Optic disc morphology and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness have been widely studied in populations with refractive error. This study aims to measure and analyze optic disc parameters and RNFL thickness in different regions of the optic disc in 9-year-old schoolchildren. It also seeks to investigate the influence of factors such as refractive error, axial length, gender, and body mass index (BMI) on these ocular parameters. This cross-sectional study included 1274 children aged 9 years. Participants underwent anthropometric measurements and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including axial length (AL), non-cycloplegic autorefraction, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Group comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Kruskal–Wallis test. The RNFL thickness showed the typical distribution pattern, being greatest in the inferior quadrant, followed by the superior, temporal, and nasal quadrants. No significant differences in optic disc parameters or RNFL thickness were observed across gender or BMI groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with non-myopic participants, cup-related parameters were smaller in myopic groups. Greater myopic refractive error was associated with increased global and nasal RNFL thickness. Eyes with AL ≥ 26 mm showed thicker nasal RNFL than those with AL < 26 mm (P = 0.01), with no other significant differences. In 9-year-old children from North China, optic disc morphology and RNFL thickness varied with refractive and ocular biometric characteristics. RNFL thickness was associated with refractive error and axial length.

We investigated the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) patterns and their correlation with dry eye. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Beijing Tongren Hospital's Dry Eye Diagnosis and Treatment Center and included 205 patients diagnosed with dry eye following the TFOS DEWS II criteria. All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical examination for dry eye and completed the dry eye TCM questionnaire. TCM pattern differentiation was performed for all patients. We investigated the distribution of TCM patterns among patients with dry eye and examined the correlation between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators using Spearman correlation analysis. Based on patients' symptoms, tongue coating, and pulse conditions, the 205 patients were classified into 11 TCM patterns. The 3 most common TCM patterns were qi stagnation and blood stasis pattern, spleen-kidney yang deficiency pattern, and qi-yin deficiency pattern. There were significant correlations between these TCM patterns and 1, 3, and 4 dry eye indicators, respectively. The proportion of TCM patterns and the correlations between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators varied among different dry eye subtypes. We preliminary investigated the distribution of TCM patterns among patients with dry eye and found a certain correlation between TCM patterns and dry eye indicators. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further research on TCM for treating dry eye.

BACKGROUND:Fungal keratitis (FK) is a vision-threatening corneal infection whose seasonal and long-term dynamics may be shaped by climate change and air pollution, yet exact environmental impact still unclear. This study the effects of meteorological and air pollution variables on FK incidence in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2019 and developed an environmental risk index for prospective guidance. METHODS:A retrospective hospital-based time-series analysis of microbiologically confirmed FK cases at a tertiary eye center was conducted. Monthly meteorological variables (air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, ultraviolet irradiance) and air pollutants (SO₂, NO, NO₂, NOx, CO, O₃, PM₂.₅; 2006-2019) were compiled. Annual FK counts were forecast using a generalized additive model (GAM). Spearman correlation and Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM) were employed to analyze associations and lagged effects of environmental variables on FK. Fungal Active Index (FAI) was developed using the Random Forest model to predict infection risks. RESULTS:FK incidence increased over time, with GAM forecasting continued growth to ∼301 cases annually by 2029. DLNM identified significant non-linear, delayed effects of multiple meteorological factors and pollutants. High temperature increased FK risk (cumulative RR 1.79, 75th vs. median over lag 0-6 months), while precipitation and wind speed showed complex risk patterns across lags. Men, young adults, and middle-aged individuals were identified as the most vulnerable groups. The FAI demonstrated a moderate correlation with monthly fungal infection cases (ρ=0.867, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Climate and air pollution have non-linear, delayed effects on FK, varying by pathogen type and patient demographics. The FAI serves as a predictive tool for real-time guidance on fungal infection risks.

PURPOSE:To investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel dual-sided composite defocus (DSCD) lens for pediatric myopia control. DESIGN:Prospective, randomized, double-masked, three-arm, parallel-controlled clinical trial with 1-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 225 children aged 6-14 years with myopia ranging from -0.50 D to -6.00 D were randomized 1:1:1 to DSCD, single-surface defocus (SSD), or single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses. Overall, 194 participants (86.2%) completed the 1-year follow-up. METHODS:Participants were randomly assigned to the DSCD, SSD, or SVS lens group. The DSCD lens incorporated a front-surface microlens array and a posterior freeform aspheric design intended to generate an asymmetric peripheral myopic defocus profile. Outcomes were measured at baseline and during the 12-month follow-up. Statistical analyses included analysis of covariance, Pearson correlation, and exploratory subgroup analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcomes were 12-month changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). RESULTS:At 12 months, the DSCD group exhibited significantly less SER progression than the SVS group (-0.22 ± 0.37 D vs -0.83 ± 0.47 D; P < 0.001) and the SSD group (-0.22 ± 0.37 D vs -0.45 ± 0.43 D; P = 0.005). Axial elongation was also significantly slower with DSCD than with SVS lenses (0.19 ± 0.14 mm vs 0.42 ± 0.18 mm; P < 0.001). No statistically significant difference in axial elongation was observed between the DSCD and SSD groups. The DSCD lens reduced SER progression by 73.6% and AL elongation by 55.2% relative to SVS lenses. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested less progression in children aged 8-12 years, those with baseline AL of 24-25 mm, and those with low myopia. No lens-related adverse events were observed, and all groups demonstrated high compliance and good adaptation. CONCLUSIONS:Over 12 months, DSCD lenses resulted in significantly less SER progression and axial elongation than SVS lenses. Compared with the SSD lenses tested in this study, DSCD lenses showed significantly less SER progression, whereas the difference in axial elongation was not statistically significant. DSCD lenses were generally well tolerated and may represent a spectacle-based option for pediatric myopia control.

Background: Large-scale myopia screening in the Western Pacific region often relies on noncycloplegic refraction because cycloplegia is difficult to implement routinely. However, raw noncycloplegic measurements can overestimate myopia and bias prevalence estimates used for surveillance and policy evaluation. Methods: We analyzed four Chinese cohorts spanning preschool children to young adults. Participants from Anyang and Beijing were randomly divided into derivation and internal validation sets, and the Lhasa cohort served as an external validation set. Candidate predictors included noncycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER), ocular biometry, age, and sex. The primary outcome was cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction; secondary outcomes were myopia, high myopia, and hyperopia prevalence. Findings: Among 30 352 participants, the full model explained 91.6% of the variance in cycloplegic SER. In internal validation, mean prediction difference was 0.00 ± 0.70 diopters and mean absolute error was 0.57 D. In external validation, the corresponding errors were 0.883 D and 1.088 D. The absolute error in myopia prevalence decreased from 18.29 percentage points with raw noncycloplegic refraction to 4.29 with model-based estimates in internal validation, and from 13.54 to 8.62 in external validation. This corresponded to approximately 140 and 49 fewer excess myopia classifications per 1000 screened participants, respectively. Hyperopia estimates improved similarly. Interpretation: Routine noncycloplegic screening data can support more accurate estimation of cycloplegic refractive burden than raw noncycloplegic refraction alone. This interpretable model may help improve surveillance, referral planning, and policy evaluation when cycloplegia is impractical, while cycloplegic refraction remains necessary for individual diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between visual display terminal (VDT) usage frequency and the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED), ocular surface signs, and their trends over a 1-year follow-up among adults in Beijing. METHODS:This prospective cohort study recruited 1040 adults (393 males, 647 females); with a mean age of 54.72 ± 17.99 years. Participants were categorised into three groups based on their VDT usage frequency: T1, T2, and T3. Data on the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and clinical signs of DED were collected at baseline and after the 1-year follow-up. Examinations included measurements of tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), and meibomian gland (MG) assessment. RESULTS:The prevalence of DED decreased from 34.1% to 32.2% after follow-up. T1 and T2 groups had a significantly higher prevalence of DED than T3 group at both time points (P < 0.001). A decreasing trend in DED prevalence was observed with reduced VDT usage. The incidence of new DED cases was 9.27%. A significant transition between DED and non-DED status occurred during the follow-up (P < 0.001). NIBUT and CFS showed slight increases, while MG assessment slightly decreased (P < 0.05). OSDI and TMH Changes were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION:VDT usage is associated with a higher prevalence of DED. Reducing VDT usage may help lower the risk of DED.

To analyze the distribution of Non-Invasive Break-Up Time (NIBUT) and its potential associations with demographic characteristics, systemic disease, lifestyle factors, and psychological among adults in Beijing. We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC), collected between July and August 2023. A total of 1,249 adult participants were randomly selected from 15 communities in Beijing, China, and 91.5

PURPOSE:To investigate the potential associations of the tear meniscus height (TMH) in terms of demographic features, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, and health conditions in adults in Beijing. DESIGN:A population-based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS:Data from 2272 eyes of 1136 patients from three streets were utilized. METHODS:The Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC) was performed from July to August 2023. Adults (n = 1136) were randomly selected from 15 communities in Beijing, China, and 91.5 % responded. Dry eye clinical signs and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) were elicited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Parameters related to demographics, environment, lifestyle and general health were recorded. RESULTS:The median (interquartile range) of TMH was 0.17 (0.14,0.21) mm [minimum: 0.03 mm, maximum: 0.95 mm]. Lower TMH was significantly associated with age ≥ 45 (P < 0.0001), female sex (P < 0.0001), long-term exposure to dust (P = 0.0146), frequent use of electronic devices (P < 0.0001), seldom intake of Vitamin A, vegetable and fruit (P = 0.0022, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0016), smoke and alcohol consumption (P = 0.0255, P = 0.0028), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.0031), coronary heart disease (P = 0.0096), rheumatism (P = 0.0168), ocular and systemic medication (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0322), ocular irritation symptom(P < 0.0001) and systemic dryness (P < 0.0001). Long-term exposure to dusty environment (P = 0.004), frequent fruit consumption (P = 0.034), myopia (P = 0.040), frequent ocular medication (P = 0.041), coronary heart disease (P = 0.030) and systemic dryness symptoms (P = 0.039) could contribute to lower TMH. CONCLUSIONS:This study identified multiple factors associated with lower tear meniscus height in Beijing adults, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, environmental exposure, and health conditions. These findings highlight the complexity of tear meniscus height variation and may provide insights for targeted interventions to improve ocular health in the population.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in Asian populations. However, the topographic distribution of angle narrowing across different quadrants remains incompletely characterized in primary angle-closure suspects (PACS), and routine clinical assessments often rely solely on horizontal scans. The study aims to identify the narrowest anterior chamber angle quadrant in PACS using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT). In this community-based cross-sectional study, 218 right eyes of 218 PACS subjects were recruited. All participants underwent standardized questionnaire surveys and ophthalmic examinations. AS-OCT parameters including angle opening distance (AOD), trabecular iris space area (TISA) and trabecular iris angle (TIA) were measured at 500 μm from the sclera spur (SS) in the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants. As iridotrabecular contact (ITC) in more than one quadrant precluded identification of the narrowest quadrant, only narrow-angle eyes (ITC in < 2 quadrants) were included in the analysis. Quadrant-wise comparisons and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Significant differences in angle width were observed across all four quadrants (P<0.001 for AOD500, TISA500, and TIA500). The superior quadrant exhibited the narrowest angle, followed by the inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants in narrow-angle eyes. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that superior anterior chamber volume (ACV- superior)was positively associated (P<0.001), while superior iris thickness at 750 μm (IT750-superior) was negatively associated (P = 0.049) to superior AOD500. The superior quadrant is consistently the narrowest in PACS eyes, highlighting the necessity of including vertical cross-sectional scans in routine AS-OCT examination protocols for this population. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on September 4th, 2020 (Registration Number: ChiCTR2000037944).

Background/objectives:To describe the design, methodology, and enrollment-stage baseline findings of the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC), a population-based cohort established to investigate the epidemiology and longitudinal natural history of dry eye disease (DED) in urban Beijing. Methods:ADEC is a population-based cohort conducted in Dongcheng District, Beijing. Between 15 July and 31 August 2023, 1,249 adults were randomly selected from 15 communities using stratified cluster sampling; 1,143 completed baseline assessment (response rate 91.5%). Examinations included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibography, lid margin evaluation, ocular redness analysis, and corneal fluorescein staining, together with demographic, systemic, lifestyle, environmental, and psychological assessments. Prevalence estimates were calculated at the participant level, and generalized estimating equations were used for inferential analyses involving eye-level ocular surface parameters. Results:The baseline analytic sample included 1,091 participants (mean age 54.8 ± 18.0 years; 62.6% female), with eye-level ocular surface measurements available for up to 2,180 eyes depending on the parameter assessed. The crude prevalence of DED, defined as an OSDI score ≥13 together with average NIBUT <10 s in either eye, was 33.7%. After age-sex standardization to the 2020 Chinese Census, the prevalence was 27.0% (95% CI: 23.8-30.3%). The crude prevalence of SDE, aqueous-deficient (AD) phenotype, and MGD phenotype was 34.7, 33.6, and 31.0%, respectively. Mean average NIBUT was 12.0 ± 4.2 s and mean TMH was 0.19 ± 0.07 mm. Participant-level average NIBUT was negatively correlated with anxiety (Spearman r = -0.535, p < 0.001) and depression (Spearman r = -0.425, p < 0.001). Participants with daily electronic device use >2 h comprised 71.0% of the cohort, and 5.1% had autoimmune or rheumatic disease. Conclusion:These enrollment-stage ADEC findings characterize the burden and ocular surface profile of dry eye disease among community-dwelling adults in urban Beijing and provide a foundation for subsequent longitudinal analyses within the cohort.

To investigate the associations of current smoking and current alcohol consumption with dry eye disease (DED) in a community-based population of middle-aged and older adults, and to determine whether these associations persisted after accounting for demographic, lifestyle, environmental, and psychological factors. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted within the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC) and included 813 participants aged 45 years and older with complete baseline clinical and questionnaire data. DED was defined as an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score of 13 or higher together with a non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) of less than 10 s. NIBUT, tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area, and meibomian gland loss were evaluated as objective ocular-surface parameters. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures were collected using structured questionnaires, while anxiety and depression were assessed using validated scales. Associations of current smoking and current alcohol consumption with DED were examined using logistic regression models before and after multivariable adjustment. Among 813 participants, 344 were classified as having DED, corresponding to a prevalence of 42.3

PURPOSE:To evaluate whether a greater number of self-reported extraocular dryness sites is associated with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)-defined symptomatic dry eye and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT)-defined tear-film instability among community-dwelling adults without severe meibomian gland loss. METHODS:This cross-sectional participant-level analysis used baseline data from the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC). Adults with complete OSDI, extraocular dryness, age, sex, and meibomian gland data were included if participant-level maximum upper- and lower-eyelid meibomian gland scores across both eyes were ≤ 2. Extraocular dryness was assessed using a study-specific four-site checklist, and the resulting site count was categorized as 0, 1, 2, and 3-4 sites. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using modified Poisson regression with inference accounting for clustering by community. RESULTS:Among 675 participants, 270 (40.0%), 212 (31.4%), 106 (15.7%), and 87 (12.9%) reported 0, 1, 2, and 3-4 extraocular dryness sites, respectively. The crude prevalence of OSDI-defined symptomatic dry eye increased from 17.0% to 62.1%, and NIBUT-defined tear-film instability from 24.8% to 74.7%. Compared with the 0-site group, the 3-4-site group had adjusted prevalence ratios of 2.91 (95% CI, 1.95-4.34) for symptomatic dry eye and 2.55 (95% CI, 1.90-3.44) for tear-film instability. CONCLUSIONS:Multisite extraocular dryness was associated with higher prevalence of both symptomatic dry eye and tear-film instability in this community-based population without severe meibomian gland loss and may provide clinically relevant phenotypic information. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the association has predictive value.

Cataracts represent one of the leading causes of blindness globally. The World Health Organization's 2019World Report on Vision indicates that approximately 65.2 million individuals worldwide experience varying degrees of visual impairment or blindness attributable to cataracts. The prevalence of this condition is significantly increasing, largely due to the accelerated aging of the global population. The lens of the eye is primarily composed of crystallins, which are categorized into three families: α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. The highly ordered structure and interactions among these crystallins are crucial for maintaining lens transparency. Disruptions in the interactions within or between crystallins can compromise this delicate architecture, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that lead to crystallin aggregation and subsequent cataract formation. Currently, surgical intervention is the sole treatment for cataracts, and the cataract surgery rate in China remains considerably lower than that of developed nations. Investigating the mechanisms of crystallins interaction and aggregation is essential for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cataract formation, which may inform the development of targeted therapies and preventative strategies. This paper reviews recent scientific advancements in the research field of lens crystallins aggregation and cataract formation.

To investigate whether blood pressure and blood glucose levels affect retinal microvascular parameters, reflected by density within 300 μm surrounding the avascular area of the fovea (FAZ), also called FD-300. A case series study design was used to include patients with essential hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized in the Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, from January 2023 to January 2024. FD-300 was measured via optical coherence tomography angiography. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors and then explore the influencing factors of FD-300. Patients were divided into four subgroups according to the quartile of FD-300. The median systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels of the four subgroups were 128 mmHg, 128 mmHg, 126 mmHg, and 121 mmHg, respectively, which were significantly different (p = 0.046). The median glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels of the four subgroups were 6.50

PURPOSE:To describe non-glaucomatous age-related changes in optic nerve optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). DESIGN:Prospective-cohort study. PARTICIPANTS:Daxing Eye Study participants age ≥ 50 years without glaucoma were included. METHODS:OCT, OCTA, and other systemic or ocular examinations were performed at baseline and after 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thickness, superficial macular vessel density, and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density at baseline and after 5 years. RESULTS:This study included 1003 eyes of 579 subjects, with a follow-up of 5.8 ± 0.4 years. Over 5 years, there were significant decrease in pRNFL (mean = 1.7 µm, 95% CI: 1.5 µm to 1.9 µm, P < .01), mGCC (mean = 0.8 µm, 95% CI: 0.6 µm to 1.0 µm, P < .01), superficial macular vessel density (mean = 2.4%, 95% CI: 2.1% to 2.7%, P < .01), and RPC density (mean = 0.3%, 95% CI: 0.1% to 0.5%, P = .02). In the multivariable analysis, after adjusting for the change of signal strength index of the tests, we observed the following associations: mGCC changes were significantly associated with hyperlipidemia (linear regression coefficient B = -0.75, P = .03) and intraocular pressure (B = -0.13, P < .01). RPC changes were significantly associated with pulse (B = 0.02, P = .04), systolic blood pressure (B = 0.02, P = .02), age (B = -0.04, P = .04) and axial length (B = -0.25, P = .04). Superficial macular vessel changes were associated with axial length (B = -0.30, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS:During 5 years of normal aging, participants experienced declines in pRNFL thickness, mGCC thickness, RPC density, and superficial macular vessel density. These age-related changes should be taken into account when diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma patients.

The risk factors for gastrointestinal complications during glucocorticoid therapy in internal medicine inpatients are rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for gastrointestinal complications in internal medicine patients using glucocorticoids. Internal medicine inpatients receiving glucocorticoid therapy from February 2023 to September 2023 were included. Gastrointestinal complications were identified by careful review of the electronic medical records of these patients. The risk factors for gastrointestinal complications during glucocorticoid therapy were analyzed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with Youden’s index was used to determine the best cutoff point of the identified continuous variables. Of the 960 inpatients included, 88 had gastrointestinal complications, with the most common complications including 27 (30.7

Purpose:To investigate the coordination among astigmatism components, including refractive astigmatism (RA), corneal astigmatism (CA), and internal astigmatism (IA), across refractive statuses in a large cycloplegic sample of Chinese young adults. Methods:This cross-sectional study included 7971 undergraduate students in China. Cycloplegic refraction and ocular biometric were measured using an autorefractor and optical biometry. IA was calculated as the vector difference between RA and CA. Relationships among astigmatism components, refractive errors, and ocular parameters were analyzed using generalized additive models, smoothed curve fitting, and threshold effect analysis. Results:A total of 7315 young adults (mean age = 20.2 ± 1.5 years; 37.0% male) were included. The prevalence rates of RA, CA, and IA (≥1.0 D) were 16.4%, 36.7%, and 12.2%, respectively. RA and CA were significantly higher in the high myopia, moderate myopia, and moderate hyperopia groups compared to the emmetropia group, while IA was significantly smaller only in the high myopia group (P < 0.001). Piecewise relationships among RA, CA, and IA with refractive errors were identified. RA and CA showed a significant increase, whereas IA decreased in moderate and high myopia. Furthermore, the compensatory effect of IA was significantly reduced in the high myopia group. Conclusions:The components of astigmatism demonstrated coordination from low myopia to low hyperopia, but this coordination was reduced in high myopia. Translational Relevance:Greater attention should be paid to changes in astigmatism components and their coordination in high myopia.

Introduction:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of global mortality, particularly among individuals with dyslipidemia. Traditionally, the retina has been considered a key site for examining microvascular changes. Recent evidence, however, indicates that retinal alterations may also reflect macrovascular changes. This study proposes a hypothesis in which Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is utilized to evaluate retinal vascular changes as a potential biomarker for ASCVD risk assessment in dyslipidemia patients. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 261 dyslipidemia patients were recruited and classified into non-ASCVD and ASCVD groups. OCTA was performed on all patients, with the macula and optic disc being the primary areas of assessment. The following parameters were measured: retinal vessel density (VD), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, retinal thickness, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter, and VD within a 300 μm width ring surrounding the FAZ (FD). Ultimately, data from 231 eyes were analyzed. Comparisons of OCTA-derived metrics between groups were made, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the discriminatory power of these metrics for identifying ASCVD in dyslipidemia patients. The DeLong test was used to compare areas under the ROC curve for these indicators. All statistical tests were two-tailed, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results:In the ASCVD group, RNFL thickness, superficial capillary plexus (SCP) parafoveal VD, SCP perifoveal VD, macular parafoveal thickness, and FD were significantly lower compared to the non-ASCVD group. ROC curve analysis confirmed the predictive value of these indicators for ASCVD identification in dyslipidemia patients. SCP parafoveal VD, SCP perifoveal VD, and FD correspond to the macular superficial capillary plexus vessel densities. When combined, these indicators formed a new composite measure, macular superficial vessel density (MSVD). The ROC curve further validated MSVD's predictive utility for ASCVD in dyslipidemia patients, with the optimal threshold identified at 143.22% using the Youden index. Conclusions:OCTA-derived indicators, particularly MSVD, demonstrate significant potential as novel biomarkers for ASCVD risk assessment in dyslipidemia patients.

Adolescent depression is a major public health concern. Physical health indicators are rarely included in risk tools. We examined whether adding dry eye disease (DED) to psychosocial and behavioral factors improves prediction of depressive symptoms. We analyzed 2,076 adolescent questionnaires (94.5

Abstract Purpose To describe the prevalence and the cumulative 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation in a rural Chinese adult population. Methods The Handan Eye Study was a population-based longitudinal study, with 6830 eligible subjects included in the baseline period, and 5394 subjects (follow-up rate: 85.3%) took part in the follow-up study. Participants had detailed eye examinations and physical examinations; a detailed questionnaire was also well administered. Fundus tessellation was defined as well-defined choroidal vessels that can be observed clearly around the fovea as well as around the arcade vessels. Results Among 6830 subjects who participated in the baseline study, the prevalence of fundus tessellation was 9.89% (95%CI: 9.22-10.58%). The prevalence of fundus tessellation increased with age; that of subjects aged younger than 50 years and those aged 50 years or older was 2.5% and 14.5%, respectively. Six years later, the cumulative 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation was 1.21% (95%CI: 1.03-1.40%). Similarly, the incidence of fundus tessellation also increased with age; that of participants aged younger than 50 years and those aged 50 years or older was 0.20% and 1.86%, respectively. The progression rate of fundus tessellation in those with fundus tessellation at baseline was 1.5% (95% CI: 0.82%, 2.38%). By multivariable analysis, subjects being older (OR: 1.079, P < 0.001) and havingβ-parapapillary atrophy at baseline (OR: 2.657, P = 0.002) were associated with a higher risk of incidence of fundus tessellation. Conclusions The prevalence and 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation were 9.89% and 1.21% in rural Chinese adults aged 30 + years, respectively. The progression rate in participants with fundus tessellation indicates the importance of regular follow-up for these patients.