This study aims to explore saline-alkaline soil remediation by cultivating wheat inoculated with local bacteria (Bacillus tropicus N5) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). It emphasizes elucidating bacterial-fungal interactions and wheat’s adaptive responses to environmental variations in saline-alkaline soils. (1) Isolation and characterization of halotolerant bacteria from saline-alkaline soils; (2) in vitro assessment of the plant growth-promoting traits of the selected strains; (3) optimization of inoculation dosage through soil saturation experiments; and (4) evaluation of remediation performance via pot experiments, during which the interaction mechanisms among salt-tolerant bacteria, AMF, and wheat were analyzed by measuring key ion contents (e.g., Na+, K+) in plants and the soil bacterial community structure. After inoculating wheat with AMF and B. tropicus N5, the physical and chemical properties of the saline-alkaline soil improved significantly. N5 enhanced the infection rate of AMF by 30.6

Mercaptopropionyl corn straw (MPCS), an adsorbent for Ni(II) removal from water, was synthesized by modifying corn straw (CS) with l-cysteine (L-Cys). Batch experiments were conducted to optimize the adsorption parameters. The best performance was achieved at a pH of 6.0, a temperature of 303 K and a contact time of 100 min. Under these conditions, the MPCS exhibited an adsorption efficiency of 99.10% and an adsorption capacity of 7.16 mg/g for a 25 mg/L Ni(II) solution. The presence of coexisting inorganic cations and anions showed negligible interference, whereas EDTA significantly inhibited adsorption. MPCS showed excellent stability, maintaining consistent performance after 30 days of storage and achieving 84.71% adsorption efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that monolayer chemisorption was the dominant mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of Ni(II) uptake onto MPCS. Characterization confirmed that coordination between MPCS and Ni(II) is the primary adsorption mechanism.

Deep-bed filtration for oily wastewater purification has long been constrained by the engineering "Attachment-Detachment Paradox". Traditional passive hydraulic backwashing cannot overcome the severe interfacial energy barrier inherently associated with static, high-surface-energy media. To address this, we developed a temperature-swing deep-bed filtration process driven by dynamic interfacial energy regulation. This process utilizes a thermo-responsive filter bed operating in an oleophilic state during cold-water filtration (20°C) to actively capture oil droplets, and rapidly transitions to an oleophobic state during warm-water backwashing (40°C) to trigger spontaneous oil detachment. Results demonstrated a filtration efficiency of > 99% during the 20°C stage, and highly efficient spontaneous detachment (backwash efficiency >98%) simply by switching to the 40°C backwash. The underlying interfacial response mechanism was elucidated using extended DLVO (XDLVO) theory, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Temperature induced a conformational transition of the grafted polymer chains from a collapsed to an extended state. At low temperatures, the exposed hydrophobic backbone created a deep potential well and strong attachment (∼2-4 nN) to firmly anchor oil droplets. For the non-polar diesel oil phase, this strong attachment was mainly associated with van der Waals attraction, hydrophobic affinity, and enhanced short-range attractive interactions caused by the weakened hydration layer. As temperature rose above the critical threshold, the chains extended to reconstruct a dense, highly ordered interfacial hydration layer. This hydration-layer reconstruction weakened the short-range attractive interactions and switched the microscopic attachment force to a near-zero state (∼0-1 nN). The resulting hydration repulsion and steric hindrance fundamentally dismantled the high energy barrier for detachment. This research provides a low-energy, sustainable technology for oily wastewater treatment and establishes a general methodology for utilizing external stimuli to overcome interfacial attachment hysteresis.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as a typical persistent organic pollutant, poses a severe threat to the ecological environment and human health due to its highly stable C-F bonds (116 kcal & sdot;mol- 1) and strong bioaccumulation potential. In this study, an advanced oxidation process based on sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on attapulgite (ATP/S-nZVI) was developed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the efficient degradation and deep defluorination of PFOA. Experimental results demonstrated that under optimized conditions using Na2S as the sulfur source and an optimal S/Fe molar ratio of 0.075, the removal efficiency of PFOA reached 98.80 +/- 2.40 % within 40 min, and the defluorination efficiency reached 99.10 +/- 0.49 % within 240 min, showing significant advantages over conventional iron-based systems. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the primary degradation pathways involved Kolbe decarboxylation dominated by SO4 center dot-, along with -CF2- unit cleavage mediated by 1O2, with center dot OH contributing only in an indirect manner. Toxicity assessment of intermediate products using ECOSAR indicated a 2-3 orders of magnitude reduction in ecological risk. Furthermore, the catalyst maintained a defluorination efficiency of 83.05 % after five reuse cycles. This study provides an efficient and stable AOP paradigm for perfluorinated compound remediation by coupling Fe2+/S2- synergistic activation with multiple degradation mechanisms.

Microplastics (MPs) experience considerable alterations in surface properties due to photo-oxidative aging in the environment, influencing their interactions with organic contaminants. This study used UV-induced oxidation to prepare pristine and aged samples of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The adsorption mechanism of bisphenol S (BPS), which is influenced by the aging properties of microplastics (MPs), was discovered at the molecular level by combining batch adsorption studies with density functional theory (DFT) predictions. According to characterization data, age increases the specific surface areas of PE and PVC while causing cracks and pores on their surfaces. Many functional groups that include oxygen are added at the same time. Significantly higher increases in surface polarity and chemical reactivity than PE are caused by the strong dechlorination and conjugation processes that accompany PVC aging. Aging considerably increased MP particles' ability to adsorb BPS, according to adsorption studies. Aged PVC has a higher equilibrium adsorption capacity (0.53 mg & sdot;g- 1) than aged PE (0.334 mg & sdot;g- 1). As MP particles age, their surface heterogeneity increases, causing adsorption behavior to more closely resemble the Freundlich model. High pH and high salinity prevent adsorption, while weakly acidic environments and low ionic strength encourage it. DFT calculations further show that oxygen-containing functional groups introduced by aging function as high-energy binding sites, while weak van der Waals forces dominate the interaction between pristine MPs and BPS. A binding energy as high as -109.5 kJ & sdot;mol- 1 can result from the polar groups on the aged PVC surface forming strong electrostatic attractions and stable hydrogen bonds with BPS. The microscopic basis for the macroscopic increase in adsorption capacity is the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, which replaces van der Waals forces as the dominant adsorption mechanism after aging, as confirmed by electrostatic potential (ESP) and independent gradient model (IGMH) analysis. This work shows that surface functionalization caused by environmental photo-oxygen aging can turn microplastics into extremely effective bisphenol pollutant transporters. Environmental risk evaluations that exclude aging effects and differences in polymer types would significantly underestimate the migratory potential and ecological ramifications of emerging pollutants such as bisphenol pollutants.

The highly hazardous water pollutant Cr(VI) poses a significant risk to humans and other organisms. This paper uses polyacrylamide modified with dithiocarboxyl group (DTAPAM) as a heavy metal flocculant to remove Cr(VI) from water, which exhibits flocculation, chelating, and precipitation capabilities for Cr(VI). The performance of DTAPAM was evaluated by measuring its efficiency for removing Cr(VI). The results from the flocculation tests demonstrated that an acidic environment promoted the rapid removal for Cr(VI), achieving 99.60

In this study, polyethylene glycol-stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron (PEG-nFe0) was loaded on sludge biochar (SBC) via a liquid-phase reduction method for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions, where nFe0 is the Fe0-FeO/FeOOH mixture. The morphology, functional groups, and crystal structure of the resulting PEG-nFe0@SBC composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The incorporation of PEG introduced numerous –OH functional groups, which facilitated the dispersion of nFe0 as smaller particle size on the SBC surface. Kinetic studies revealed that the Cd(II) removal process by PEG-nFe0@SBC adhered to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Freundlich isotherm model provided the best fit for describing the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the removal of Cd(II) by PEG-nFe0@SBC was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. Under the initial conditions of 200 mg/L Cd(II), 1 g/L of PEG-nFe0@SBC, pH 5.0, and a temperature of 298 K, more than 85.8

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has emerged as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) owing to its layered structure, polymorphic features, and tunable electronic properties. However, pristine MoS 2 is still constrained by the low basal-plane activity of the 2 H phase, the limited stability of the metallic 1 T phase, and sluggish interfacial electron transfer. Transition-metal doping provides an effective strategy to regulate the phase composition, sulfur-vacancy distribution, metal-sulfur coordination environment, and interfacial charge migration of MoS 2 , thereby improving oxidant adsorption, O-O bond polarization, and radical/nonradical pathway regulation. This review presents recent advances in transition-metal-doped MoS 2 (TM-MoS 2 ) for AOPs, with particular attention to structural regulation, synthesis strategies, application performance, and catalytic mechanisms. The performance differences and structure-activity relationships of monometallic and bimetallic doping systems in persulfate-based and Fenton/Fenton-like processes are systematically compared. Moreover, the catalytic behavior of TM-doped MoS 2 is discussed from the perspectives of metal-siteinduced oxidant activation, Mo-S substrate-mediated electron compensation, reactive oxygen species distribution, radical/nonradical pathway allocation, and bimetallic synergy, rather than being evaluated solely by dopant type or pollutant removal efficiency. Finally, key challenges associated with catalyst recovery, dynamic stability of metallic phases, heterometal leaching, real-water adaptability, treatment cost, computation-assisted design, and the establishment of structure-pathway relationships are highlighted to guide the rational design and practical application of TM-MoS 2 catalysts.

To achieve near-zero liquid discharge (ZLD) for efficient separation and recovery from oil-water emulsions, superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic (SiO2/PDA/QS) and superhydrophobic/ superoleophilic (OTSSiO2/PDA/QS) quartz sands were fabricated via a simple mixed-drying method. A novel dual-channel selective filter constructed from these materials enabled simultaneous oil and water recovery. The demulsification and separation mechanisms within the filter were analyzed using extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The filter demonstrated water and oil recovery rates exceeding 99 % and 95 %, respectively, for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, and 99 % and 92 % for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, with recovered phase purity approaching 99 %. Mechanistic analysis revealed that pronounced Lewis acid-base (AB) interactions between OTS-SiO2/PDA/QS and oil conferred lipophilicity, while strong electrostatic double layer (EL) interactions between SiO2/PDA/QS and water imparted hydrophilicity. The synergistic feedback regulation established by these differential wetting channels within the filter promoted efficient demulsification and separation of both W/ O and O/W emulsions. This strategy provides an effective approach for separating complex surfactant-stabilized emulsions and resource recovery, contributing significantly to industrial wastewater ZLD and resource recycling objectives.

Urban stormwater runoff is a primary source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, and its efficient removal is critical for maintaining water ecological security. In this study, a superhydrophobic silica sand composite with MOF structure (HDTMS@ZIF-8@PDA@QS) was developed to enhance microplastic removal through hydrophobic interaction. The adhesion of the substrate was enhanced by polydopamine (PDA) coating, the rough structure and adsorption sites were provided by in-situ growth of ZIF-8 nanoparticles, and the superhydrophobicity was improved by HDTMS modification. Stability tests demonstrated that the material retained superhydrophobicity (WCA > 150 degrees) under extreme temperature (-20 degrees C), high salinity (3.5 wt% NaCl), and a broad pH range (1 13). After mechanical abrasion, the WCA decreased by only 5 %. Self-cleaning experiments confirmed superior anti-fouling performance against both solid and liquid contaminants. Adsorption experiments revealed that the removal efficiencies of HDTMS@ZIF-8@PDA@QS for polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics (25 mu m) were 98 %, 96 %, and 86 %, respectively, following the order of PP > PE > PET. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 67 mg/g, and after five cycles, the removal efficiency remained above 90 %. AFM and XDLVO theoretical analysis indicated that hydrophobic interaction was the main mechanism of microplastic adsorption, and the adhesion force between modified quartz sand and microplastic was more than four times that of pristine quartz sand. The MOF-based functional filter material proposed offers an efficient and sustainable strategy for mitigating microplastic pollution in urban stormwater runoff. This material holds significant potential for application in green infrastructure systems such as constructed wetlands and bioretention facilities.

The flocculation process has been validated as a highly effective technique for the removal of heavy metal ions. A novel flocculant, mercaptoacetyl aminomethy polyacrylamide (MAAPAM), was synthesized from acrylamide, sodium formate, ammonium persulfate, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, and thioglycolic acid as the raw materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the flocculation conditions for Cu(II) removal using MAAPAM. The optimal conditions for achieving the maximum Cu(II) removal efficiency of 99.21 % were a Cu(II) concentration of 7.5 mg/L, a pH of 6.1, and a MAAPAM dosage ratio to Cu(II) concentration of 5.5:1. These conditions were in close agreement with the model predictions, with a relative error of less than 0.5 %. Furthermore, the applicability of the quadratic regression model developed through RSM was rigorously evaluated. Coexisting inorganic ions (Na+, Ca2+, NO3- and SO42-) in water samples exerted a slight inhibitory effect on the removal of Cu(II) and had minimal impact on the quadratic regression model. The relative error between the measured and predicted values was maintained within ±5 %. The analysis of floc morphology and fractal dimension was conducted to investigate the flocculation mechanism. The results demonstrated that the chelation reaction between the sulfhydryl groups (-SH) in MAAPAM and Cu(II) plays a predominant role in capturing Cu(II). Additionally, the adsorption bridging and netting-sweeping mechanisms are also critical for achieving efficient removal of Cu(II) during the flocculation process.

The pollution of water bodies by Cu(II) is a significant environmental concern. In this paper, we developed a novel straw-based adsorbent, mercaptopropionyl corn straw (MPCS), by the pretreatment with alkali and the modification sulfhydryl group for effectively removing Cu(II) in aqueous solutions. Some characterization results revealed that the abundant functional groups (-OH, -SH, -NH2, -COOH) on straw played a crucial role in facilitating Cu(II) adsorption onto MPCS. Adsorption experiments were carried out to assess the performance of MPCS for removing Cu(II) through static adsorption. Under optimized conditions including 150 rpm of oscillation rate, 35 degrees C of adsorption temperature, and 80 min of adsorption time with 50 mg/L of Cu(II) at pH 5.0 in aqueous solution, the removal efficiency reached as high as 98.86 %, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 8.25 mg/g. The adsorption process exhibited conformity with both Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermomechanical analysis indicated that the adsorption was an endothermic spontaneous process. Furthermore, desorption kinetics demonstrated that HCl and EDTA could effectively desorb MPCS-Cu with an endothermic process following pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Five consecutive cycles confirmed the excellent regeneration performance of MPCS. Finally, based on experimental data and analysis results presented herein, a potential adsorption mechanism was proposed.

In the context of escalating copper (Cu) pollution, which poses serious threats to ecological systems and human health, the development of efficient and low-cost adsorbents for Cu(II) removal has become critically important. To address this pressing challenge, a novel adsorbent, mercaptoacetyl corn straw (MACS), was synthesized by modifying corn straw (CS) with thioglycolic acid through an acid treatment process. SEM demonstrated that the pores and channels of MACS were mostly filled after Cu(II) adsorption. EDS confirmed Cu presence. FTIR revealed that the S-H vibration peak and hydrogen bonding weakened after adsorption. BET analysis revealed that the specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume of the modified MACS were all enhanced. XPS analysis confirmed that the functional groups on the MACS surface were involved in the adsorption process through the formation of chemical coordination bonds with Cu(II). The primary adsorption mechanism of MACS for Cu(II) involves chemical coordination between the oxygen- and sulfur-containing functional groups on the MACS surface and Cu(II), along with physical absorption and electrostatic interactions. Plackett-Burman experiments identified adsorption temperature and initial pH as key factors affecting Cu(II) adsorption efficiency. The steepest ascent experiment determined their optimal values at 308 K and pH 5.5. Optimization using central composite design (CCD) established the optimal conditions: MACS dosage of 20 g/L, adsorption temperature of 298 K, initial pH of 6.0, oscillation rate of 250 rpm, adsorption time of 40 min, and initial Cu(II) concentration of 50 mg/L, achieving a maximum Cu(II) removal efficiency of 93.57 %. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the adsorption process more precisely than the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting that the process was predominantly chemical adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model better simulated Cu(II) adsorption onto MACS. Coexisting inorganic cations and anions had a relatively minor impact on Cu(II) removal by MACS. Coexisting organic substances exerted a strong inhibitory effect, and coexisting turbidity promoted Cu(II) removal.

Due to the chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), their removal from wastewater remains a major challenge. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), particularly those based on persulfate (PS) activation, have attracted widespread attention owing to their strong oxidative potential and applicability to a broad spectrum of contaminants. In this context, the rational design of efficient PS activators is of great significance. In this study, a novel Co-nZVI@ATP composite catalyst was synthesized and its performance in PS activation was systematically evaluated. Bisphenol S (BPS) was selected as a model compound to assess the degradation efficiency and to explore the mechanistic pathways related to its environmental persistence and relevance. The successful synthesis of Co-nZVI@ATP was confirmed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses. Experimental results showed that under optimal conditions (pH = 5, catalyst dosage = 0.3 g/L, PS concentration = 1.0 mM), the Co-nZVI@ATP/PS system achieved a BPS removal efficiency of 97.2 % within 90 min. Moreover, the Co-nZVI@ATP catalyst demonstrated superior stability, maintaining high BPS removal efficiency over multiple consecutive cycles. Radical scavenging experiments and EPR analysis indicated that sulfate radicals (SO4-·) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the dominant reactive species in the degradation process. LC-MS analysis combined with DFT calculations revealed that the degradation pathway of BPS involved hydroxylation, aromatic ring cleavage, and gradual mineralization. This study provides a novel catalytic material and technical approach for the effective removal of BPS, offering important potential for environmental applications.

Urban water systems, as critical infrastructure underpinning sustainable urban development, consume substantial amounts of energy during their operation and have become significant sources of carbon emissions. To quantitatively analyze the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of carbon emissions from urban water systems, this study collected data on water resource utilization, economic development, and social indicators across Chinese cities. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was applied to quantify carbon emissions from urban water systems from 2005 to 2022, and their spatiotemporal patterns were analyzed. The study utilized Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition to quantify contributing factors and spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect regional clustering effects. The results reveal that: (1) Carbon emissions from urban water systems in China ranged from 162.01 to 237.37 million tons CO2-eq, exhibiting a trend of decline-increase-decline. Carbon emission intensity decreased from [11.43,812.11] kg CO2-eq/104CNY to [5.25,138.15] kg CO2-eq/104CNY, with significant variations across different time periods and among cities. (2) LMDI analysis indicates that changes in carbon emissions are driven by multiple factors and show strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Unit water output acted as the key promoting driver, while energy intensity acted as the primary inhibiting factor. The dominant influencing factors varied across provinces, yet population growth consistently acted as a rigid driver of emission increases. (3) Spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals significant positive spatial dependence in carbon emission intensity, characterized by High-High and Low-Low clustering patterns. Over time, the spatial distribution of these clusters has shifted. This study provides a novel perspective on the relationship between urban water systems and carbon emissions and offers valuable insights for the development of regionally differentiated carbon mitigation policies.

Microplastics and oil pollutants often coexist in industrial wastewater. To achieve simultaneously and efficiently remove the two pollutants, a superhydrophobic sand for filtration was prepared by combining ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) etching and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) grafting. The synchronous adhesion efficiency of the two pollutants was studied, and the mechanism of interfacial interaction in the system was analyzed by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The findings indicated that in a single pollutant system, the adsorption rate of superhydrophobic sand to microplastics reached more than 95 % in a few seconds, and the adsorption efficiency of polyethylene (PE) was the highest. The adsorption efficiency of superhydrophobic sand for oil can reach 99 % in a few seconds. Compared with the single pollutant system, the removal rate of microplastics by superhydrophobic sand in the mixed pollutant system increased to 99 %, and the removal rate of oil was almost unchanged. Through XDLVO theoretical analysis, it was found that the Lewis acidbase interaction interface energy played a leading role in the adsorption process. In addition, the calculation results show that the presence of oil phase significantly promotes the removal of microplastics, while microplastics have no significant effect on the removal process of oil. This study provides a promising strategy for the simultaneous removal of microplastics and oil pollution, and provides a theoretical insight into the interfacial interaction in multiphase pollution systems.

Soil salinization, a prevalent ecological issue in China and even worldwide, has resulted in soil compaction, which has emerged as a crucial barrier to agricultural economic development in northwest China. In this study, a soil amendment (D2) was created using microorganisms capable of dissolving phosphorus, fixing nitrogen, and releasing potassium, as well as waste biomass carriers such as corn cobs, pine needles, bone meal and seashell powder, with the aim of revitalizing hardened saline-alkali soil and improving its overall quality. The potted plant experiment verified that D2 application over 60 days notably boosted soil enzyme activity, organic matter, porosity, and water retention, while reducing soil pH and bulk density, signifying a healthier soil environment. Concurrently, it significantly promoted plant growth, increased rhizosphere microbial diversity and abundance of genes related to soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, underscoring D2's potential as a sustainable soil conditioner that significantly enhances soil environment quality. D2 has demonstrated excellent ability to remediate hardened saline-alkali soil, making it an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical amendments.

To enhance the coalescence and separation efficiency of oil-in-water emulsions, a multistage coalescer incorporating a wettability gradient was fabricated by mixing superhydrophilic underwater superoleophobic quartz sand with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic quartz sand. This design leverages the synergistic coupling of two media with opposing wettability characteristics and an optimized particle size gradient distribution. Utilizing the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory, the coalescence dynamics of oil droplets within the coalescer were investigated through interfacial energy analysis. The findings indicate that a progressive increase in quartz sand particle size from the bottom to the top of the multistage coalescer facilitates the multistage coalescence of oil droplets. With optimal design parameters-specifically, a superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic sands mixing ratio of 1:1, a particle size ratio of 1:2, a bed thickness of 6 cm, a bed spacing of 10 cm, and five coalescing bed layers-the separation efficiency for diesel-in-water emulsions achieved 98.17 %, and the median particle size of oil droplets was 504 mu m. The mechanistic analysis of oil droplet coalescence underscores the synergistic interplay between the two media with contrasting wettability, which enhances the coalescence efficacy. The larger Lewis acid-base interaction energy at the interface between the superhydrophobic sand and the oil phase demonstrates a pronounced affinity for oil droplets, thereby enhancing their

Mercaptopropionyl wheat straw (MPWS) was prepared as an adsorbent by modifying wheat straw with mercaptopropionyl groups, and the ability of MPWS for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution was examined. The removal of Ni(II) by using MPWS was identified through investigating the impacts of MPWS dosage, adsorption temperature, and adsorption time. Different models for the adsorption isotherm and kinetics were utilized to fit the experimental results and elucidate the mechanism of MPWS for Ni(II). Environmental interference factors, including initial Ni(II) concentration, pH value, inorganic matters, and organic matters in wastewater, were examined to evaluate the antienvironmental disturbance capability of MPWS during Ni(II) adsorption. A removal rate of Ni(II) as high as 99.02% was achieved at pH 6.0 with an adsorption temperature of 30 degrees C and a contact time of 100 min. The experimental results exhibited excellent alignment with both pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Freundlich isothermal model, Redlich-Peterson model, and Hill model. Furthermore, coexisting substances in the environment could inhibit the adsorption process of Ni(II) by MPWS; however, this inhibition could be mitigated or eliminated by increasing the amount of absorbent MPWS. Overall, MPWS displays remarkable resistance against environmental interference during its application for removing Ni(II) from wastewater.

Sodium p-Perfluorous Nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS), a substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), exhibits high environmental persistence and biotoxicity, necessitating effective remediation strategies. In this study, a sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron catalyst supported on attapulgite (ATP@S-nZVI) was synthesized via a liquid-phase reduction method for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade OBS. Comprehensive characterization (SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR) confirmed the successful formation of key active species such as Fe0 and FeSx. Under optimal conditions (pH 3, PMS = 1.5 mM, catalyst dose = 0.4 g center dot L-1), 97.8 % of OBS was removed within 21 min, with an apparent rate constant (kobs) of 0.14 min-1 and a mineralization rate exceeding 50 %. Quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments identified SO4 center dot-and 1O2 as dominant reactive species. The catalyst exhibited strong environmental applicability and recycling stability, maintaining over 85 % removal efficiency in the presence of coexisting ions and complex water matrices, and achieving 80.3 % removal after five reuse cycles. Degradation pathway analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed that OBS underwent cleavage of C-S, C-F, and C-O bonds, along with stepwise H/F exchange and mineralization. Toxicity assessment showed significantly reduced toxicity of degradation intermediates. These results suggest that the ATP@S-nZVI/ PMS system offers an efficient, stable, and cost-effective approach for advanced oxidation of fluorinated contaminants, with promising potential for industrial wastewater treatment.