Aims:At present,few studies have been conducted on the behavior of wild forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii).Therefore,we aim to construct an ethogram and posture-act-environment(PAE)coding system for M.berezovskii to improve our fundamental understanding of this species'behavior. Methods:Infrared camera monitoring data collected at Hupingshan National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province from April 2019 to June 2023 were classified and summarized.Referring to commonly used animal behavior coding methods in China,the behavior spectrum and PAE coding system of M.berezovskii were established with'posture-act-environment'.These behavioral data were statistically analyzed and the behavioral diversity index was calculated to analyze differences in behavior across seasons,genders,age groups,and habitats. Results:A total of 845 valid photos and 133 videos of wild M.berezovskii were identified,and 7 postures,65 acts and 32 behaviors of M.berezovskii were distinguished and recorded from this video data.These records cover all common daily behaviors of M.berezovskii.We found differences in the behavioral diversity index in different seasons,with the highest diversity indice in spring(Hspring=0.8922,rspring=0.3850),followed by summer(Hsummer=0.7954,rsummer=0.3432),autumn(Hautumn=0.7775,rautumn=0.3355),and lastly,winter(Hwinter=0.5094,rwinter=0.2198).The behaviors of males,females and juvenile were significantly different.Three types of behaviors were not recorded in juvenile(tagging behavior,elimination behavior,and self-directed).Females performed more self-directed behaviors,and males displayed unique marking behaviors.The behavioral diversity index of females(Hfemales=0.6338)was greater than males(Hmales=0.5814),and lowest for juvenile(Hjuvenile=0.3816).Among habitat types,the behavioral diversity index of M.berezovskii in mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was the highest,and the ingestive behavior is the predominant behavior displayed,regardless of habitat type. Conclusion:This study provides the behavioral spectrum and a behavior spectrum and PAE coding system of wild M.berezovskii for the first time.Our results provide vital foundational data paving the way to further research on behavioral ecology and conservation management of M.berezovskii.

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区(以下简称壶瓶山保护区)被选为华南虎野外放归的主要备选地之一.野猪是壶瓶山保护区内满足华南虎对猎物数量和质量要求的主要猎物之一.本文以壶瓶山保护区内的野猪为研究对象,从社会经济和自然环境两个方面选取 9 个环境因子,结合野猪红外相机监测数据,采用MaxEnt模型评价壶瓶山保护区内野猪的适生区及其分布,并探究环境因子对野猪生境选择的影响机制.结果表明:最适生区、适生区、不适生区的面积分别为 138.5、311.9、216.4 km2,分别占保护区总面积的20.78%、46.78%、32.45%;核心区、缓冲区、试验区分别有 89.61%、82.78%、35.53%的面积属于最适生区和适生区;道路是影响野猪生境选择的主要环境因子.研究结果为壶瓶山保护区内野猪种群管理以及华南虎野化放归项目的成功实施提供了重要理论依据.

2020年6月—2021年9月,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区进行小型兽类调查时,利用陷阱法采集到2个鼩鼱类动物标本.其体形较小,体毛黑褐色,尾长明显超过头体长,尾端有一簇白色长毛,颅骨扁平,门齿和单尖齿尖呈淡棕红色,符合霍氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hoffmanni)的描述.同时,分子系统发育树显示其与霍氏缺齿鼩聚为一支,且具高支持度.因此,将其鉴定为霍氏缺齿鼩.该种主要分布于中国的西南方,本次记录系湖南省首次发现该物种.

2021年7—8月,笔者在对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野生动植物标本室的鱼类标本进行整理时,发现在2007年、2016年和2020年采集于渫水黄虎港河段的4尾爬鳅类标本,经鉴定应属于华吸鳅属的1种.其主要特征为胸鳍x～xi-12～15,腹鳍xi～viii-12～14,吻褶间具2对小吻须,上唇具8～10个乳突,符合西昌华吸鳅(Sinogastromyzon sichangensis)的特征.同时,基于线粒体Cyt b基因构建的系统发育树显示壶瓶山标本和西昌华吸鳅聚为一个支系.此次西昌华吸鳅鉴定结果属该种在长江中游的湖南省首次发现,不仅丰富了该爬鳅的基础生物学资料,也提供了该种新的地理分布信息.

2020年至2022年期间,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区进行蝶类调查时采集到弄蝶标本.经形态比较鉴定后,发现其中5个属于湖南省新纪录种,分别为:峨眉大弄蝶(Capila omeia Leech)、紫斑锷弄蝶(Aeromachus cato-cyanea Mabille)、凹瓣陀弄蝶(Thoressa fusca Elwes)、针纹赭弄蝶(Ochlodes klapperichii Evans)、三黄斑弄蝶(Ampittia trimacula Leech).

以常德市石门县生物多样性调查为研究案例,对县域生物多样性调查、评价方法及应用进行研究,为客观评价县域生物多样性和制定保护策略提供科学依据.基于生物多样性调查和历史数据,采用野生动物丰富度、维管束植物丰富度、生态系统丰富度、中国特有物种丰富度、受威胁物种丰富度和外来物种入侵度等6项评价指标,建立县域生物多样性评价指标体系.石门县共记录有陆生野生脊椎动物577种,鱼类60种,蝶类223种,维管束植物3091种,生态系统类型51个,中国特有植物2500种,中国特有野生动物102种,受危野生动物103种,受危野生植物37种,外来入侵植物183种,外来入侵动物26种,生物多样性评价指标(BI)分值为69.2343.验证了应用生物多样性调查和历史数据对县域生物多样性进行快速评价方法可行,运用该评价指标体系所得评价结果能比较客观地反映县域生物多样性状况,具有较好的应用前景.

指出了野外巡护是自然保护区管理中最基本的工作,不仅是保护野生动植物资源和自然环境的重要手段,还能对动物资源的动态变化进行持续监测.为了推动湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野外巡护科学有效管理,分析了当前保护区野外巡护管理现状和存在的问题,从巡护队伍建设、巡护管理机制和信息化建设等方面提出了管理对策,为今后湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野外巡护管理工作提供参考.

2019年4月至2020年6月,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区使用样线调查法进行蝶类调查时,发现4种蝴蝶为湖南省新纪录,分别为:喙凤蝶Teinopalpus imperialis Hope,1843、铁木剑凤蝶Pazala mullah(Alphéraky,1897)、白灰蝶Phengaris atroguttata(Oberthür,1876)和珠灰蝶Iratsume orsedice(Butler,1882).

为掌握湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物的资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理,2013年4月-2019年10月采用样线(点)法对区内的两栖爬行动物资源进行了较为系统的调查与研究.结果 表明,区内记录两栖爬行类共有4目21科91种,对比2004年调查数据,其中两栖纲的宽脊瑶螈Yaotriton broadoridgus、桑植角蟾Megophrys sangzhiensis、红点齿蟾Oreolalax rhodostigmatus等11种和爬行纲的峨眉草蜥Takydromus intermedius、双全链蛇Lycodon fasciatus、刘氏链蛇Lycodon liuchengchaoi等8种为保护区新纪录.保护动物中,大鲵Andrias davidianus为国家二级重点保护野生动物,有75种为湖南省重点保护野生动物.同时,区内两栖爬行动物有1种被评为极危(CR),9种为濒危(EN),15种为易危等级(VU).鉴于壶瓶山保护区两栖爬行动物资源的多样性与受胁现状,应进一步加强研究和保护.

了解珍稀濒危物种的种群数量和栖息地特征,是实施物种保护与种群恢复的基础.分别于2017年1月、2018年1月和2019年1月,对石门县中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)越冬种群数量及其栖息地进行了调查和观测.研究期间,共记录中华秋沙鸭268只,其中,有雄性中华秋沙鸭145只,雌性中华秋沙鸭123只,雌雄比为1∶1.179;2017年1月、2018年1月和2019年1月,分别记录了76只(占当年在湖南省内越冬的中华秋沙鸭种群总数量的42％)、92只(占60％)和100只(占51％)中华秋沙鸭.研究结果表明,在石门县越冬的中华秋沙鸭偏向选择低海拔、水体清澈、石质水底、缓流、水面相对较窄、水较浅和人类活动干扰少的河流作为栖息地,大多数河流沿岸紧临山林地或悬崖峭壁.目前,在石门县,干扰中华秋沙鸭越冬种群和栖息地的人类活动主要为河道采砂、捕鱼、水电站、公路建设和捕鸟等.在石门县越冬的中华秋沙鸭种群数量逐年呈增加趋势,石门县已经成为湖南省该物种越冬种群数量最多的一处重要越冬地.最后,建议加强多部门合作与执法力度,关停河道上的采砂场,禁止非法捕鱼,调节水电站冬季蓄水,营造中华秋沙鸭越冬适宜栖息地景观格局;同时,建议县政府和野生动物保护主管部门提高对越冬中华秋沙鸭的保护意识,加大保护科普宣教工作,持续开展对越冬中华秋沙鸭的科研与监测工作.

2020年8月7日,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区进行兰科植物调查时发现5株野生兰花,经仔细观察和形态比较,鉴定为天府虾脊兰,隶属于兰科虾脊兰属,为湖南省新记录种.

From August 2012 to August 2015,20 infrared camera-traps were installed in a monitoring grid to investigate terrestrial fauna and avifauna population in the Hupingshan National Nature Reserve of Hunan Province,China.Based on 19 592 camera-days in the field,we identified 21 mammal species belonging to 4 orders and 11 families and 33 bird species belonging to 4 orders and 8 families.Among these,forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) was listed as Category Ⅰ state key protected wild animals and eight species as Category Ⅱ.Red-hipped squirrel (Dremomys pyrrhomerus) was recorded for the first time in the reserve.Carnivora had the highest species richness among mammals (9 species),followed by Artiodactyla (6 species) and Rodentia (5 species).Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus),wild boar (Sus scrofa),redhipped squirrel,Reeve's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and Hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) ranked as the five most abundant mammal species according to a relative abundance index.Passeriformes had the highest species richness in bird (25 species),followed by Galliformes (5 species) and Piciformes (2 species).Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus),Temminck's tragopan (Tragopan temminckii) and spotted laughingthrush (Garrulax ocellatus) rank as the three most abundant bird species.In addition,we also analyzed daily and annual activity patterns of the six common species such as golden pheasant,Temminck's tragopan,red-hipped squirrel,tufted deer,wild boar and Reeve's muntjac.Our results provide basic information for long-term monitoring of the diversity and density of terrestrial fauna and avifauna inhabiting the Hupingshan region.