This study elucidates the functional characteristics of VfSBP4, VfSBP10, VfSBP12 and VfSBP17 under disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. It provides key genetic targets for the molecular breeding of stress-tolerant faba bean varieties. As an important food crop worldwide, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production is limited by various stresses. The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP) transcription factors play essential roles in regulating plant biological processes. However, knowledge regarding Vicia faba SBPs remains limited. In this study, 21 members of the Vicia faba SBP gene family were identified and designated as VfSBPs, characterized as nucleus-localized unstable hydrophilic proteins. Comprehensive analysis indicates that VfSBPs contain numerous elements related to disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Functional analysis indicates that VfSBP4 and VfSBP17 influence plant stress resistance by reducing immune-regulatory responses and disrupting reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, thereby promoting pathogen infection. Conversely, VfSBP10 and VfSBP12 enhance resistance by inhibiting pathogen infection and maintaining ROS balance. Under drought and salt stress conditions, VfSBP4 and VfSBP17 overexpression increased stomatal aperture and water loss, exacerbating leaf wilting, whereas VfSBP10 and VfSBP12 overexpression reduced water loss and ROS accumulation, improving stress tolerance.

Pepper is a high-economic-value vegetable that faces increasing biotic stresses and environment threatens. The cation/H+ exchangers (CHX) participate in regulating plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation, yet their roles in pepper remain largely unexplored. Here, 21 CapsicumannuumCaCHXs were identified from reference genome. They contain transmembrane domains and are hydrophilic proteins, which supporting their cell and organelle membranes localization. CaCHX promoter reigns contain abundant cis-regulatory elements that functionally associated with light-, growth-, development-, and stress-responses. Transcriptomic profiling and qRT-PCR further demonstrated the induction expression patterns of CaCHXs during growth regulation and stress responses. Notably, CaCHX9, CaCHX20, and CaCHX21, whose localization in the cell membrane was experimentally confirmed, and showed a strong response under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Functional analyses revealed that CaCHX9\20\21 attenuate the plant immunity by inhibiting pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disrupting ROS homeostasis, thereby facilitating pathogen infection. Additionally, CaCHX9\20\21 significantly enhanced the salt and drought tolerance by reducing the water loss rat, maintaining stomatal opening, and decreasing the accumulation of ROS, thus alleviating leaf wilting under stress. This study provides the first genome-wide characterization of CaCHXs in pepper and establishes a fundamental basis for investigating the functional mechanism of CaCHX9, CaCHX20, and CaCHX21 in stress regulation.

Ginger possesses both significant edible and medicinal value. Sprouting of ginger is a critical phase that influences the yield and quality of the crop. While silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are known to promote the growth of ginger, their impact on sprouting remains unclear. The results show that sprouting 100 mg L-1 SiNPs (SiNP100) significantly improved ginger sprouting rate and respiratory intensity while reducing weight loss. It also elevated fructose, sucrose, and glucose contents, as well as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), neutral invertase (NI), acid invertase (AI) activities, indicating that SiNP100 is associated with enhanced sprouting by modulating sugar metabolism. Concurrently, starch content decreased and alpha- and beta-amylase activities increased. Hormonal profiling showed that SiNP100 increased auxin (IAA), trans-zeatin (TZR), isoamylalkenyladenin (IP), and gibberellic acid (GA3) levels, while decreasing abscisic acid (ABA), further supporting its role in promoting sprouting. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR validated that SiNP100 significantly enriched the plant hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, upregulating genes related to sugar transport and metabolism (ZoSweet7, ZoSSIVa, ZoSPS1, and ZoSUS5). Field trials over two consecutive years confirmed that SiNP100 application improved ginger growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and ultimately yield and quality. This study demonstrated the potential of SiNPs to improve seed sprouting and promote ginger growth under field conditions.

Fusarium graminearum, the predominant causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, severely impacts global food security by reducing crop yields and contaminating grains with health-threatening mycotoxins. Galactofuranose (Galf), a critical cell wall component, is vital for fungal cellular integrity, virulence, and stress tolerance. Notably, the activated form UDP-Galf is synthesized in the cytoplasm but requires translocation to the Golgi lumen, implying the existence of an unidentified transporter. This study identified and characterized FgUgtD, a putative UDP-Galf transporter from F. graminearum belonging to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. Through subcellular localization, gene knockout, and functional complementation assays, we investigated its role in fungal biology and virulence. FgUgtD localized to the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Its disruption caused severe phenotypic defects: (1) impaired hyphal growth and asexual reproduction, (2) complete loss of ascospore formation, (3) cell wall disorganization with chitin depletion, (4) hypersensitivity to galactose, and (5) > 80% reduction in virulence on wheat and maize-all rescued by genetic complementation. Crucially, the absence of UDP-Galf biosynthesis in plants and animals highlights FgUgtD as a promising antifungal target for controlling FHB.

A possible model of the effect of SiNP200 treatment on wheat seed and seedling growth and development. Red arrows represent up-regulation and blue arrows represent down-regulation.

Faba bean is a vital food and industrial crop, yet its production is increasingly threatened by various stresses. SWEETs, a class of plant-specific genes, play essential roles in plant stress responses. However, knowledge regarding Vicia faba SWEETs remains limited. In this study, 27 VfSWEETs were identified from the faba bean genome. A comprehensive analysis revealed that these genes are under strong purifying selection and primarily encode hydrophobic proteins localized to the plasma membrane, featuring the characteristic MtN3_slv domain. Promoters of VfSWEETs were found to contain numerous stress-responsive cis-elements, suggesting their involvement in stress responses and growth regulation in faba bean. Notably, VfSWEET19 and VfSWEET26 were upregulated under drought and salt stress; both encode plasma membrane-localized galactose transporters. These transporters attenuate plant immunity by inhibiting pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disrupting ROS homeostasis, thereby facilitating pathogen infection. Additionally, they enhance drought and salt tolerance by reducing stomatal aperture and improving water retention, which contributes to better water status, scavenging ROS, and alleviating leaf wilting under stress. In conclusion, this study highlights the dual role of galactose transporters VfSWEET19 and VfSWEET26 in attenuating plant immunity while enhancing drought and salt tolerance, offering valuable candidate genes for resistance breeding.

In addition to its indispensable role in photosynthesis, Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Lhc) is also involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the specific roles of Vicia faba VfLhcs in photosynthesis and stress tolerance remain unclear. Here, in silico analysis and in vivo assays were conducted to investigate the characteristics and functions of VfLhcs. Phylogenetic analysis grouped 23 VfLhcs into three subfamilies. Their promoter regions were enriched with cis-elements responsive to light, plant hormones, abiotic stress, and plant growth and development. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that VfLhcs were highly expressed in chlorophyll-containing tissues and exhibited stress-specific regulation. Drought stress (20 % PEG-6000, 72 h) induced a 4.9- to 50.1-fold upregulation in roots, whereas salt stress (200 mM NaCl, 72 h) and darkness (0 h light/24 h dark, 72 h) reduced expression by 93.0–99.3 % and 78.2–100.0 %, respectively. Confocal microscopy confirmed that VfLhcs were localized in chloroplasts. Overexpression of VfLhcb1.5, VfLhcb3.3, and VfLhcb4 increased chlorophyll content by 20.0 -35.7 %, which in turn enhanced the net photosynthetic rate by 13.5–23.1 %. Under various stress conditions, VfLhcb1.5, VfLhcb4, and VfLhca4 promoted significant over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting ROS homeostasis. While this enhanced response improved tolerance to abiotic stresses, it paradoxically facilitated infection by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, suggesting that these genes may act as susceptibility factors under biotic stress. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of VfLhcs highlights their roles in photosynthesis and responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses, providing a foundation for further exploration of their functional mechanisms.

Drought stress (DS) is a primary environmental factor that limits the production of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been shown to enhance drought resistance in ginger by modulating water relations. However, the specific impact of SiNPs on the antioxidant and glyoxalase system responses to DS remains unclear. To investigate the impact of SiNP100 on photosynthetic and antioxidant metabolism in ginger under DS, four treatments were designed in this study: control (CK), drought stress (DS), silica nanoparticles (SiNP100) application, and the combined treatment of DS and SiNP100 (DS + SiNP100). The results showed that SiNP100 alleviated DS-induced damage by improving photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, and the efficiency of photosystems I and II. DS significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and methylglyoxal (MG), thereby inducing oxidative stress. SiNP100 mitigated this effect by reducing ROS accumulation and enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, SiNP100 boosted the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle by increasing the activities of key enzymes (APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR) and upregulating the expression of ZoDHAR2, ZoAPX1, and ZoGR2. This leads to higher ascorbate and glutathione levels in ginger. SiNP100 also bolstered the glyoxalase system, as evidenced by increased activities of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II), alongside the upregulation of ZoGLY1 expression, thereby promoting methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification. In conclusion, SiNP100 enhances drought tolerance in ginger by reinforcing the antioxidant defense system, AsA-GSH cycle, and methylglyoxal detoxification system, thereby protecting photosynthetic metabolism and promoting growth.

The AP2/ERFs not only participate in regulating signal networks, but they also play important roles in the process of plant growth and stress response. However, systematic research of AP2/ERF in Vicia faba is lacking. In this study, VfAP2/ERF was systematically identified and their characteristics were comprehensively analyzed. In total, 145 VfAP2/ERFs were identified, which were unevenly distributed across six chromosomes, and according to phylogenetic relationships, VfAP2/ERFs could be classified into five subgroups. Cis-elements analysis showed that VfAP2/ERF promoters harbored numerous elements functionally relating to light response, plant hormone, abiotic stress response, and plant growth and development response. Expression profiling analysis indicated that VfAP2/ERFs were broadly expressed during growth and development, and were responsive to drought and salt stresses. RT-qPCR revealed that six VfAP2/ERF genes were upregulated under drought and salt stress. Inoculation assay showed that VfAP2-1 and VfERF-99 could enhance resistance to pathogens. Further research shows that VfAP2-1 and VfERF-99 positively influence ROS homeostasis, resulting in the accumulation of H2O2 and O2 - under abiotic and biotic stresses, which inhibited the colonization of pathogens. Additionally, VfAP2-1 and VfERF-99 could significantly increase the content of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll, suggesting their possible roles in promoting photosynthesis. This study comprehensively analyzed VfAP2/ERFs and preliminarily explored the function of VfAP2-1 and VfERF-99 in biotic/abiotic stresses and photosynthesis, which laid the foundation for deciphering their functional mechanisms.

Waterlogging stress is a global factor limiting agricultural productivity. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) can improve the tolerance of plants to waterlogging stress, but their function and regulatory mechanisms in ginger are still unclear. Therefore, the effect of SiNP200 on ginger under waterlogging stress was investigated. Results showed that waterlogging stress had adverse effects on the growth, photosynthesis and plant water content of ginger seedlings. SiNP200 treatment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, reduced oxidative damage to leaf cells, and alleviated plant senescence and wilting. Additionally, SiNP200 application increased leaf relative water content by 9.61% under waterlogging stress, thus maintaining osmotic balance and increasing the water state of the whole plant. Besides, SiNP200 enhanced root growth and significantly increased root hydraulic conductivity (Lp, by up to 113.46%) in ginger seedlings. This improvement was further supported by the upregulated expression of aquaporin genes, including ZoPIP1;3, ZoTIP2;2, and ZoNIP2;6, which collectively facilitated water absorption and elevated tissue water content. Under waterlogging conditions, the activities of anaerobic respiratory enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), significantly increased. Following SiNP200 treatment, the activities of ADH and LDH were further enhanced, potentially intensifying anaerobic respiration in ginger seedling roots. This enhancement may enable the roots to better adapt to the dramatic reduction in soil oxygen levels, thereby improving their tolerance to waterlogged environments. Therefore, this study will help to better understand the role of SiNP200 in alleviating waterlogging stress and provide a foundation for using SiNPs in plants to offset the negative effects of abiotic stress.

Autophagy is a conserved and unique degradation system in eukaryotic cells, which plays crucial roles in the growth, development and pathogenesis of Fungi. Despite that, it is poorly understood in Fusarium graminearum currently. Here, we identified an autophagy gene FgAtg27 from F. graminearum, and investigated its possible roles in regulating morphogenesis and pathogenicity. Results showed that FgAtg27 is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg27 and with an active signal peptide at N-terminal. Then, the ΔFgAtg27 mutant was generated and gene deletion did not change growth and sporulation, whereas significantly decreased pathogenicity. FgAtg27 showed subcellular localization at pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS). After starvation induction, amount of autophagosomes in ΔFgAtg27 was significantly less than wild type and complemented strain, indicating that FgAtg27 deletion affects the autophagosome formation in F. graminearum. Meanwhile, under high Ca2+ concentration conditions, ΔFgAtg27 exhibited slowed growth, confirming that FgAtg27 also involved in F. graminearum's hyperosmotic reaction to Ca2+ concentration stress. In addition, yeast two-hybrid experiments, revealed that FgAtg27 interacts with the autophagy key protein FgAtg9. Collectively, we found that the deletion of FgAtg27 did not impact the growth phenotype of F. graminearum, whereas significantly reduced its pathogenicity and Ca2+ stress through affecting autophagic process.

Waterlogging stress is an important environmental factor that limits global agricultural productivity. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been proven to enhance the tolerance of plants to waterlogging stress. However, the exact SiNPs-regulated waterlogging stress response mechanism in pepper remains unknown. The present study examined the influence of 300 mg/L silicon nanoparticles (SiNP300) on germination, emergence, and subsequent growth of pepper seedlings under waterlogging stress. During the early developmental phase, SiNP300 accelerated germination (36.70

Multiple infections (multi-infection), either sequential or simultaneous, affecting a single plant or crop are now considered common in plant disease epidemics. The consequences of multi-infection have been studied from the aspects of pathogen virulence, accumulation, transmission, and epidemics, as well as genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary trajectory. However, the dynamic changes of host defense response during multi-infection are much unclear. In this study, Rs (Ralstonia solanacearum) and Pp (Phytophthora parasitica) were used to simulate the multi-infection and uncover the defense response changes of tobacco. Results showed that the lesion diameter of Rs+Pp was 350% higher than that of Pp and 54.2% higher than that of Rs, indicating that co-infection with Rs and Pp makes tobacco more susceptible to disease. Further analysis showed that co-infection could increase the contents of Aseorbate peroxidase (APX) and Peroxidase (POD), thus lead to the excessive accumulation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, most pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were down-regulated, revealing that the immune defense response was disturbed by co-infection and resulted in susceptibility. Our study preliminarily reveals the underlying ways that Rs and Pp co-infection suppress the host defense response, which will provide a theoretical basis for scientific, reasonable and effective tobacco disease management.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a widely cultivated grain crop and a significant source of dietary carbohydrates. In 2019 and 2022, leaf blight disease was observed on rice in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, China, that causal fungus was isolated from the disease lesions. Based on the morphological characteristics, sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA region and pathogenicity tests, it is identified as Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) Ellis (1971), which is morphologically considered as Trichoconiella padwickii (Ganguly) Jain (1975). However, its molecular phylogeny is rare to know. According to the phylogenetic analysis of ITS, large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) gene regions, the species should not belong to the genus Alternaria, which is the genus Trichoconiella in Pleosporaceae. This is the first report of leaf blight on rice caused by Trichoconiella padwickii in China and the determination of the phylogenetic position for Trichoconiella in Pleosporaceae.

Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphidinae), a major pest of Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim), causes significant agricultural damage. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has shown potential as a source for developing botanical pesticides due to its strong bacteriostatic and insecticidal properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the repellent activity of ginger shoot extract (GSE) across four solvent phases—petroleum ether, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol—against A. gossypii. The results demonstrated that GSE exhibited significant repellent effects, with the methanol phase showing the most pronounced activity. Twelve fractions were chromatographically separated from the methanol phase, and electroantennography (EAG) analysis revealed that fraction 4 induced strong EAG responses in both winged and wingless aphids. Further identification of active compounds in fraction 4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) indicated the presence of terpenes, aromatics, alkanes, esters, and phenols as major constituents. Subsequent EAG analysis identified several key compounds—octahydro-pentalene (C1), (Z)-cyclooctene (C2), dimethylstyrene (C3), tetramethyl-heptadecane (C5), tetrahydro-naphthalene (C6), and heptacosane (C9)—as responsible for eliciting EAG responses in both aphid forms. Additionally, results from Y-tube olfactometer assays showed that (Z)-cyclooctene and heptacosane were significantly attractive, while octahydro-pentalene acted as a strong repellent to both winged and wingless aphids. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of synthetic attractants and repellents for A. gossypii and provide a theoretical foundation for utilizing ginger in the creation of botanical pesticides targeting this pest.

Chitosan exhibits efficacy in controlling ginger diseases, yet its systemic regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. This study explored the potential mechanisms underlying chitosan-regulated resistance by conducting physiological, comparative transcriptome, and metabolome analyses in Fusarium solani-inoculated ginger rhizomes with and without chitosan treatment. Chitosan treatment decreased decay severity and water loss, and reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. Chitosan increased PAL, C4H, and CHI activities, along with elevated levels of lignin, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and the accumulation of suberin polyphenolic. RNA-seq analysis identified 1158 differentially expressed genes, predominantly involved in active oxygen and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Metabolomics identified 226 differential metabolites, including numerous phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. Integrated RNA-seq and metabolome analyses revealed chitosan's regulatory impact on gene expression and metabolite accumulation in the phenylpropanoid metabolism. These findings provide novel insights into chitosan's mechanisms against Fusarium solani. .

Some transporters play important roles in the uptake and acropetal xylem translocation of vectorized agrochemicals. However, it is poorly understood the basipetally phloem-loading functions of transporters toward vectorized agrochemicals. Here, L-Val-PCA (L-valine-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid conjugate) uptake was demonstrated carrier-mediated. RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 showed a similarly up-regulated expression pattern from 62 transporter coding genes in Ricinus at 1 h after L-Val or L-Val-PCA treatment. Subcellular localization revealed that fusion RcAAP2-eGFP, RcANT7-eGFP and RcLHT1-eGFP proteins were expressed in the plasma membrane of mesophyll and phloem cells. Yeast assays found that RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 facilitated L-Val-PCA uptake. To further demonstrate the phloem-loading functions, using vacuum infiltration strategy, an Agrobacterium-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) protocol was constructed in seedlings. HPLC detection indicated that L-Val-PCA phloem sap concentrations were significantly decreased 54.5 %, 27.6 %, and 41.6 % after silencing for 72 h and increased 48.3 %, 52.6 %, and 52.4 % after overexpression, respectively. In conclusion, the plasma membrane-located RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 can loaded L-Val-PCA into Ricinus sieve tubes for the phloem translocation, which may aid in the utilization of transporters and molecular design of phloem-mobile fungicides target root or vascular pathogens.

Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) refer to the spontaneous formation of disease-like spots on leaves without any obvious pathogen infection. The LMM genes can regulate plant immunity, thus promoting the defense of crops against pathogens. However, there is a lack of systematic understanding of the regulatory mechanism of LMMs in wheat. This study identified a wheat LMM TaCAT2, a homolog of the Arabidopsis CAT2. The prediction of the cis-regulatory element revealed that TaCAT2 was involved in the response of plants to various hormones and stresses. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that TaCAT2 was significantly up-regulated by NaCl, drought, and Fusarium graminearum infection. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the TaCAT2 was localized to the peroxisome. Overexpression of TaCAT2 enhanced plant resistance to Phytophthora infestation and F. graminearum by constitutionally activating SA and JA pathways. VIGS of TaCAT2 enhanced the sensitivity of wheat to F. graminearum. Further, TaCAT2 enhanced stress resistance by scavenging the excessive ROS and increasing the activities of antioxidative enzymes. This study lays the basis for the functional identification of TaCAT2 and its applicability in the disease resistance of wheat.

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) play important roles in mediating plant growth and resistance against biotic/abiotic stresses. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear in pepper. Here, the influences of SiNPs on pepper seed germination, as well as on plant growth and yield, were investigated. The results showed that SiNP300 (300 mg/L SiNPs) could significantly improve germination of salt-stressed seeds and increase the germination rate, germination index, and radicle length by 3.8 %, 40.7 %, and 19.4 %, respectively. Further analysis revealed that SiNP300 decreased the activities of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein, proline (Pro), H2O2, and O-2(center dot-) of salt-stressed pepper seeds. Meanwhile, Schiff and Evans blue staining analysis showed that SiNP300 could reduce lipid peroxidation and improve plasma membrane integrity of salt-stressed pepper plumule. Under field condition, SiNP300 treatment increased the germination rate, growth and development, net photosynthetic rate, and yield per plant. Moreover, SiNP300 could increase leaves cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid contents by 1.66-fold, 2.27-fold, and 20.8-fold, which potentially contribute to the promoted pepper growth and yield in field. Besides, SiNP300 increased the activity of peroxidase and decreased the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the leaves and decreased the activities of POD, CAT, and SOD in the roots, which may better maintain the balance of defense response and growth in field. This study indicates that SiNP300 promote the germination of salt-stressed pepper seeds and improve the growth and yield of pepper in the field, which established theoretical basis for the potential utilization of SiNPs in agricultural practices.

Circular RNA (circRNAs) are covalently closed RNA molecules formed through back-splicing of precursor mRNA, and are widely present in eukaryotes. They regulate linear mRNA expression and perform various biological functions, such as acting as miRNA sponges, interacting with proteins to modulate pathways, and influencing protein translation. CircRNAs have been extensively studied for their significant roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review provides a comprehensive summary of bioinformatics tools, online databases, characteristics, research methods, potential biological functions and molecular mechanisms of circRNA in plants. It specifically explores strategies for investigating circRNAs, including techniques for overexpression, silencing, and knockdown. Furthermore, it highlights molecular studies on circRNA roles in plant growth and stress responses. The mechanisms discussed include circRNA acting as miRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, interacting with proteins, and exhibiting potential translational functions. By offering a detailed overview of plant circRNAs, this review aims to enhance researchers´ understanding and provide valuable insights for future circRNA studies.