As an extremely endangered species, the gray snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) relies on its gut microbiota for adaptation to environmental changes, particularly in coping with fluctuations in energy and nutrient availability. In this study, we employed metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and widely targeted metabolomic analyses to characterize the gut microbiota of gray snub-nosed monkeys. Based on metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), we recovered 1229 non-redundant MAGs. Among them, a total of 103 MAGs exhibited significant seasonal variation, primarily belonging to the phyla Bacillota_A, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota_I. During winter, metagenomic results indicated that the gut microbiota exhibited an enhanced capacity to produce energy substrates such as amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA, with increased conversion of these substrates. Metatranscriptomic analysis further confirmed that key carbon cycle-related genes and metabolic pathways were significantly upregulated in winter. Additionally, metabolite analysis indicated significantly lower levels of amino acids in winter fecal samples, suggesting that gray snub-nosed monkeys efficiently absorb and utilize metabolites, with the gut microbiota likely contributing to energy compensation. Notably, the gut microbiota may also synergistically support the host's non-shivering thermogenesis, helping maintain physiological functions in extreme cold conditions. This study elucidates the cooperative role of the gut microbiota in helping gray snub-nosed monkeys adapt to seasonal environmental fluctuations, providing new insights into how gut microbiota optimize winter energy utilization-an understanding with important implications for the conservation of endangered wildlife.

保护生理学是一门新兴的多学科交叉学科,帮助了解濒危物种因环境变化而产生的生理反应,从而寻找可能的干预方案,使其免于灭绝.本文综述了濒危动物保护中涉及的各种非侵入性激素监测方法和内分泌研究.非侵入性激素监测方法已成功地用于了解基本生殖生物学,妊娠诊断和广泛的圈养动物和野生动物的福利,这项技术将直接或间接地有助于保护濒危动物.本文综述了无损伤激素监测在濒危物种有效管理和保护中的应用.

The microbiota is essential for the extraction of energy and nutrition from plant-based diets and may have facilitated primate adaptation to new dietary niches in response to rapid environmental shifts. In this study, metagenomic sequencing technology was used to analyze the compositional structure and functional differences of the gut microbial community of Francois’ langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) under different environmental and dietary conditions. The results showed that in terms of the composition of the gut microbial community, there were significant differences among the gut microbiota of Francois’ langurs (anthropogenic disturbed populations, wild populations, and captive populations) under different environmental and dietary conditions. The microbial communities with the highest abundance in Francois’ langurs were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in anthropogenic disturbed Francois’ langurs and the least abundant in captive Francois’ langurs. The abundance of Bacteroidetes was highest in captive Francois’ langurs. In the analysis and comparison of alpha diversity, the diversity of the gut microbiota of Francois’ langurs affected by anthropogenic disturbance was the highest. The significant differences in gut microbiota between Francois’ langurs in different environments and different diets were further supported by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), with the disturbance group having a gut microbiota more similar to the wild group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation analysis indicated a high abundance of functional genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, replication and repair, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, and other amino acid metabolism pathways. Additionally, the functional genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in the gut microbial community of Francois’ langurs that were anthropogenic disturbed and captive. The gut microbiota of the Francois’ langurs exhibited potential plasticity for dietary flexibility, and long-term food availability in captive populations leads to changes in gut microbiota composition and function. This study explored the composition and function of the gut microbiota of Francois’ langurs and provided a scientific basis for understanding the physiological and health status of Francois’ langurs, effectively protecting the population of wild Francois’ langurs and reintroducing captive Francois’ langurs into the wild.

Gut microbiota play an important role in impacting the host's metabolism, immunity, speciation, and many other functions. How sex and environment affect the structure and function of fecal microbiota in red deer (Cervus elaphus) is still unclear, particularly with regard to the intake of different diets. In this study, non-invasive molecular sexing techniques were used to determine the sex of fecal samples from both wild and captive red deer during the overwintering period. Fecal microbiota composition and diversity analyses were performed using amplicons from the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform. Based on Picrust2 prediction software, potential function distribution information was evaluated by comparing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG). The results showed that the fecal microbiota of the wild deer (WF, n = 10; WM, n = 12) was significantly enriched in Firmicutes and decreased in Bacteroidetes, while the captive deer (CF, n = 8; CM, n = 3) had a significantly higher number of Bacteroidetes. The dominant species of fecal microbiota in the wild and captive red deer were similar at the genus level. The alpha diversity index shows significant difference in fecal microbiota diversity between the males and females in wild deer (p < 0.05). Beta diversity shows significant inter-group differences between wild and captive deer (p < 0.05) but no significant differences between female and male in wild or captive deer. The metabolism was the most important pathway at the first level of KEGG pathway analysis. In the secondary pathway of metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, energy metabolism, and the metabolism of other amino acids were significantly different. In summary, these compositional and functional variations in the fecal microbiota of red deer may be helpful for guiding conservation management and policy decision-making, providing important information for future applications of population management and conservation.

The digestive tract of ruminants is the home of the gut microbiome ecosystem, which plays a huge role in the diagnosis of various health conditions and the analysis of physiological conditions in wild animals. Red deer is a second-class protected animal in China. In this study, we used microsatellite and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples of red deer to investigate differences in the gut bacterial microbiota were analyzed between wild and captive in winter. Our results revealed that proportions of bacterial taxa, alpha-and beta-diversities, and relative abundances of amplicon sequence variants in the gut bacterial microbiota of the two groups differed. Firmicutes (79.46%), Bacteroidetes (16%) and Tenericutes (1.25%) were the most predominant phyla in wild red deer. While in captive red deer, Firmicutes (62.5%) was the dominant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes (29.1%) and Tenericutes.( 3.21%). The specific function and mechanism of Tenericutes in red deer need further study. The wild red deer had higher fecal bacterial diversity than the captive in farm. These differences were attributed to the enrichment of bacterial taxa involved in the digestion of the supplementary food and to different natural diets consumed in the forest. Also the dominant and differential microflora of intestinal microflora in various populations were mined and their related metabolic pathways. In terms of functional data, most of the genes annotated are related to metabolism. The second most commented gene is related to genetic information processing. The comparative study of the intestinal flora of the two populations can not only assess the health status of the two populations, but also provide important suggestions for the breeding of captive red deer and the protection of wild populations.

Single-scale frameworks are often used to analyze the habitat selections of species. Research on habitat selection can be significantly improved using multi-scale models that enable greater in-depth analyses of the scale dependence between species and specific environmental factors. In this study, the winter habitat selection of red deer in the Gogostaihanwula Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia, was studied using a multi-scale model. Each selected covariate was included in multi-scale models at their “characteristic scale”, and we used an all subsets approach and model selection framework to assess habitat selection. The results showed that: (1) Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the response scale of red deer to environmental factors was different among different covariate. The optimal scale of the single covariate was 800–3200 m, slope (SLP), altitude (ELE), and ratio of deciduous broad-leaved forests were 800 m in large scale, except that the farmland ratio was 200 m in fine scale. The optimal scale of road density and grassland ratio is both 1600 m, and the optimal scale of net forest production capacity is 3200 m; (2) distance to forest edges, distance to cement roads, distance to villages, altitude, distance to all road, and slope of the region were the most important factors affecting winter habitat selection. The outcomes of this study indicate that future studies on the effectiveness of habitat selections will benefit from multi-scale models. In addition to increasing interpretive and predictive capabilities, multi-scale habitat selection models enhance our understanding of how species respond to their environments and contribute to the formulation of effective conservation and management strategies for ungulata.

采用粪便显微分析法分析西藏马鹿(Cervus wallichii)草青期食性、可食植物的营养组成和干物质消化率,并利用minitab17软件分析西藏马鹿草青期可食植物相对密度和营养成分相关性.结果表明:西藏马鹿草青期可食植物20科37种,食性选择多样性指数1.32,生态位宽度15.79.笔直黄耆(12.8％)、弱小火绒草(11.2％)、半卧狗娃花(9.72％)、西藏柳(9.64％)构成西藏马鹿的主要可食植物,占食物组成的43.36％;菊科(29.66％)、豆科(21.38％)、杨柳科(9.64％)、莎草科(8.86％)、蓼科(8.08％)、禾本科(7.07％)、蔷薇科(6.86％)、紫草科(3.74％)所占比例较大,其他12科植物种类比例较小.西藏马鹿草青期食物组成,与可食植物能量、蛋白质、脂肪、干物质消化率呈正相关,与木质素、灰分、纤维素、单宁呈负相关,其中能量(0.735)、纤维素(0.899)、单宁(0.657)呈较强的相关性.

2013年和2014年的1月份,在黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区野外调查、采集东北马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)与狍(Capreolus pygargus)的粪便,应用粪便显微组织学分析技术对马鹿、狍粪便组成成分对比分析,探讨同域分布的马鹿和狍的生境选择及食性的差异.结果 表明:马鹿除采食东北红豆杉外,其余采食植物与狍的完全相同,二者食性重叠度高达84.8％.马鹿与狍采食植物多样性指数都较高,而营养生态位宽度则很低.在高食物重叠性的影响下,马鹿与狍对生境因子选择发生明显的分离.马鹿主要选择人为干扰距离大于1 km,海拔、食物丰富度、隐蔽度较高,阳坡,对于坡位要求并不十分严格的针阔混交林生境;而狍主要选择人为干扰距离小于1 km,海拔、食物丰富度、隐蔽度相对较低,阳坡,中坡位及上坡位的灌丛生境.

由仔猪脑部海马体齿状回分离得到神经干细胞,利用无血清培养基添加特定生长因子方式培养;采用RT-PCR鉴定神经干细胞和诱导分化后细胞生物特性;利用免疫荧光化学技术检测克隆的细胞抗原和分化后特异性成熟神经细胞抗原表达.由海马体齿状回分离的细胞群具有连续克隆能力;根据免疫荧光检测,脑神经干细胞表达巢蛋白、配对盒因子6和解整合素样金属蛋白酶10;体外培养下NSCs可被诱导分化为神经源性细胞,且表达微管相关蛋白2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和髓鞘碱性蛋白.分离和培育NSCs细胞结果显示,其具有更新能力和分化为神经元和胶质细胞的潜能,可为干细胞移植提供基础数据.

2013年至2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查技术、种群生态学、行为生态学等研究技术,研究了内蒙古根河地区驼鹿(Alces alces)冬季采食生境选择和卧息生境选择.研究结果:内蒙古根河地区冬季驼鹿采食生境选择与距针叶林距离、距道路距离、隐蔽级、距工矿距离呈负相关;与距农田距离、桦丰富度呈正相关;驼鹿冬季采食生境选择的概率模型为:P=ez/(1+ez),其中z=-0.401-0.423×距针叶林距离-0.513×距道路距离-0.564×距工矿距离+1.405×距农田距离-0.420×隐蔽级+0.553×桦,e为自然数.内蒙古根河地区驼鹿卧息地选择与距河流距离、郁闭度呈负相关,而距阔叶林距离、距农田距离呈正相关.驼鹿冬季卧息生境选择概率模型为:P=ez/(1 +ez),其中z=-2.068-0.757×距河流距离+0.929×距阔叶林距离+0.731×距农田距离-0.574×郁闭度,e为自然数.由于影响驼鹿冬季采食行为和卧息行为的驱动因子及其表达空间分布上的差异,导致其采食生境与卧息生境选择的因子具有显著差异.

以内蒙古大兴安岭根河地区冬季驼鹿为研究对象,采用多尺度模型框架研究驼鹿的生境选择,并比较了单尺度模型与多尺度模型在偏差解释率上的表现.结果 表明:①单变量逻辑斯蒂回归分析显示,驼鹿对环境因子反应尺度在不同因子间差别很大,海拔、坡向、灌丛比例、白桦林比例、混交林比例与驼鹿的出现在相对小尺度上具有强相关性(≤1 000 m),而其他变量如坡度、归一化植被指数在相对较大尺度上(≥2000 m)对驼鹿生境选择产生强影响.②经多模型平均后,对冬季驼鹿生境选择具有重要影响的环境因子为坡度、道路密度、白桦林比例与混交林比例.③模型平均偏差解释率比较发现,多尺度模型的偏差解释率为0.72,高于任何一个单尺度模型,说明多尺度模型更适于研究动物生境选择.

以大兴安岭根河地区驼鹿分布数据为例,综合考虑样本选择偏差、独立训练集与验证集划分、模型复杂度,模拟了冬季驼鹿适宜栖息地分布.结果 表明:最大熵模型默认设置下模型存在严重的过拟合,通过小样本赤池信息准则(AICc)选择的最优特征类型与正则化乘数组合,训练集受试者操作曲线下面积(AUC)虽有下降,但测试集AUC显著提高,模型过拟合情况得到显著改善;使用AICc最小模型拟合驼鹿分布发现,冬季驼鹿主要分布在远离人为干扰(城镇)、坡度低、靠近河流、林间道路、沼泽灌丛的地方;根河林业局驼鹿冬季适宜栖息地面积为1371 hm2,真实统计技能(TSS)值为0.54.最大熵模型的应用,应根据不同的物种出现数据特点及研究目的,选择合适的参数设置.

2013～2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查、种群生态学和行为生态学等技术,在内蒙古根河林业局共布设71条长约2～4 km样线、调查313个10 m×10 m样方、1489个2 m×2 m样方、共收集117份粪便,373个驼鹿出现点数据.利用驼鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型等22种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了深冬时期根河地区驼鹿冬季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对驼鹿分布的影响.结果表明:模型预测结果准确性较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.92,Jackknife检验结果显示:驼鹿生境选择的主要影响因子为距道路距离、距火烧迹地距离、距农田距离、海拔、柳、距沼泽距离、距人为活动点距离、距灌丛距离.驼鹿的适宜生境在根河地区呈现连续性分布,主要分布在东部和东北部,从植被类型上看,适宜生境大部分分布于针叶林,且适宜生境的面积为1155.8 km2,约占根河研究区总面积的25.6％.

重点阐述了如何应用资源选择函数研究马鹿冬季的生境选择.

We studied species of plants foraged by red deer in the Muling forest region of northeastern China during January 2014 and 2015. We focused on nutritional composition, energy content, and the digestibility of these plants. Crude protein content varied by plant species. Average crude protein content was 7.5 ± 1.7% of dry matter, ranging from 4.5 to 10.3%. Crude lipid content did not vary by species and averaged 7 ± 1.5% (range 5.4–9.8%). Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content varied broadly with average values being 20.1 ± 4.8% (range 13.5–28.8%) and 64.7 ± 5.9% (range 53.5–71.8%), respectively. Energy content ranged from 16.7 to 19.7 kJ/g. Average dry matter digestibility (DMD) was 46.1 ± 4.8%, with a range from 38.7 to 54.6%. Only three plants, Saussurea manshurica , Aralia elata and Equisetum hyemale exhibited DMD > 50%. NFC content explained most of the variation in energy content (r = 0.451). In contrast, energy content was inversely related to NDF ( r = −0.443). There was no correlation between crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content ( r protein = 0.004, r lipid = −0.190). S. manshurica , A. elata and E. hyemale had higher NFC and lower NDF content. Thus, these species offered the greatest nutritional value for wintering red deer in the study area. Along with high CP and NFC content, Taxus cuspidate also had high lignin content, and was thus, considered a good forage species for red deer.

随着我国野生动物保护事业的大力发展,野生动物保护工作越来越深入.同时,国民保护野生动物、爱护野生动物的意识在不断增强.野生动物放归自然作为野生动物救助中的重要一部分,近年来越来越受关注,民众放生野生动物的行为屡见不鲜.同时,相关的林业主管部门在收容救助野生动物之后,需要将野生动物进行野外放归,所以,应制订野生动物放归自然技术操作规程,为野生动物合理化放归自然提供技术指导.基于此,本文主要针对野生鸟类中的水鸟、猛禽的放归自然(放生)技术操作规程进行探讨.

为研究饲粮中N-氨甲酰谷氨酸水平对雄性银狐生长期生长性能的影响,选取(55±5)日龄、体质量相近的60只健康雄性银狐,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,在基础饲粮(精氨酸水平1.72%)基础上,各组的添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组)、0.02%(Ⅱ组)、0.04%(Ⅲ组)、0.06%(Ⅳ组)、0.08%(Ⅴ组)和0.10%(Ⅵ组),预试期10 d,正试期63 d.结果表明:饲粮N-氨甲酰谷氨酸水平极显著影响银狐平均日增质量(P<0.01),以Ⅴ组最高,Ⅰ组最低;雄性银狐干物质采食量变化不显著;Ⅴ组和银狐料重比极显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.01).综合各项指标,生长期雄性银狐饲粮中添加0.08%N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)可提高平均日增质量,降低料重比.

随着我国野生动物保护事业的发展,目前收容救助的野生动物数量日益增多.基于此,本文针对野生鸟类(水鸟、猛禽)收容救助技术进行详细的阐述,以供相关救助技术人员参考.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mt DNA) of Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) was sequenced, using muscle tissue obtained from a male Amur moose. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,305 bp. The genome structure of Amur moose is similar to other moose and it contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 1 control region.

In this study, we explored the possibility of using in vitro differentiation to create functional beta-like islet cells from chicken umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs). Passaged UCMSCs were induced to differentiate into pancreatic beta-like islet cells. Differentiated cells were observed through dithizone staining, and Pdx1 and insulin expressed in differentiated cells were detected with immunofluorescence. Insulin and C-peptide production from differentiated cells were analyzed using ELISA and western blotting. Differentiated cells were found to not only express Pdx1, insulin, and C-peptide, but also to display a glucose-responsive secretion of these hormones.