1)生物质炭,对酸化土壤具有明显和持续的降酸效果,培养过程中土壤NH+4-N、NO-3-N的含量变化较缓;(2)鸡粪、菜籽饼、紫云英、沼渣,施用初期因有机氮分解产生NH+4-N引起土壤pH的明显上升,后期因NH+4-N向NO-3-N转化释放氢离子导致土壤明显复酸;(3)水稻秸秆,施用初期因有机氮分解产生NH+4-N促进土壤明显降酸,但后期复酸现象不明显.整体来看,淹水培养条件下有机物料的降酸效果大于湿润培养条件.施用有机物料可降低土壤交换性酸含量,增强土壤对酸的缓冲作用.

通过田间小区试验,探讨了化肥、有机肥、石灰石粉、结构改良剂配合施用对新垦红壤性状综合改良的效果以及对大豆产量的影响.试验结果表明:与对照相比,对土壤质量综合提升和大豆生长效果最佳的处理为石灰石粉+化肥-有机肥配合施用+结构改良剂,其次为石灰石粉+化肥-有机肥配合施用;化肥-有机肥配合施用的效果好于单施化肥或单施有机肥的效果;石灰石粉+单施有机肥处理的改土效果好于石灰石粉+化肥处理的效果,但对作物生长的效果略差于石灰石粉+化肥处理的效果.

为探索亚热带低丘新建果园土壤肥力快速提升方法,在浙西选择一新建红壤橘园,进行了为期2年的种植绿肥与联合施用有机肥的土壤培肥试验.试验设对照、双季绿肥、有机肥及双季绿肥+有机肥等4个处理,各处理化肥用量相同.试验结果表明,从土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、速效氮磷钾、酶活性及土壤容重和水稳定性团聚体等肥力指标的变化来看,培肥效果:双季绿肥+有机肥＞有机肥＞双季绿肥.在不施用有机肥的条件下,种植绿肥后土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、有效磷、速效钾、水稳定性团聚体分别比对照增加13.14％、52.00％、27.08％、18.91％、20.25％,土壤容重下降2.90％,但增幅相对较小;土壤有效态微量元素含量几乎没有变化.在种植绿肥的同时施用有机肥可显著增加土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、有效磷、速效钾、水稳定性团聚体,分别比对照增加94.46％、276.00％、94.41％、110.81％、86.27％,土壤容重下降9.42％;同时可明显增加土壤全磷和微量元素的含量,全磷、有效态硼、钼、铜、锌水平分别比对照增加27.27％、266.67％、72.73％、155.56％、168.18％.种植绿肥同时施用有机肥的紫云英和黑麦草生物量分别为种植绿肥的1.62～ 1.90和1.79～1.95倍.分析认为,由于新建红壤果园肥力低下,仅靠种植绿肥等生草技术对土壤肥力的提升有限;施用有机肥和种植绿肥方式相结合是新建红壤果园的快速培肥途径.

[目的]研究冷冻干燥和浓缩等技术在辣椒特别是低辣辣椒果实中辣椒素类物质检测中的应用.[方法]选取不同辣度的4种辣椒果实为试验材料,分析烘干/冷冻干燥、浓缩/不浓缩等前处理方式对高效液相色谱法测定辣椒素类物质的影响.[结果]采用冷冻干燥技术不仅能去除鲜辣椒中水分而且最大程度保留其活性物质,较烘干技术果实中的辣椒素和二氢辣椒素损失减少,同时解决了大批量测定分析时,鲜辣椒无法长期保存的问题.提取过程中采用浓缩提取方法,解决了样品量少、样品辣椒素含量过低时无法获得准确数据的难题.另外,还利用该方法对辣椒素含量较低的杭椒类辣椒果实中辣椒素的变化规律进行研究,发现当辣椒果实进入成熟期后在前期辣椒素含量与果实成熟度呈正相关,但在成熟期后期即开花48 d后果实中的辣椒素含量有所下降.[结论]该研究为辣椒素的氧化及转化过程提供参考依据.

In order to investigate the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy for accurately predicting the capsaicin content in fresh chili peppers, taking Hangzhou chili pepper as a material, the near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to acquire spectral information of chili peppers, and high-performance liquid chromatography was conducted to obtain the reference values of capsaicin content. Three different variable selection methods with successive projection algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and uninformation variable elimination (UVE) were performed to select the optimal wavelengths. Partial least square (PLS) models based on full spectra and optimal wavelengths were then developed to predict the capsaicin content, and the prediction performances and operation efficiency were compared. The results showed that the CARS-PLS model yielded the best prediction performances, with the correlation coefficient of 0.838 6 and root-mean-square error of prediction set of 0.014 8 mg/g. In addition, compared with the full spectra of 200 wavelengths, the number of the optimal wavelengths selected by CARS was reduced by 96%, which indicated that optimal wavelengths can be used to simplify the models and improve the operation efficiency. The above results demonstrate that the near-infrared spectroscopy based on optimal wavelengths is feasible for the detection of capsaicin content.

为了更实时有效地监测作物生长环境参数,设计并实现了一套基于树莓派(Raspberry Pi)农业智慧监测系统.该系统以树莓派3代B型为核心,连接土壤湿度、空气温湿度、叶面温湿度、光照强度和pH值等传感器,可用于监测作物整个生长周期的土壤湿度、空气温湿度、叶面温湿度、光照强度和pH值等参数.本研究基于树莓派3代成功搭建了农业智慧监测系统,开发了适于电脑端的Web版和移动手机端的App(iOS版和Android版),并已监测获取作物生长相关参数和环境因子的数据.该系统运行可靠,操作简单实用,可扩展性强,为下一步开展作物长期数据监测,进行作物生产参数研究和智能控制奠定了基础.

To promote the efficient utilization of capsicum germplasm in variety improvement and new variety selection,the genetic variability,diversity and principal components analysis on 18 phenotypic traits were performed on 52 capsicum inbred lines.Cluster analysis on these capsicum germplasms were carried out based on the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits and polymorphism of SSR markers,respectively,and the results of the two clustering method were compared.The results showed that there were significant differences between the 18 traits in different germplasms,the mean coefficient of variation was 34.57％,the means Shannon diversity index was 2.47,the amount of the anterior 7 principal components explatined 78.153％ variances,and the first factor explained 20.991％ expression information,the frist primary component showed a higher load on the traits such as fruit width,pulp thickness,fruit weight,fruit shape index,leaf width and leaf length.Both phenotypic trait analysis and the SSR marker analysis divided the 52 materials into four classes,however,there was no correlation between the two classification (r =-0.027,P =0.605 ＞ 0.05),which means the results obtained by the two methods not consistent.The study provides a certain theoretical basis for the research on capsicum germplasm innovation and new variety breeding.

以7个不同世代的杭椒类辣椒植株为材料,研究了低温弱光逆境下,亲本与F1代植株光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的差异.研究表明:低温弱光胁迫下,F1代的光补偿点、 光饱和点、 光饱和时光合速率、 净光合速率、 胞间CO2浓度、 气孔导度、 蒸腾作用和基础荧光、 最大荧光、 最大光化学效率均接近于其亲本的光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数,表明杭椒类辣椒对低温弱光的耐受能力可以在不同世代间稳定遗传.另外,F1代的耐低温弱光能力并不是简单的遗传自亲本的其中一方,或者是父母本效应的简单叠加,而是一个复杂的父母本效应互作的结果,很可能与父母本间的特殊配合力有关.

通过试种,调查从国外引进的5份甜椒材料的植物学性状、商品性、产量等指标,对引进的甜椒材料进行综合评价和用途分析.结果表明,从国外引进的5份材料中YJ000417-L 的商品性和田间抗病性均较突出,青熟果奶白色、老熟果橘红色,有极高的应用价值,可作为彩椒类型的育种材料.

SSR分子标记是现今使用较广泛的分子标记技术,国内外研究人员利用该技术在辣椒亲缘关系分析和种质资源分类、遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位、杂交品种纯度鉴定、雄性不育等方面进展显著.本文作者就SSR分子标记技术在我国辣椒育种研究中的应用进展进行了阐述.

从浙江省杭州市余杭区番茄种植基地番茄叶片中分离获得菌株HZ9111,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定为刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae.该菌株菌丝在20～30℃均能正常生长,35℃停止生长,最适温度为25℃;光周期12L∶ 12D及培养基pH 6.0的环境条件利于菌体生长.该菌株能利用多种碳、氮源营养,但存在一定的差异.其中,以蔗糖和牛肉浸膏培养基上菌丝生长较快(日平均生长速率分别为5.02和5.81mr/d),在半乳糖和硝酸钾培养基上生长较慢(分别为2.36和4.27 mm/d).菌株对14种常见杀菌剂的敏感性测定结果表明,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂、65％代森锌可湿性粉剂、75％百菌清可湿性粉剂、325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂对菌株HZ9111菌丝生长和孢子萌发的毒力较小,且中间三者在低浓度时可促进菌丝生长.本研究将为今后该菌的大规模生产或应用提供参考.

雄性不育是降低杂交制种成本最有效的方法之一.近年来,许多辣椒育种研究人员在品种选育、辣椒不育机理探寻和不育基因定位上取得了一定的成绩.阐述了雄性不育的发现及类型,论述了雄性不育在我国辣椒品种选育的应用、遗传机理和不育基因定位的研究现状,以期为其在品种选育上广泛应用提供参考.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines are the excellent materials for studying the cytoplasmic and nuclear cytoplasmic interaction and have important application and theoretical value for CMS research. Three-line hybrid seed production could not only reduce the trouble of manual emasculation and seed costs, but also protect the purity of hybrid seeds. Therefore, the production of hybrid seed using CMS lines has a great potential and market demand in the pepper production. With the continuous development of science and technology, proteomics has become an important tool to decipher the biological gene function and contribute to the plant breeding. Proteome analyses helped to explore the important plant genes, thus speeding up the process of plant breeding and genetics research. However, the current researchs on male sterile pepper were mostly concentrated in the physiological and biochemical indexes and the male sterile gene. The relevant report on CMS pepper protein was relatively less, and the research of sterile anther protein was even more rarely reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to preliminarily identify the differences of cytology and proteomics involved in the peppers' anther of CMS line and its maintainer line.The anthers at six different stages were used in the experiment. At first, the paraffin sections of anthers were observed and used to study the differences between CMS line and its maintainer line from the apparent characteristics, and then SDS-PAGE was used for anther protein separation and identification. Differential protein bands separated by SDS-PAGE, and the proteome profiles of the differential protein bands were further analyzed and identified by LC-MS/MS and proteomics analysis.The results showed that pollen abortion occurred after metaphase. The main reason was that the callose surrounding the tetrad didn't disintegrate normally and the tapetum cells were excessive vacuolation. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that, compared with its maintainer line, there were four fewer protein bands in CMS line. A total of 64 non-redundant proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS, including 12 unique proteins from band 1, 9 unique proteins from band 2, 21 unique proteins from band 3, 18 unique proteins from band 4, and 2 proteins from both band 1 and band 3, 1 protein from both band 2 and band 3, 1 protein from both band 3 and band 4. Among them, 24 proteins were involved in catalysis according to molecular function;20 proteins were involved in cell endometrial tissue according to cellular components; and 24 proteins were involved in the metabolic process according to biological processes.In conclusion, pepper CMS is mostly caused by pollen abortion. Pollen sterility is directly or indirectly related to abnormal tapetum and the lack of callose disintegration. After the differential proteome analysis between pepper CMS line and its maintainer line, we find that after metaphase, due to the decreased expression involving substance and energy metabolism in a part of the protein in the anther of male sterile line, the tapetum cells develop abnormally and the four separate microspores in development can not obtain matter and energy. Then pollen might be abortion. Therefore, in this study, the differential proteins identified by proteomics analysis can preliminarily explain the differences in cytology.