This work develops a dual-heteroatom (N, P)-doped macroporous Ru@PN-C core-shell catalyst by a "hard templating-partial ZIF-8 coating-heteroatom doping" strategy for biomass upgrading, which features a hollow rhombic dodecahedron shape and a unique Ru2P-metallic Ru0 heterointerface. In contrast to Ru@N-C and Ru@SN-C analogues, the P dopant and Ru2P-Ru-0 heterostructure in Ru@PN-C collectively mitigate the work function, upshift the d-band center (epsilon d), and most importantly, induce interfacial electronic interactions (IEIs). Such electronic structure optimization promotes H2 adsorption, H-H bond cleavage, and levulinic acid (LA) carbonyl activation for subsequent H* attack, thereby lowering the apparent activation energy and expediting the intrinsic catalytic kinetics in LA-to-gamma-valerolactone (GVL) process. Simultaneously, the macroporous coreshell architecture of Ru@PN-C facilitates mass transfer and shields the encapsulated Ru2P-Ru-0 heterostructural nanoparticles from agglomeration throughout catalytic cycles. As a consequence, Ru@PN-C achieves a remarkably high turnover frequency (TOF) of 20339.0 h-1 with > 99.9% GVL selectivity under ambient temperature, paired with robust durability over four consecutive runs, surpassing Ru@N-C, Ru@SN-C, and a surfacesupported Ru/PN-C reference catalyst. These findings establish a catalyst design rationale for efficient biomass upgrading under mild conditions through synergistic morphology control and IEIs engineering.

Achieving carbon neutrality through reducing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2)has emerged as an urgent global challenge in the fields of environmental science and sustainable development.Among the emerging mitigation strategies,electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction(ECRR)stands out for its capacity to convert CO2 into high-valued chemi-cals or energy-dense fuels,providing a promising approach for reducing CO2 emissions and converting renewable electric energy into chemical energy.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)represent a promising class of catalysts for ECRR,owing to their intrinsic structural advantages—including well-defined porosity and atomic-level structural tunability—which collec-tively enhance CO2 mass transport and adsorption,and enable systematic investigation of structure-activity relationship as well as reaction mechanism.In particular,MOFs constructed from nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ligands have garnered remarkable research interest,attributed to their superior features such as structural flexibility,abundant catalytic active sites and suitable stability.This review outlines the fundamental physicochemical properties and advanced characterization tech-niques for the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ligand-based MOFs.Then recent advances in the application of such MOFs to ECRR were summarized categorizing by the nitrogen-containing moieties,namely imidazolyl-,pyrazolyl-,triazolyl-and tetrazolyl-based ligands.Finally,this review analyzed the critical challenges impeding the practical application of nitro-gen-containing heterocyclic ligand-based MOFs in ECRR,including intrinsic electronic conductivity limitations,structural and electrochemical stability under prolonged operational conditions,integration of electrolyzer systems and mechanistic ambiguities arising from dynamic structural evolution during the ECRR.On this basis,prospects for future research direc-tions are presented.

To enhance selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene (SHBC), a kinetic route via strategically integrating Ru nanoparticles with mesoporous TiO2 nanorods self-assembled from {101}-faceted anatase nano-crystals (MRACs) is devised. This design uniquely enables the regulation of pore structure and Lewis acidity. Combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental validation establish that catalyst pore expansion (10.9-14.4 nm) and reduced Lewis acidity (4330-3057 mu mol g-1) attenuate benzene adsorption, lowering its turnover frequency (TOF) from 294 to 99 min-1. Significantly, controlling suitable pore size (12.4 nm) and Lewis acidity (3677 mu mol g-1) (Ru/MRACs-24) attenuates surface cyclohexene bonding while optimizing the C6H6-C6H10-TiO2 interaction, resulting in maximal initial cyclohexene selectivity (86 %). Kinetic analysis reveals that selectivity trends are reflected in the ratios of hydrogenation rate constants (C6H6 -> C6H10 vs. C6H10 -> C6H12), confirming that tailored pore architecture enhances selectivity by accelerating net cyclohexene production and reducing its surface retention. The synergy between rational nanoarchitecture, bonding modulation, and dual theoretical-experimental mechanistic elucidation presents a paradigm for optimizing intrinsic performance in demanding catalytic transformations.

To overcome the disadvantages of conventional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that the adsorption of reactant and product intermediates of the rate-determining step (RDS) changes parallelly, herein, Fe2O3-NiFe2O4 hetero-nanoframes coupled with N-doped graphene (nf-NiFe2O4-NG) are devised. Such material features attractive hollow cubic nanoframe morphology, Fe2O3{21 0}-NiFe2O4{311} heterointerface, electron-deficient surface, and modulated band structure. Under 10 and 50 mA cm-2, nf-NiFe2O4-NG achieves over-potentials of 266.3 and 302.5 mV, respectively, significantly outperforming contrastive materials lacking hollow nanoframe morphology and heterointerfaces. Theoretical calculations reveal that the Fe2O3-NiFe2O4 heterostructure within nf-NiFe2O4-NG facilitates interfacial electronic interaction that effectively weakens the bonding of reactant intermediate (*OH) in the RDS of OER, while strengthening the bonding of product intermediate (*O). This inverse optimization lowers the reaction energy barrier, thereby boosting OER kinetics and providing valuable perspectives into the design of electrocatalysts for clean energy production through morphology and heterointerface engineering.

The extensive therapeutic use of tetracycline (TC) in human and veterinary healthcare systems has resulted in notable environmental persistence, with detectable residues increasingly documented in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. While photocatalytic technology has been widely applied for TC degradation, improving the photocatalytic activity of catalysts remains a critical challenge. Improving charge separation efficiency is a key approach to enhance the activity of photocatalysts. In this work, we successfully coupled g-C3N4 and CaMoO4 on 3D porous carbon via a hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic properties of the composites were determined through the degradation of TC under visible light. Under simulated visible light irradiation, the results demonstrated that the g-C3N4/CaMoO4@C achieved 94.8 % degradation of TC under 90 min of light exposure, significantly outperforming pure g-C3N4 and pure CaMoO4, which achieved only 39.7 % and 39.2 % degradation in the same period. And the g-C3N4/CaMoO4@C achieved 73.59 % removal of total organic carbon. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by adjusting key parameters, including TC solution pH, initial concentration, and catalyst dosage. The morphology, structure and composition of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS and TEM characterization techniques, and the reasons for the improved performance of the composite photo-catalysts were analyzed by combining the results of UV-Vis and PL characterizations, and the photocatalytic mechanism of the catalysts was further explored by ESR characterization.

To enhance the kinetics of the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes, metallic Ru (Ru0)-RuO2-ZnO heterointerfaces are constructed by pyrolyzing hollow Ru-ZIF-8 nanostructures with varying shapes. Systematic characterizations and theoretical simulations reveal that the exposed facets and oxygen vacancy (Ov) contents of the heterointerfaces depend on the shape and pyrolysis temperature of Ru-ZIF-8. Rhombic dodecahedral Ru-ZIF-8-derived nanocrystals by pyrolyzing at 900 degrees C expose Ru0{120}-RuO2{221}-ZnO{001} heterointerfaces with suitable Ov content, resulting in an alleviated work function and a downshifted d-band center (epsilon d). These structural optimizations accelerate H2O adsorption-dissociation on the nanocrystal surface, weaken the excessively strong electronic interaction between the catalytic surface and the H* intermediate, balance the strengths of H* adsorption and H2 desorption, facilitate the rate-determining stage (RDS, H2 desorption), and ultimately lower the apparent activation energy for HER. As a result, an overpotential of 25.0 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a turnover frequency of H2 generation of 0.23 s-1 at 100 mV are achieved, surpassing other heterostructure analogues. An excellent linearity between the HER overpotentials and the Gibbs free energy change of H* adsorption is substantiated, highlighting the advantage of d-orbital manipulation in expediting activity.

Coupling active metal nanoparticles (NPs) with oxide nanocrystals enclosed by specific facets is a promising strategy to enhance their catalytic performances. Here, brookite TiO2 nanoplates exposed with {11 1} facets, nanorods enclosed by {1 2 1} facets, and nanosheets exposed with {211} facets were synthesized and coupled with Ru NPs, aiming at improving their catalytic efficiency in selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene (SHBC) and discriminating the critical roles of brookite facets. The comprehensive characterizations recognized that the successive exposure of brookite TiO2 {11 1}, {121}, and {211} facets resulted in a more suitable adsorption strength of C6H6 and an increment of chemisorption capacity of C6H6 on medium-strength acid sites, contributing to a promotion of the turnover frequency (TOF) of C6H6. The kinetics investigations, density functional theory (DFT) simulations, and Mulliken population analysis unveiled that the increased Ti3+ species as a result of the successive exposure of brookite TiO2 {11 1}, {121}, and {211} facets brought in an increment of the net production rate of C6H10 in SHBC, and the electronic interaction between C6H10 and these facets is gradually weakened, which contributed to an improvement of C6H10 selectivity. As a consequence, an initial C6H10 selectivity (S0) of 91 % and a C6H10 yield of 47 % achieved on the brookite TiO2-supported Ru catalyst enclosed by TiO2 {211} facets.

Aiming to efficiently expedite alkaline overall water splitting (OWS) by addressing challenges such as sluggish kinetics and limited stability, a hollow Fe-doped Ni(OH)(2)-NiS@Ni(OH)(2) nanorod array with surface nanosheets is devised, featuring a high-index Fe-doped Ni(OH)(2)(101)-NiS(211) heterostructural interface and an upshifted d-band center. This nanoarchitecture intensifies the adsorption and interaction of H2O and OH- reactants on the electrocatalyst surface, suitably bonds the *H intermediate in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and accelerates electron movement of *H, minimizes the energy requirement of the rate-limiting phase (*OH -> *O) in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by facilitating O & horbar;H cleavage of *OH and optimally adsorbs *O, amplifies the exposure of surface-active centers, and ultimately reduces the apparent activation energy. Consequently, the overpotentials are as low as 66.4 mV (HER) and 254.9 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm(-2), alongside high turnover frequencies of 142 s(-1) (H-2) and 279 s(-1) (O-2) at 100 and 300 mV, respectively, markedly outperforming direct-electrodeposited analogues. When functioning as a bifunctional electrode in OWS, this material merely requires 1.57 V at 10 mA cm(-2) and sustains an operation for 168 h, approaching Pt/C||RuO2 benchmark.

Aiming to efficiently upgrade renewable biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) into γ-valerolactone (GVL), we have devised yolk-shell electron-rich Ru@hollow pyridinic-N-doped carbon nanospheres, featuring a tunable shell thickness (20−70nm) and an ultrahigh surface area (4016 m2 g−1). Experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the strategic formation of the yolk-shell structure and appropriate thinning of the carbon shell facilitate the generation of electron-rich Ru0 and a positive shift of the d-band center towards the Fermi level by increasing surface pyridinic-N species. These modifications suitably intensify Ru0−H interaction, promote reactant adsorption, stimulate electron transfer between active H and the C=O group of LA, and ultimately reduce apparent activation energy. Consequently, a high LA turnover frequency (18733.4h−1 at 30 °C) and GVL selectivity (99.9%), alongside excellent stability up to eight cycles, are achieved, markedly outperforming externally-supported analogues. These findings afford valuable insights into designing yolk-shell nanostructures for biomass upgrading through microenvironment engineering.

The development of supercapacitors relies heavily on the design and manufacture of innovative electrode materials. FeNi3 alloy-based electrodes show good chemical stability and corrosion resistance as positive electrodes. However, their high internal resistance and low electronic conductivity limit the large-scale application. In this work, the CoP2 particles with high electrical conductivity is integrated with FeNi3 nanoalloys to construct FeNi3/ CoP2 heterostructure loaded on biomass-derived cabbage-like porous carbon. Combined with the experimental result and density functional theory, the introduction of CoP2 nanoparticles greatly improves the electrochemical properties of the prepared FeNi3/CoP2@C composite. By adjusting the annealing temperature, the FeNi3/ CoP2@C-800 electrode displays a specific capacitance of 1135.5 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a surface area of 259.45 m2 g-1. In addition, the assembled FeNi3/CoP2@C-800//AC (activated carbon) asymmetric supercapacitor provides a high energy density of 52.2 Wh kg-1 at 525.0 W kg-1 and good electrochemical cycling stability with a capacitance retention rate of 84.23 % after 10,000 cycles. The study offers a feasible idea for making highperformance pseudocapacitive electrode material.

The exploration of new high-performance, low-cost, and eco-friendly electrode materials is crucial for improving electrochemical performance. In this research, a three-dimensional interconnected porous composite electrode is synthesized, comprising bimetallic oxide of CoFe2O4 and Co3Fe7 alloy with porous carbon derived from carboxymethyl cellulose (CoFe2O4-Co3Fe7@C), through a straightforward high-temperature annealing process. Various characterizations are conducted on the CoFe2O4-Co3Fe7@C composites. The incorporation of CoFe2O4 and Co3Fe7 nanoparticles into the CMC-derived porous carbon enhances electron conduction pathways and reduces internal electrode resistance, resulting in outstanding electrochemical performance. When the CoFe2O4Co3Fe7@C composite is carbonized at 700 degrees C with a current density of 0.5 A g(-1), its specific capacitance reaches 3405.25 F g(-1). At a power density of 321.44 W kg(-1), an asymmetric supercapacitor with activated carbon as the positive and negative electrode and CoFe2O4-Co3Fe7@C-700 as the positive electrode has a maximum energy density of 187.59 Wh kg(-1). Moreover, after 10,000 cycles, the composite shows 90.05 % cycling stability. This study paves the way for innovation in energy storage technology.

Integrating unique morphology and tunable electronic state of supported metallic catalysts via one-step is an attractive pathway to boost their catalytic behaviors in selective hydrogenation reactions. Here, electronic state-tunable Ru nanoparticles (NPs) coupled with three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical carbon nanoflowers with in-situ generated pyridinic-nitrogen (Ru/PNC) are devised. Combining with systematical characterizations, kinetics investigations, and density functional theory (DFT) computations, the pyridinic-N species is proved to facilitate the formation of electron-rich Ru, which insures the weaker adsorption of levulinic acid but stronger adsorption of H-2 molecules on Ru, ultimately reducing the apparent activation energy of selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to gamma-valerolactone (GVL). As a result, a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 5042.5 h(-1) and a GVL selectivity of > 99% are achieved on the most electron-rich Ru/PNC catalyst. A positive linearity between the TOFs and the surface pyridinic-N/Ru-0 ratios is recognized, further corroborating the electron-rich Ru-mediated intrinsic activity enhancement evoked by the surface pyridinic-N species on carbon nanoflowers.

Designing nonprecious electrocatalysts with outstanding performances in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via water splitting is attractive for renewable energy conversion. Here, a free-standing and binder-free electrode by in-situ growing a multi-level layered electrocatalyst consisted of NiWO4-coupled Ni3S2 nanofibers with secondary NiO layer on Ni foam (NiWO4-Ni3S2@NiO/NF) is devised, in which NiWO4 was recognized to boost the exposure of high-index {1 2 3} facets on Ni3S2 and NiO was identified to increase the electron density of Ni3S2 via accumulating S vacancies. Such an integration of high-index-facet exposure and electron-density optimization endowed the resultant NiWO4-Ni3S2@NiO/NF-3 (3 represents the nominal Ni: S molar ratio in fabricating Ni3S2) electrode with a more suitable H adsorption energy on the active Ni sites and a positive shift of the d-band center of Ni3S2 toward the Fermi level, resulting in a strengthened Ni-H interaction. As a consequence, a low over-potential of 89 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm2 and a high turnover frequency of H2 generation of 1.5 x103 s1 for HER in 1 mol l1 KOH were acquired on NiWO4-Ni3S2@NiO/NF-3, both outperforming the Ni3S2/NF-1, NiWO4-Ni3S2/NF-1, and NiWO4-Ni3S2@NiO/NF-1 electrocatalysts. Remarkably, an electrolytic cell assembled by using NiWO4-Ni3S2@NiO/NF-3 as both anode and cathode delivered an overall-water-splitting current density of 10 mA cm2 at 1.64 V, evidencing its robust bifunctional catalytic ability in water splitting

Low loading Pton TiO2 were prepared by an impregnation-reduction process for chemoselective hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzenes (CNBs) to chloroanilines (CANs). The structure and physicochemical properties were characterized by N-2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature programmedreduction. The low loading Pt(<= 0.08 wt %) on TiO2 exhibited outstanding chemoselectivity for the catalytic hydrogenation of CNBs to CANs, without any disturbance on carbon-chlorine bond. The characterization data suggested that the Pt particles were highly dispersed on TiO2 and strongelectronicinteractionsoccur between the dispersedPt andTiO(2)support, which led toelectron deficiency of nearly all Pt and production of suboxide TiOx species (x<2) in the 0.08 wt % Pt/TiO2. The electron-deficient Pt and suboxide TiOx species favor N=O bondactivation, leading to its unique chemoselectivity.

Regulating the geometric and electronic configurations of interfacial active sites is an attractive approach to design high-efficiency catalysts. Here, guiding by the electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI), we constructed the chemical state-tunable nanoparticulate Ru on three-dimensional (3D) porous TiO2 nanoflowers derived from 2D Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (Ru/TMTFs-x). Benefitting by the unique geometric architecture and EMSI-directed electron-deficient configuration of Ru, the catalysts are efficient in benzene semi-hydrogenation, achieving a high turnover frequency (TOF, 7.2 s-1) and an excellent initial cyclohexene selectivity (78%) on the most electron-deficient Ru/TMTFs-773 catalyst. Despite that the TOFs are nearly identical along with the enhancement in electron-deficient degree of Ru on Ru/TMTFs-x by tuning the Ti4+: Ti3+ molar ratios, which was originated from the resemblances in Ru size and acidity, a positive correlation between cyclohexene selectivity and electron-deficient degree of Ru was recognized. By virtue of kinetics analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the promotion in net generation rate of cyclohexene and the weakening in cyclohexene adsorption on Ru/TMTFs-x when lowering the electron density of Ru are responsible for the selectivity enhancement. A linearity between selectivity and the percentage of Ti4+ sites was identified, further corroborating the EMSI-mediated selectivity enhancement on Ru/TMTFs-x.

Shape manipulation of Ru nanocrystals (NCs) may afford the prominent enhancement in the catalytic perfor-mances and a well-defined catalytic model for mechanistic investigation in benzene semi-hydrogenation (BSH) by remolding the surface-atom arrangements. Herein, the Ru NCs with tailored shapes including irregular as-semblies (IASs), nanospheres (NSPs), ultrathin triangle nanoplates (TNPs), and ultrathin irregular nanoplates (INPs) were fabricated, which were recognized to determine both the types and numbers of active sites. Ru IASs exposed few undercoordinated (unc) sites including atomic edges, vertexes, and defects as well as few coordi-nately saturated (csa) sites such as atomic terraces, while Ru NSPs primarily exposed csa sites, and Ru TNPs and Ru INPs exposed dominant and increased unc sites. Such difference contributed to a decreased order of turnover frequency (TOF) of benzene in Ru IASs > Ru INPs > Ru TNPs > Ru NSPs but an increased sequence of cyclo-hexene selectivity in Ru IASs < Ru NSPs < Ru TNPs < Ru INPs via manipulating the coordination configuration of benzene and so the net formation rate of cyclohexene. The initial selectivity toward cyclohexene (S0) attained to 90.6% on Ru INPs exposed most unc sites under green conditions, evidencing its high catalytic efficiency in BSH.

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) represents an important process for the sustainable production of value-added chemicals. However, there is a dearth of understanding of the effect of the polymorph of the support on this reaction. Herein, two Pt-WOx/TiO2 catalysts supported on rutile TiO2 (r-TiO2) and anatase TiO2 (a-TiO2) polymorphs were prepared to investigate the crystal phase effect of TiO2 on the structural property and catalytic performance in glycerol hydrogenolysis. The TiO2 polymorph was identified to impose profound effects on the size of the Pt nanoparticles (NPs) and the dispersion and location of the WOx species, which originated from the discrepancies in the crystal structures between the PtO2 and the TiO2 polymorphs and the discrepancies in the interactions of WOx with different TiO2 polymorphs. In glycerol hydrogenolysis, the Pt-WOx/r-TiO2 catalyst gave a 1,3-PDO selectivity of 51.2% at a glycerol conversion to liquid products of 74.5%, yielding 38.1% of 1,3-PDO. In contrast, the Pt-WOx/a-TiO2 catalyst showed much inferior glycerol conversion and 1,3-PDO selectivity, yielding only 1.0% of 1,3PDO under identical reaction conditions. The superior catalytic performance of the Pt-WOx/r-TiO2 catalyst is attributed to the rTiO2 polymorph that facilitates a faster hydrogen spillover than the a-TiO2 polymorph from the Pt NPs to the reaction intermediate on the WOx species, which is substantiated by an even higher 1,3-PDO yield of 44.8% over the physically mixed Pt/r-TiO2 + WOx/r-TiO2 catalyst. This work demonstrates the critical role of the polymorph of the TiO2 support in the design of efficacious Pt-WOx- based catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,3-PDO.

Interfacial synergistic catalysis of supported metallic catalysts via engineering the electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI), i.e., manipulating the electronic/geometric configuration of interfacial sites, is an efficient strategy to promote their performances in structure-sensitive reactions, such as selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid (SHLA) to gamma-valerolactone (GVL). Herein, carbon nanospheres (CNSs) with controlled morphology and tunable contents of surface carbonaceous species were facilely fabricated to support Ru nanoparticles (NPs). Combined with spectroscopic and microscopy characterizations, the EMSI between Ru and the special C = O species on interface of the Ru/CNSs catalysts was recognized, which contributed to the formation of small-sized Ru NPs with interfacial electron-deficient Ru (Ru delta+) sites. Such modulated electronic configuration of interfacial sites facilitated the H-2 adsorption strength and capacity, eventually lowering the apparent activation energy (E-a) and boosting the intrinsic activity of Ru/CNSs in SHLA. A linearity between the turnover frequencies (TOFs) of levulinic acid (LA) and the contents of C = O species was demonstrated, substantiating the interfacial synergistic catalysis-mediated activity promotion evoked by enhancing the EMSI on Ru/CNSs.

The catalytically reactive defects act a pivotal role in enhancing the performances toward structure-sensitive reactions, such as benzene semi-hydrogenation (BSH). Herein, massive Ti3+ defects, recognized by multiple spectroscopic technics, were effectively implanted into brookite TiO2 nanosheets (BTNSs) enclosed by {1 0 1}, {2 0 1}, and {2 1 0} facets. The content of these defects, expressed by Ti3+: Ti4+ molar ratio, increased from 0.44 to 1.19 when the hydrothermal time of BTNSs prolonged from 1 to 12 h, and then decreased to 1.04 at 48 h. Benefited by such an integration of the unique microscopic architecture and atomic-scale defects, the BTNSs supported nanoparticulate Ru catalysts exhibited an increased metal size but a decreased acid amount accompanying with the extension of hydrothermal time, which synergistically determined that the Ru/BTNSs-2 catalyst with favorable Ru size and acid amount occupied the highest turnover frequency (TOF) of benzene (127.5 min(-1)). Meanwhile, the Ti3+ defects provided both improved net rate of cyclohexene generation and enhanced suppression of cyclohexene adsorption, resulting in a positive linearity between the initial cyclohexene selectivity (S-0) and Ti3+: Ti4+ molar ratio over the Ru/BTNSs catalysts. A maximum S-0 of 90.3% was achieved on the Ru/BTNSs-12 catalyst with most Ti3+ defects, outperforming the previous TiO2-supported Ru catalysts. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.