BACKGROUND:To compare the adherence and efficacy between the 0 - 7 - 21-day and the 0 - 1 - 6-month hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination schedules among people who use drugs (PWUD) in China. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 1261 HBV-susceptible PWUD from compulsory isolated detoxification centers (CIDCs) and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in Xi'an. A 20 µg per-dose vaccine was used. HBV surface antibody (anti-HBs), surface antigen, and core antibody were tested at months 7, 15, and 22 after the first dose. RESULTS:Third-dose coverage was significantly higher in the 0 - 7 - 21-day group (74.40%) than in the 0 - 1 - 6-month group (51.58%, p < 0.001), mainly driven by participants from CIDCs (77.75% vs. 45.69%). Anti-HBs positive rates at months 7, 15, and 22 among participants who completed all three doses were significantly higher for the 0 - 1 - 6-month schedule (90.71%, 76.82%, and 67.35%) than for the 0 - 7 - 21-day schedule (74.23%, 49.40%, and 40.95%; all p < 0.001). HBV infection incidence was similar between schedules, but significantly different between vaccinees and non-vaccinees (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS:The 0 - 7 - 21-day schedule substantially enhances three-dose completion in PWUD, but induces a notably weaker anti-HBs response and persistence. Schedules should be selected based on the management models for PWUD and their individual characteristics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900022403).

This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics, enterotoxin production, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with foodborne outbreaks. A total of 19 bacterial isolates were collected from foodborne outbreaks in Guizhou Province, China between 2014 and 2023. Following biochemical identification, all isolates were confirmed as S. aureus. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 19 strains into seven branches. Enterotoxin production was detected using standard microbiological techniques and immunoassays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the broth microdilution method. Whole-genome sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analyses were conducted to characterize virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance genes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotypes, and phylogenetic relationships among the isolates. This study found that all strains produced classical staphylococcal enterotoxins, with staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEA) showing the highest detection rate (63.16

Abstract This study reports the first isolation of a strain of Levyella massiliensis (strain HGL1) from human blood samples in China. Currently, the genomic characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenic potential of this species have not been fully studied. To systematically decipher the phylogenetic position, genomic composition, and potential pathogenicity-related factors of strain HGL1, this study employed a dual-platform sequencing strategy (PacBio Sequel II and Illumina NovaSeq PE150) for whole-genome sequencing of strain HGL1 and assessed its antibiotic susceptibility through antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain HGL1 and L. massiliensis D22-N-7-79 reside within the same evolutionary clade, with an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of 97.88% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 80%, supporting the classification of strain HGL1 as a member of L. massiliensis. Genomic analysis indicated that the HGL1 genome is 1,682,293 bp in size with a GC content of 48.85%, harboring a total of 1,613 predicted coding genes, 56 potential virulence genes, and 4 antibiotic resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results showed that this bacterium is susceptible to tigecycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and some β-lactam antibiotics; however, it exhibits resistance to macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime), quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), and gentamicin. These findings demonstrate that L. massiliensis HGL1 is a bacterium possessing multidrug resistance and potential human pathogenicity. In-depth analysis of its genomic characteristics and resistance phenotype provides a scientific basis for understanding the biology and combating infections caused by this rare pathogen, underscoring the necessity for enhanced surveillance and research on this bacterium in future clinical practice.

A strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated LP20ᵀ, was isolated from the intestinal contents of bats collected in Qiandongnan, China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene revealed that strain LP20ᵀ shared its highest similarity with Clostridium paraputrificum ATCC 25780ᵀ (98.10

Photothermal vertical flow biosensors (VFBs) have emerged as attractive tools for biomarker detection, addressing restricted sensitivity, insufficient quantitative accuracy, and geometric mismatch issues of traditional photothermal lateral flow biosensors (LFBs) while retaining rapid detection capability. Herein, we developed a syringe-based wettability-enhanced photothermal vertical flow biosensor (SW-PVFB) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection, integrating tantalum ditelluride (TaTe2) nanosheets as highly efficient photothermal probes and hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned nitrocellulose (NC) membranes for precise fluid control and target enrichment. The 10-20-nm-thick TaTe2 nanosheets exhibited a photothermal conversion efficiency of 50.74% and good stability, efficiently converting near-infrared irradiation to detectable heat signals. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic NC membrane confined fluid flow to the detection zone, enhancing the TaTe2 accumulation and signal intensity. Under optimal conditions, SW-PVFB detected PSA in urine over 0-160 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.028 ng mL-1, significantly outperforming conventional LFBs and standard VFBs. It showed high specificity against interfering proteins (e.g., CA9 and CEA), good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 3.8%), and recoveries of 89.1-112.7% in spiked urine. Integrated with a smartphone for portable signal readout, this SW-PVFB provides a sensitive, user-friendly point-of-care testing (POCT) platform for decentralized PSA diagnostics.

Background:Mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) is undergoing rapid re-emergence in central China and demonstrates significant potential for further dissemination. The aim of this study was to provide information on optimal control strategies by estimating the disease's current distribution and potential for spread into new areas. Methods:We used a three-pronged approach: (1) active field surveillance in 57 potential-risk counties in 2022 to investigate the distribution of the Phlebotomus chinensis (P. chinensis) vector and canine infections based on serological positivity; (2) study of annual surveillance reports of P. chinensis distribution and canine infection in 42 counties in Henan, Shanxi and Beijing (2023-2024); and (3) passive surveillance via China's National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) revealing 1137 human MT-ZVL cases for the 2019-2024 period. We constructed a database based on an innovative active/passive surveillance approach and applied the optimized ecological niche model based on incorporating environmental, biological (the P. chinensis vector and infectious canines) and socioeconomic covariates to predict the relative risk of transmission at the 1 × 1 km resolution across central China. Model performance was validated using 239 unique, geolocated human case occurrences (2022-2024). This allowed us to map the MT-ZVL risk and quantify the populations at-risk within stratified risk tiers. Findings:The field surveillance across 20 of 57 potential MT-ZVL risk counties captured 7552 P. chinensis specimens (mean density: 13.7 sandflies/trap/night), with a high peak in Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province (499.8). In 14 counties with confirmed P. chinensis presence, canine infections were recorded in 9 counties giving a mean seroprevalence of 2.7% (44/1648), with the highest proportion at 16.2% (21/130) seen in Yuzhou County, Henan Province. Annual surveillance reports confirmed P. chinensis presence in 24 of 42 monitored counties, with seropositive canines in two counties. The final training dataset included the recorded findings of 270 P. chinensis sandflies, 224 infected canines and 213 human case records. Extreme gradient boosting demonstrated superior predictive performance for human MT-ZVL infection risk, significantly outperforming benchmark models, with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.950 (95% CI: 0.921-0.979) in internal validation and 0.913 (95% CI: 0.886-0.940) in external validation. Model performance was further validated by 88.3% of indigenous cases occurring within predicted high-risk zones. These high-risk zones were concentrated in hilly terrain along the Taihang, Lvliang and Qinling Mountains-primarily in central-southern Shanxi, Hebei-Shanxi border regions, eastern Shaanxi and north-western Henan. This study identified 117 high-risk or very high-risk counties with a combined population of 19.24 million. Medium-risk areas were found to encompass surrounding regions across Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, eastern Gansu, central-western Hebei and western/northern Beijing (87 counties; 12.07 million residents), while low-risk zones covered 87 counties in eastern Gansu, northern Sichuan, north-western Henan and central Hebei mountains (15.35 million residents). The optimized multi-source data-driven model exhibited robust predictive performance, identifying 291 at-risk counties threatening about 46.67 million residents. Interpretation:This study demonstrated MT-ZVL to be a significant public health threat with rapid expansion across central China. Key findings revealed unabated endemic transmission, with the presence of P. chinensis and infectious canines in non-endemic areas signifying new emerging foci. By the identification of specific regions at risk for MT-ZVL, an evidence base warranting heightened public health vigilance against potential transmission has been established. Surveillance for MT-ZVL in central China and targeted interventions are strongly recommended. Funding:This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32161143036, No. 82473688), National Key Research and Development Program (2021YFC2300800, 2024YFC2310902), the Three-Year Initiative Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai (2023-2025) (No. GWVI-11.1-12).

To evaluate the performance and diagnostic agreement of the novel Elecsys® HCV Duo immunoassay with standard comparator workflows, and to assess its dual antibody and antigen detection capabilities for triaging active HCV infection. Serum samples were collected from patients with confirmed HCV infection or those at high risk of HCV infection at three hospitals in China. Clinical and demographic information including comorbidities, sample collection dates, and HCV RNA results were collected from the medical records. The performance of the Elecsys® HCV Duo Ab and Ag modules was evaluated against both the two-assay algorithm combining Elecsys® Anti-HCV II and ARCHITECT HCV Ag, and the individual assays, using serum samples and seroconversion panels. HCV Duo demonstrated robust performance across 923 samples, showing high agreement with the two-assay algorithm of Anti-HCV II and ARCHITECT HCV Ag (OPA: 96.97

The World Health Organization (WHO) “World Malaria Report 2025” outlined global and regional malaria morbidity and mortality patterns; assessed progress toward the WHO’s 2016–2030 Global Technical Strategy milestones; and described funding for malaria initiatives and research. It further examined achievements and gaps across prevention, diagnosis, treatment, elimination, and re-establishment interventions; discussed emerging biological threats; and included a dedicated chapter on escalating antimalarial drug resistance challenges. This article highlights the key points of the report and provides a snapshot of the global malaria burden and advancements. In addition, it briefly summarizes China’s efforts and challenges faced in preventing the re-establishment of malaria transmission, and future prospects for the maintenance of malaria-free status.

Vagococcus fluvialis (V. fluvialis), a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the Enterococcaceae family, has been associated with human infections, including bacteremia and endocarditis. Its zoonotic potential raises concerns for public health, yet research on its antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity is still limited. This study aimed to isolate and characterize V. fluvialis from wild Niviventer, analyze its genomic features (including antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes), and evaluate its antibiotic susceptibility profile to assess potential public health risks. We first isolated V. fluvialis (strain 25C42) from the rectum of wild Niviventer, confirmed through Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using second-and third-generation technologies, with subsequent quality control and assembly. Six databases including KEGG, COG, CARD and VFDB were used for genome annotation. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 16 antibiotics. Strain 25C42 was identified as V. fluvialis, confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. WGS revealed a genome length of 2,720,341 bp, GC content of 32.57%. Functional genomic analysis identified 2,268 genes in the COG database and 2,023 genes in KEGG, highlighting key metabolic and cellular processes. Notably, 119 virulence genes and 65 antimicrobial resistance genes were found, indicating significant resistance potential. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship with other Vagococcus species, particularly V. fluvialis (ANI 98.57%, DDH 88.6%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated strain 25C42 was resistant to clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, cefoxitin and levofloxacin. Our findings reveal that the wild rodent-derived V. fluvialis strain 25C42 harbors clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence-associated genes. The high genomic integrity and extensive functional gene annotation underscore its metabolic versatility. Notably, strain 25C42 exhibits significant antimicrobial resistance, necessitating ongoing surveillance and research to understand its implications for public health and environmental monitoring, as well as strategies for effective therapeutic intervention.

Niviventer, a rodent species widely distributed in Asian forests, serves as a significant reservoir for pathogens. Bordetella pseudohinzii(B. pseudohinzii), a recently identified Bordetella species with unclear pathogenic potential, poses challenges in species identification and understanding of its pathogenicity, its biological traits and antibiotic resistance are not well understood. B. pseudohinzii(strains 21F10, 22F12, and 27F25) were isolated from lung tissue of wild niviventer rodents in Guizhou, China. Initial identification was performed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. A phylogenetic tree based on the 16 S rRNA gene sequences was constructed using the neighbor-joining method implemented in MEGA 11. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on all three strains, and strain 21F10 underwent hybrid assembly of second- and third-generation sequencing to achieve high-quality sequences. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) were used as gold standards for strain identification, with thresholds set at 95

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) poses a substantial global threat to goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Despite the development of several sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques, there is an ongoing demand for alternative visualisation platforms to streamline the workflow, enhance safety profiles, and improve accessibility for end-users. In this study, we have integrated recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) technology with the CRISPR/Cas12a system to establish a rapid diagnostic system for CyHV-2, termed one-pot RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a. This method enables the results of detection within 60 min. The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a platform is capable of detecting as few as 10 copies of CyHV-2 per reaction cycle without exhibiting cross-reactivity with other pathogens. The positive detection rate in clinical samples exceeds that of conventional PCR approaches, underscoring its high precision. Furthermore, the method could be used in conjunction with iron flocculation for the concentration and detection of viruses within aquaculture settings. This approach minimises the dissection of aquatic organisms, thereby maximising animal welfare and bolstering detection efficiency. Collectively, our findings validate the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method as a robust, specific, confirmatory, user-friendly and promising approach for on-site diagnosis of CyHV-2.

OBJECTIVES:We report on the surge in human adenovirus (HAdV) cases in China starting in October 2023 and analyze the key drivers behind this increased circulation in the post-COVID-19 period. METHODS:We analyzed targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) data from 1,875,862 hospitalized acute respiratory infection (ARI) cases across 4758 hospitals in 314 cities throughout all 31 provinces of mainland China. An in-house script was used to analyze the positivity rates of different HAdV species nationwide and across various provinces. We also assessed the age-specific infection risk for HAdV species B and C using restricted cubic splines (RCS), and we tested differences in HAdV infection rates between vacation periods and school terms using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS:We identified an increased prevalence of HAdV species B replacing circulating species C, and this increase was associated with elevated HAdV activity in China from October 2023 to August 2024. Age-specific analysis indicates that, compared to HAdV species C, HAdV species B has a higher infection rate in school-aged children. Comparison of HAdV incidence rates during school terms and vacations showed that schools are the primary transmission setting for HAdV species B. These findings strongly support the conclusion that school-associated cluster infections caused by HAdV species B are the drivers of the ongoing increased circulation of HAdV in China. CONCLUSION:This study found that changes in susceptible populations and transmission settings due to an increased prevalence of HAdV species B were the key factors driving the elevated HAdV activity in China starting in October 2023.

Background Naegleria fowleri , a pathogenic free-living amoeba, causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but devastating disease with acute onset, rapid progression, and > 95% mortality. Despite its rarity, the catastrophic outcomes associated with this infection underscore the critical importance of prevention. In this report, we present a rare pediatric fatality caused by PAM in China, highlighting the challenges of diagnosis and treatment. Case presentation A 6-year-old child from Lushan County, Henan Province, developed persistent high fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status on December 5, 2024. After receiving ineffective local treatment, the child was transferred to the Eastern District of Henan Children’s Hospital on December 7 for further evaluation and management. Upon admission, cerebrospinal fluid was collected for laboratory analysis, and antimicrobial therapy, including amphotericin B, fluconazole, and rifampicin, was promptly initiated. Despite these interventions, the patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly, and the child succumbed to the infection on December 9. Conclusions Clinical and laboratory findings strongly suggest that the child was infected with N. fowleri , resulting in PAM. Epidemiological investigation suggests possible exposure at a public bathhouse. Given the survival characteristics of the N. fowleri and potential habitat expansion due to global warming, this sporadic case underscores PAM's lethal potential. With mortality exceeding 95%, early recognition and prompt intervention are crucial. Clinicians should maintain high suspicion for PAM in patients with compatible symptoms, especially in regions with warm freshwater exposure.

Brucellosis, a zoonotic chronic contagious disease caused by Brucella spp., is primarily associated with species such as Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) and B. abortus, among which B. melitensis is recognized as the most virulent in causing human brucellosis. Herein, we report a newly “one-pot” detection protocol for the identification of B. melitensis from the genus Brucella using the multiplex multiple cross-displacement amplification (MCDA) combined with dUTP-assisted uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UDGase) and gold nanoparticles lateral flow assay (AuNPs-LFA) biosensor (termed mMCUDA). Two sets of MCDA primers targeting the bcsp31 and BMEII0466 genes were designed. Various clinical isolates and whole blood samples were used to optimize and evaluate the mMCUDA assay. The optimal condition for mMCUDA is 65℃ for 60 min. The limit of detection (LoD) of the mMCUDA assay was confirmed to be 7.5 fg/reaction. The mMCUDA assay can accurately identify B. melitensis from the Brucella spp. used in the study, and no cross-reaction with non-target pathogens was observed. The protocol has a powerful capability to eliminate carryover contamination (approximately 1.5 × 10−13 g/reaction). Taken-together, these investigative data demonstrated that the mMCUDA assay is a straightforward, one-pot, easy-to-obtain, friendly-to-use, and highly specific detection platform, which can be used as a useful potential screening tool in clinical applications.

Escherichia marmotae was first described in 2015 as a bacterium isolated from Himalayan marmots, with recent evidence suggesting its potential to cause human diseases. This study presents the first report of E. marmotae isolation from Berylmys bowersi in Guizhou province. We conducted genetic, biochemical, and antibiotic resistance analyses on four isolates, designated as S2-2, S2-4, S2-5, and S2-6. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences revealed over 99.5% homology with E. marmotae, while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing confirmed genetic similarity. Gene annotation highlighted the presence of 137 virulence factors and five antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. Resistance phenotypes of 35 antibiotics showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, rifampin, and co-trimoxazole. The strains exhibited significant biochemical diversity, with positive results for several fermentation pathways and negative motility assays. This study underscores the emerging zoonotic potential of E. marmotae and its associated health risks in wildlife and humans.IMPORTANCEThe isolation of Escherichia marmotae from Berylmys bowersi represents a novel discovery, expanding the known host range of this bacterium. Our comprehensive analysis of its genetic, biochemical, and antibiotic resistance profiles provides critical insights into its potential as a zoonotic pathogen. The findings highlight the need for ongoing surveillance of E. marmotae, especially in wildlife populations, to assess its pathogenicity and potential threats to both animal and human health. Given its antibiotic resistance and virulence factor repertoire, E. marmotae may pose a significant public health concern in the future, warranting further investigation into its ecological and clinical relevance.

Background:Plasma microbial cell-free DNA (mcfDNA) is a key biomarker for diagnosing bloodstream infections (BSIs), which contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with severe trauma, chronic illnesses, or immunosuppressive conditions. However, the baseline distribution of mcfDNA in different populations remains unclear. This study characterizes plasma mcfDNA profiles across various human populations. Methods:A total of 300 blood samples were collected from 10 groups: healthy individuals (Group A), patients with chronic diseases but no infections (Group B1-B7), patients with mild-to-moderate infections (Group C), and patients meeting sepsis criteria (Group D). Multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to detect mcfDNA from 10 common sepsis-causing bacterial species, two fungal species, and three herpesviruses (HSV-1, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], and Cytomegalovirus [CMV]). Results:Most pathogens in all groups showed low mcfDNA copy concentrations (~100 copies/mL), forming a baseline. Group A had no pathogens exceeding this level, while Group B showed elevated E. coli and S. maltophilia (102-104 copies/mL). In Group C, 53 pathogens were detected above baseline, with EBV, CMV, and HSV-1 as the most common (copy concentrations 102-104 copies/mL). In Group D, 57 pathogens exceeded baseline, primarily EBV, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. faecium, and CMV. Although statistical analysis showed no significant differences in pathogen distribution between Groups C and D, Gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent in Group D (70% vs. 53.3%, OR = 2.03), while viral pathogens were more frequently detected in Group C (93.3% vs. 76.7%, OR = 0.24). The microbial profiles and mcfDNA copy concentrations in Groups C and D were similar (102-104 copies/mL), distinguishing them from Groups A and B. Conclusion:This study provides a comprehensive characterization of mcfDNA across different health states, demonstrating the utility of ddPCR in detecting microbial infections. These findings contribute to refining infection diagnostics and improving early detection strategies for BSIs and sepsis.

The gut microbiota of bats is vital for their roles in health and the ecosystem, yet studies on hibernating bats in southwest China, particularly in the unique karst landscape of Guizhou, are limited. We captured three hibernating bat species-Pipistrellus (PB), Rhinolophus (RB), and Myotis (MB)-in Liping County, collecting rectal samples for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Data processing involved Trimmomatic, Flash, and Qiime2 for operational taxonomic unit (OTU) standardization and species annotation via the Greengenes database. Differential abundance was analyzed using LEfSe, and diversity metrics were assessed through alpha and beta diversity analyses. The RB group was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria (80.99%), while MB and PB exhibited diverse compositions with significant OTU richness (729 in MB). Notable genera included Hafnia and Yersinia in RB and Cosenzaea myxofaciens in MB. High proportions of unclassified taxa were observed, particularly in RB (83.81%). Functional predictions indicated metabolic pathways, with a significant representation of human diseases in PB. Culturomics revealed the successful cultivation of Huaxiibacter chinensis and Enterobacter chengduensis from bats for the first time and appears to have identified a new bacterium that is likely closely related to Clostridium paraputrificum.IMPORTANCEOur research reveals significant differences in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota among three bat groups (PB, MB, and RB) from Guizhou. While Proteobacteria predominates in all groups, its abundance varies. Notably, the high richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the MB group suggests a more diverse microbial ecosystem, underscoring the complex interactions between species diversity, diet, gut microbiota, and overall ecological dynamics in bats. Furthermore, the substantial presence of unknown bacterial species in their intestines highlights the critical importance of cultivation-based approaches. The presence of specific taxa may have potential health implications for both bats and humans. These findings emphasize the need for further investigations into the functional roles of these microbiota and their contributions to host health. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to elucidate these intricate interactions.

BACKGROUND:Malaria, which is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), remains a critical global public health problem. Vector control interventions, particularly insecticide-based strategies, are pivotal for malaria control and elimination, as the efficacy of these interventions is heavily dependent on the high susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides. However, insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors poses a considerable threat to the sustainability of these control efforts. Notably, no synthesis data on insecticide resistance have been reported in China in recent decades. METHODS:This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the mortality rates and frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1) mutations in Anopheles mosquitoes. The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from 2000 to 2024 to identify relevant articles. Meta-analysis was performed using R and Stata software. RESULTS:Thirty articles reporting 30,065 An. sinensis were included. The pooled mortality rate for insecticide resistance was 61% [95% confidence interval (CI): 53-68]. The mortality rates of various insecticides were as follows: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 49%; deltamethrin, 47%; malathion, 81%; propoxur, 69%; permethrin, 61%; beta-cyfluthrin, 28%; fenitrothion, 82%; beta-cypermethrin, 48%; cyfluthrin, 59%; and lambda-cyhalothrin, 56%. Moreover, the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) to insecticides was 36%, whereas the frequency of acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1) resistance was 78%. Kdr genotype analysis revealed that 13% of the reported mosquitoes were homozygote resistant, 13% were heterozygote resistant, and 74% were zygote susceptible. Ace-1 genotype analysis revealed that 42% of the reported mosquitoes were homozygote resistant, 25% were heterozygote resistant, and 33% were zygote susceptible. CONCLUSIONS:Of An. sinensis, 36% had kdr mutations, and 78% had ace-1 mutations. These vectors were resistant to pyrethroid, organochlorine, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides. To prevent the development of resistance to alternative insecticides, it is critical to target Anopheles mosquitoes with novel chemical insecticides or biocontrol approaches.

In this study, 1-ferrocenyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) allyl ketone (probe A) was synthesized using a solvent-free method in conjunction with solid-phase grinding and employed as a probe for the detection of tryptophan (Trp). The probe exhibits selective recognition of Trp as evidenced by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra. In complex scenarios, the probe's recognition of Trp remains unaffected by both the presence of interfering substances and the duration of exposure. A pH range of 8 to 12 is found to be optimal for the detection of Trp. Job's curve analysis revealed that the binding ratio between the probe and Trp is 1:1. Based on the Benesi-Hildebrand equation, the binding constant for the interaction between probe A and Trp is calculated to be 1.5 x 107 M- 1. The detection limit for Trp was determined to be 9.55 x 10-5 M. The sensing mechanism of the probe for Trp was elucidated through 1H NMR and FT-IR analyses.

Faucicola mancuniensis (F. mancuniensis), a Gram-negative bacterium within the Moraxellaceae family, has been isolated from the human respiratory tract. Genomic characteristics, antibiotic resistance profiles, and pathogenic potential of this rarely reported species remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to isolate F. mancuniensis from the human respiratory tract, characterize its genome, functional potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility, and assess its public health significance. F. mancuniensis strain HZ006 was isolated from a human respiratory specimen in Guizhou, China. Taxonomic identification was confirmed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Morphology and physiological biochemistry were characterized. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using second- and third-generation technologies. Genomic functional annotation utilized GO, KEGG, VFDB, CARD, and four additional databases. Antimicrobial susceptibility against 29 antibiotics was determined phenotypically. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed strain HZ006 as F. mancuniensis (99.58