The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by piezoelectric photocatalysts has attracted increasing attention in water treatment. Herein, a BiFeO3/MoS2 composite with a molar ratio of 1:3 (denoted as BM(1:3)) was synthesized and used to activate PMS under visible light (Vis) irradiation and mechanical stirring (MS). The BM (1:3)/PMS/Vis-MS system achieved 97.8% removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 30 min, outperforming the BM(2:1)/PMS/Vis-MS, BM(1:1)/PMS/Vis-MS, and BM(1:2)/PMS/Vis-MS systems. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency increased from 33.2% (BM(1:3)/PMS/Vis) to 47.6% (BM(1:3)/PMS/Vis-MS) under piezo-photocatalytic conditions, indicating improved mineralization. Mechanistic studies revealed that O2 & sdot;- was the dominant reactive species, with contributions from 1O2, & sdot;OH, and SO4 & sdot;- , and a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed. The degradation pathway of SMX was elucidated by LC-MS and Fukui function analysis, and the intermediate products showed significantly reduced toxicity based on ECOSAR assessment. The BM(1:3)/PMS/Vis-MS system exhibited excellent stability over a wide pH range (4.6-9.6) and showed good adaptability to real water matrices and other organic pollutants. This study provides a promising piezophotocatalytic strategy for PMS activation in emerging pollutant remediation.

Iron sulfides-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted significant attention owing to their intrinsic ability to drive efficient self-enhanced Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycling. Currently, researchers have investigated the efficacy and mechanisms of iron sulfides-based catalysts (mainly including FeS and FeS2) in activating various advanced oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, peroxydisulfate, peroxymonosulfate, peracetic acid, and periodate) for efficient pollutant degradation. These investigations have demonstrated the activation mechanisms of oxidants by iron sulfides-based catalysts, elucidating the efficiency and pathways of pollutant degradation, providing valuable insights for researchers. Although some reviews of environmental applications of iron sulfides-based catalysts exist, a comprehensive review that systematically analyzes the application of iron sulfides-based catalysts in various AOPs has not been published yet. This work contributes to addresses this gap by thoroughly examining the fundamental properties of iron sulfides-based catalysts and oxidants, catalytic mechanisms categorized by oxidant type, and the latest advancements in pollutant degradation. Additionally, it highlights current challenges, such as catalyst stability and oxidant selectivity, while proposing potential solutions, including surface modification and hybrid material design. This review will provide guidance for the application of iron sulfide-based catalysts in activating various oxidants (including less common oxidants sodium percarbonate, peracetic acid, and periodate) for pollutant removal.

Photocatalysis is an environmentally friendly strategy for antibiotic degradation; however, its practical application is hindered by rapid charge recombination. Piezocatalysis can effectively suppress charge recombination, but it typically depends on energy-intensive ultrasonic stimulation. In this study, a water-flow-driven N-CQDs/g-C3N4 piezo–photocatalyst was developed to activate sodium percarbonate (SPC), enabling efficient degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC). The incorporation of N-CQDs enhanced both the light absorption and piezoelectric properties of g-C3N4, thereby promoting the generation of •OH radicals. Computational fluid dynamics (Fluent) simulations demonstrated that the flow-induced piezopotential significantly enhanced the degradation of OTC. Under optimal conditions (10 mg/L OTC, 0.4 g/L catalyst, 0.2 g/L SPC, 800 rpm, pH 6.42), 99% degradation was achieved within 15 min. The pseudo-first-order rate constant reached 0.3064 min−1, which was 17.02 and 2.63 times higher than that of SPC alone and the g-C3N4/SPC system, respectively. h+, •OH, and O2•- were identified as the dominant reactive species responsible for the degradation of OTC. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that piezoelectric polarization facilitated electron transfer from g-C3N4 to N-CQDs. Fukui function analysis further confirmed that •OH radicals preferentially attacked C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds in OTC. The degradation intermediates exhibited low ecotoxicity. Moreover, the catalyst retained over 89% of its activity after ten cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability.

The increasing contamination of aquatic environments by antibiotics calls for efficient, economical, and environmentally sustainable remediation technologies. This study presents a zero-valent iron (ZVI)-activated periodate (IO4−) advanced oxidation system for the degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) in water. Under optimized conditions (pH = 3, ZVI = 1.64 g/L, IO4− = 1.97 mM), the ZVI/IO4− system achieved 81.16

The global contamination of aquatic environments by pharmaceutical residues presents new challenges for water treatment due to their recalcitrant nature. The periodate advanced oxidation process offers a novel research direction for removing such recalcitrant contaminants. This study investigated the treatment of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a typical antibiotic pharmaceutical in water, using ultraviolet (UV)-activated periodate (PI) oxidation. The effects of UV intensity, pH, and PI concentration on SMX degradation were first examined. Subsequently, the reaction mechanism and degradation pathways of SMX were analyzed using a combination of chemical probe techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Additionally, the Fukui function was applied to predict the reactive sites of SMX, and ECOSAR software was used to assess the ecological safety of SMX degradation products. Finally, the degradation efficacy of the UV/PI process on other recalcitrant organic compounds was evaluated. The results showed that under optimal reaction conditions (UV intensity = 9.94 mW/cm2, pH = 5, PI = 2.5 mM, t = 60 min), 94.7

Photocatalytic oxidation technology has great potential in solving energy and environmental challenges. Here, an innovative theoretical framework based on Au/Bi2WO6/PVDF ternary composite films that integrates piezoelectric polarization with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was proposed, aiming to effectively break through these technical bottlenecks. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra, photocurrent density-time curves, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) unequivocally visualize the substantial enhancement imparted by Au NPs. Under the co-excitation of illumination and ultrasonic treatment, the Au/BWO/PVDF ternary heterostructure demonstrated an impressive 98.1 % degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) within 60 min and a high pseudo-first-order kinetic constant (k) of 0.0644 min(-1). The superior piezo-photocatalytic degradation activity was primarily attributed to the built-in bi-piezoelectric field of BWO and PVDF as well as the LSPR effect of Au NPs. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques, condensed Fukui function, and frontier molecular orbital theory, we comprehensively summarized the potential degradation pathways of RhB. On this basis, the toxicological assessment results confirmed that the piezo-photocatalytic system can effectively reduce the ecological toxicity of RhB. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the charge transfer pathway at the Au/BWO contact interface, revealing the transfer of free electrons from Au to BWO.

In recent years, advanced oxidation based on periodate (PI) has become a research focus for disposal of recalcitrant organics from water due to its efficient oxidizing ability. This study systematically investigated the degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5) by the Cu(II)-activated sodium periodate (NaIO4, SPI) system. The optimal reaction conditions were determined via Box-Behnken response surface methodology as [Cu(II)] = 1.013 +/- 0.021 g L-1, [SPI] = 45 +/- 2 mu M, and pH = 5.7 +/- 0.3, achieving a RB5 removal rate of 91.98% (R-2 = 0.9901, prediction error <1%). The free radical quenching experiment confirmed that the dominant ROS in the system were (OH)-O-center dot, O-1(2), and IO3 center dot, and their contribution was IO3 center dot > O-1(2) > (OH)-O-center dot. The coexistence anion experiments showed that Cl- (0.1-5.0 mM) and SO42- (0.1-5.0 mM) had almost no effect on the RB5 degradation efficiency, with inhibition rates lower than 1.99% and 3.58%, respectively, while CO32- (1.0 mM) and HCO3- (1.0 mM) led to a decrease of 20.8% and 14.17% in the RB5 degradation rate. In the presence of HA, the degradation efficiency of RB5 was maintained at 89.88-92.66%. The system maintained a removal rate of 73.33-87.66% for RB5 in the simulated actual water bodies (tap water/river water/brewery wastewater). Energy-assisted experiments showed that the activation energy of the reaction was significantly reduced and the k(obs) values were increased by 10.3 times when the temperature was increased to 40 degrees C, and the reaction time could be shortened to 2 min (removal rate >98%) after ultraviolet (365 nm, 20 W) coupling. In summary, this study is expected to support the related PI-based advanced oxidation process in stubborn pollutant treatment.

The utilization of sodium percarbonate (SPC, Na2CO31.5H(2)O(2)) as an alternative to H2O2 for degrading recalcitrant organics in advanced oxidation is emerging due to SPC's stability, safety, and pH adaptability. This study innovatively employed Cu(ii)-activated SPC to remove reactive black 5 (RB5), focusing on Box-Behnken design (BBD), mechanism profiling, application performance, and energy boosting. BBD and response surface methodology optimized conditions (2.592 mM Cu(ii), 0.022 mM SPC, pH 7.18) achieved 90.08% RB5 removal (R-2 = 0.9997, prediction error <1%), with the model showing strong predictive capability. Quenching experiments and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed that O-1(2), O-2(center dot)-, and CO3 center dot- were the main active species in oxidizing RB5 through three possible pathways. Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and HCO3- (0.1-5.0 mM) contained in the ultrapure water did not inhibit RB5 removal in the Cu(ii)/SPC system, and the Cu(ii)/SPC could remove 76.1% of RB5 in industrial wastewater, demonstrating the potential for practical application of this system. The application of energy (heating, ultraviolet light, ultrasound) significantly improved the effectiveness of the Cu(ii)/SPC system in degrading RB5, thus these means can be used to assist in the activation of SPC in real dye wastewater treatment. This work provides theoretical and practical insights for SPC-based advanced oxidation processes.

Arsenic-calcium residue (ACR) is a highly hazardous solid waste produced through the lime neutralizationprecipitation treatment of waste sulfuric acid and poses considerable environmental risks. This study proposes a sustainable stabilization strategy for the ACR by utilizing magnetite tailings and carbide slag as sources of iron (III) and neutralizing agents, respectively, to immobilize As in the form of stable scorodite. A pure magnetite reagent was initially used to explore the mechanisms and optimal conditions for As fixation within the ACR through the generation of scorodite. In contrast, magnetite tailings were subsequently employed to validate the technical feasibility of the approach. The XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM results revealed that scorodite formation is governed by the controlled release of Fe3+ from magnetite. The slow Fe3+ supply modulates Fe-As supersaturation and promotes crystallization into environmentally stable scorodite. The stabilization process using magnetite tailings achieved a high As fixation efficiency of 97.29% in the ACR. Subsequent neutralizationprecipitation with carbide slag further reduced the concentrations of Zn, As, Pb, Cu, and Cd in the residual water to approximately 0.24, 0.28, 0.26, 0, and 0 mg/L, respectively. Both the treated solid residues and the residual water complied with Chinese environmental regulatory standards, demonstrating the industrial applicability of the proposed method. This work offers an efficient, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective approach for stabilizing hazardous ACR.

Siderite tailings is a potentially cost-free iron (Fe) source for arsenic (As) fixation in hazardous arsenic-calcium residues (ACR) as stable scorodite. In this study, a pure siderite reagent was employed to investigate the mechanism and optimal conditions for As fixation in ACR via scorodite formation, while the waste siderite tailings were used to further demonstrate the cotreatment method. The cotreatment method starts with an introduction of sulfuric acid to the ACR for As extraction and gypsum precipitation, and is followed by the addition of H 2 O 2 to oxidize As(III) in the extraction solutions and finalized by adding siderite with continuous air injection for scorodite formation. The dissolution-oxidation of siderite can slowly produce Fe(III) to control aqueous As(V)-Fe(III) precipitation supersaturation for continuous scorodite crystallization. Chemical analyses show that the extraction efficiency of As from the ACR reaches 94.55%, while the precipitation yield of extracted As via scorodite formation arrives at 99.63% and 99.47%, leading to fixation efficiency of 94.20% and 94.04% in terms of the total As in the ACR by using siderite reagent and tailings, respectively. The final solid products show desirable TCLP stability and long-term stability, meeting the requirement for safe storage (GB 5085.3-2007). XRD, FTIR, and TEM results reveal that such high stability is attributable to the formation of scorodite and the surface adsorption of As on the raw siderite and secondary maghemite. This innovative and economical application of siderite tailings for the treatment of hazardous ACR can be extended to the management of hydrometallurgical wastes. (c) 2024 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Uranium (U), a naturally occurring radioactive element, is released into the environment through industrial and mining activities. During uranium mining, nitric acid (HNO3) is commonly used as a leaching agent, resulting in the dual contamination of ground water by uranium and nitrate. In this review, remediation technologies for nitrate and uranium in groundwater are reviewed comprehensively. Specifically, this review focuses on groundwater bioremediation, Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-based remediation, and their coupled remediation approaches, with an emphasis on elucidating the interaction mechanisms between nZVI-dominated materials and microorganisms. NZVI exhibits high-efficiency reduction and adsorption capabilities for in situ groundwater remediation. However, its extreme instability and post-aging toxicity to microorganisms limit its broad application significantly in groundwater treatment. Similarly, certain autotrophic microorganisms demonstrate remarkable capabilities for uranium immobilization and nitrate removal under anaerobic conditions. However, their low efficiency and prolonged treatment cycles currently hinder widespread application in groundwater treatment systems. To overcome these limitations, this review summarizes the synthesis, modification, structure, and microbial toxicity of nZVI. It further outlines the characteristics and mechanisms of uranium immobilization and denitrification by nZVI and autotrophic microorganisms, demonstrating the feasibility and environmental friendliness of their synergistic effects. By integrating material-based remediation technologies with microbial processes, this approach offers a more promising strategy for optimizing wastewater treatment methods.

This study investigates the effect of various SO4 2- concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mM) on the phase transformation of hydrous ferric arsenate (HFA) and partitioning behaviors of As(v), Fe(iii), and SO4 2- under ambient (25 °C, 15 d) and subsequent elevated temperature (80 °C, 35 d) conditions. The results revealed that the primary factor controlling the transformation of HFA into crystalline scorodite was the pH, whereas the SO4 2- concentration played a secondary, pH-dependent role. More specifically, at pH 4 and under ambient temperature, SO4 2- enhanced the release of As(v) and Fe(iii) into the solution. By contrast, at pH 6 and 8, SO4 2- promoted the formation of basic ferric arsenate sulfate, which immobilized As(v), and later dissolved upon heating. SO4 2- incorporation into the solid phase occurred across all pH levels and was enhanced at higher concentrations and temperatures. Thus, SO4 2- modulates As(v) mobility via structural incorporation and ion competition, with distinct behaviors at acidic versus circumneutral pH. These findings offer guidance for risk assessment and design of sulfate-rich, mining-impacted remediation systems.

Radioactive wastewater discharge increased continuously with the widespread utilization of nuclear energy around the world, among which 137Cs is one of the most critical radionuclides requiring removal. Traditional Lind Type A (LTA) zeolite exhibits promising adsorption potential for ¹³⁷Cs, however its slow adsorption kinetics remains a limitation. A hierarchically porous LTA zeolite (JLTA) via modification with Dimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride (DMDAAC) was developed. Mesopores of JLTA were constructed effectively via hydrophobic groups of DMDAAC while preserving its intrinsic micropores, which was confirmed by XRD, SEM-EDS, BET, and FT-IR. Optimal conditions of JLTA’s adsorption performance (pH = 6, dosage = 5 g/L, T = 298 K) was gained during systematic investigations under varying pH, dosage, contact time, initial Cs⁺ concentration, and temperature. Cs⁺ adsorption by JLTA was primarily due to ion exchange with supplementary electrostatic attraction, following monolayer adsorption, which was revealed via kinetic models, adsorption isotherms, and characterization analyses. The intra-particle diffusion-controlled process achieved equilibrium within 5 min, demonstrating remarkably accelerated kinetics. A maximum adsorption capacity of 249.390 mg/g of JLTA was exhibited.

The frequent presence of antibiotics like oxytetracycline (OTC) in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns owing to their potential to cause antibiotic resistance genes and ecological risks, demanding efficient and sustainable remediation methods. This study developed a novel iron-modified biochar (4MBC800) derived from fermented grain residues to activate periodate (PI) for OTC degradation. The biochar was prepared via pyrolysis and characterized by various instruments, revealing a well-developed porous structure and high specific surface area. Under operating conditions (OTC = 20.4 mg/L, 4MBC800 = 1.1 g/L, PI = 3.3 g/L, t = 150 min), 92.1% of OTC was effectively removed. Radical quenching experiments and HPLC-MS analysis identified (OH)-O-center dot, O-center dot(2)-, and O-1(2) as the dominant reactive species driving OTC degradation through three distinct pathways. The 4MBC800/PI system demonstrated robust catalytic performance, reusability, and adaptability across different water matrices without generating toxic byproducts. This work provides new insights into the design of waste-derived catalysts for periodate-based advanced oxidation processes in antibiotic-contaminated water treatment.

This study addressed the widespread contamination problem of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the water environment and developed an advanced oxidation technology based on ferrous sulfide (FeS)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system. Through single-factor experiments, the effects of pH value, FeS dosage, PMS concentration, and initial OTC concentration on the OTC degradation in FeS/PMS system were explored, and the corresponding OTC degradation kinetics were analyzed. Based on results of single-factor experiments, 17 groups of three-factor and three-level response surface experiments were designed to find the optimal OTC removal conditions. Single-factor experiments suggested that the appropriated parameter ranges in the FeS/PMS system for removing OTC were pH (5.5-7.5), FeS (0.25-0.75 g/L), and PMS (1-3 mM). The ideal conditions obtained through response surface optimization were pH=6.68, FeS=0.545 g/L, and PMS=2.0 mM, corresponding to an OTC removal rate of 97.61

Waterborne antibiotics endanger ecological and human health, necessitating efficient treatment. The non-homogeneous catalyst ferrous sulfide (FeS) is readily available and environmentally friendly, capable of effectively activating periodate (PI) to degrade the antibiotic pollutant oxytetracycline (OTC) in water. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the degradation effect of OTC in the FeS/PI system. Through a three-factor (pH, FeS, PI) three-level (–1,0,1) response surface methodology optimization, the optimal reaction conditions were determined as pH 11.07, FeS 1.516 g/L, and PI 1.932 mM, achieving 83.26

This study proposed an oxygen-enriched combustion technology for the resource utilization of hydrochar prepared from sewage sludge (SS) through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). However, its application potential relies heavily on NO x emissions. To investigate NO x emissions during oxygen-enriched combustion of hydrochars prepared at different temperatures (200 degrees C, 240 degrees C, and 280 degrees C), real-time NO x concentrations were recorded under varying conditions, including different carrier gases (N 2 and CO 2 ), temperatures (600 degrees C, 800 degrees C, and 1000 degrees C), and oxygen concentrations (20 %, 30 %, and 40 %). In comparison to air combustion processes, the NO x emissions during the devolatilization stage were considerably depressed in oxygen-enriched combustion. A high concentration of CO 2 inhibited NH 3 production and HCN oxidation, and generated increased amounts of CO to facilitate NO x reduction. Elevated temperatures also reduced the NO x release during the oxygen-enriched combustion of SS and hydrochar, as the accelerated oxygen consumption weakened the oxidation reactions of HCN and NH 3 ; the enhanced reduction reaction rate and increased CO production also promoted NO x reduction. Elevated oxygen concentrations, however, promoted NO x release owing to the increased NH 3 and HCN oxidation by an increased number of oxidizing groups. Additionally, the reduction of reducing gases and rapid char combustion hindered NO x reduction. The NO x -N conversion of the hydrochars was much lower than that of SS under different conditions. HTC effectively reduced the nitrogen content of SS, with nitrogen in HC-280 existing as stable heterocyclic -N. HC-280 showed significantly less nitrogen conversion at low temperatures (9.03 % reduction at 600 degrees C) and high oxygen concentrations (2.01 % reduction at 40 % O 2 ) compared to SS, highlighting the potential of combining HTC and oxygen-enriched combustion.

This review starts with the issue of groundwater contamination in uranium mining areas using acid leaching methods which is threatening drinking water safety, and provides a comprehensive view of biological remediation technologies for nitrate and uranium contamination in groundwater. Bacterial genera with remediation potential is summarized and theoretical support for applying microorganisms to remove uranium and nitrate simultaneously is discussed comprehensively. Denitrification is the primary mechanism for nitrate removal from groundwater, dual benefits of agricultural waste utilization and environmental pollution control could be achieved by using lignocellulosic waste (e.g. agricultural waste) as a carbon source. Hydrogen is a clean and ideal electron donor for autotrophic denitrification, and removal rate of autotrophic denitrification could be well enhanced via membrane biofilm reactor (MBR) as well as preventing hydrogen leakage. Compared to biosorption and/or biomineralization, stimulating microorganisms to reduce U(VI) to U(IV) is also a promising pathway. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) could play a supportive role in biological remediation. Clostridium sp. PXL2 could remove U(VI) and nitrate simultaneously from groundwater, while Hydrogenophaga and Thiobacillus genera show satisfied remediation effects in autotrophic denitrification and uranium reduction processes. Uranium exists in the form of crystalline UO2 within the pH range of 0–7 and Eh range of −0.4 to 0 V. Therefore, this review proposes a brand-new methodology for autotrophic denitrification and uranium reduction by utilizing hydrogen as sole electron donor, with pH and Eh regulation through the control of hydrogen and autotrophic denitrification, and maintaining the U-C-O-H system under reduction conditions. There is a reason to believe that this will be a promising environmentally friendly and effective biological remediation method if implemented successfully.

The appearance of recalcitrant organic pollutants such as antibiotics in water bodies has gained a lot of attention owing to their adverse effects on organisms and humans. The current study aims to develop a novel approach to eliminate antibiotic tetracycline (TC) from a synthetic aqueous solution based on the advanced oxidation process triggered by MnSO4-catalyzed NaIO4. A single-factor experiment was performed to observe the impact of pH, NaIO4 concentration, and MnSO4 dosage on TC decomposition, and a three-factor, three-level response surface experiment with TC removal rate as the dependent variable was designed based on the range of factors determined from the single-factor experiment. The single-factor experiment revealed that the ranges of pH, NaIO4 concentration, and MnSO4 dosage need to be further optimized. ANOVA (analysis of variance) results showed that the data from the response surface experiment were consistent with the quadratic model with high R2 (0.9909), and the predicted values were very close to the actual values. After optimization by response surface methodology, the optimal condition obtained was pH = 6.7, [NaIO4] = 0.39 mM, and [MnSO4] = 0.12 mM, corresponding to a TC removal of 96.56%. This optimization condition was fully considered to save the dosage of the high-priced chemical NaIO4.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in the environment and can cause human health risks; therefore, its efficient removal from the environment is an essential issue. Catalytic degradation of BPA in heterogeneous Fenton oxidation system (HFO) is of great concern; however, trials for improving the reactivity of HFO are needed. The impacts of Fe precursors and crystalline structure of Fe oxides on the reactivity of FeOx-based carbon composites (FeCC) and their efficient catalytic degradation of BPA have not yet been explored. Also, the promoting effect of different natural organic acids (NOAs) on the degradation mechanisms of BPA using FeCC in HFO has not yet been verified. Therefore, five FeOx-carbon (biochar; BC) composites i.e. FeCl3@BC, FeCl2@BC, FeNO3@BC, Fe-2(SO4)(3)@BC, and FeSO4@BC derived from different Fe salt (e.g. FeCl3, FeCl2, FeNO3, Fe-2(SO4)(3), and FeSO4, respectively) were prepared, characterized using advanced techniques, and used as catalysts for BPA degradation in HFO, as affected by NOAs addition. FeCl3@BC showed the highest BPA degradation efficiency (> 99.9 %), within 1 min; while it was <20 %, within 10 min, for all FeCC, particularly FeSO4@BC (<10 %). BPA degradation using FeCl3@BC was > 99.9 % at pH = 3, 38.5 % at pH = 5, and <1.0 % at pH = 7-9. Addition of NOAs significantly improved the efficiency of FeSO4@BC for BPA degradation under a wide range of pH (3-9). The complexation and reduction capacities of NOAs significantly promoted the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle, improving the degradation efficiency of BPA. Four types of reaction intermediates (C15H16O3, C15H16O4, C9H12O3, C9H10O4) were generated during degradation. This work sheds lights on development of FeCC for BPA catalytic degradation.