Developing cost-effective and high-performance non-precious electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as alternatives to substitute platinum (Pt)-based remains a formidable bottleneck for large-scale industrial water electrolysis. Herein, a molten salt synthetic route to fabricate a series of composite materials composed of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles incorporated on carbon materials (denoted Ni/C-m) for efficient alkaline HER electrocatalyst. The ratio between Ni and C of the composite materials Ni/C-m can be modulated by tuning the mass of carbon material precursor. Benefiting from optimized component proportions, the optimal Ni/C-1.0 sample exhibits an overpotential of −106 mV at the current density of −10 mA cm−2 and long-term durability under alkaline solution. The outstanding HER electrocatalytic performance originates from the well conductive of carbon materials and the synergistic interaction between Ni nanoparticles and C. This study offers a straightforward, scalable synthetic method to construct affordable and high-efficiency non-precious HER electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Herein, Ni nanoparticles incorporated on carbon materials (Ni/C) were synthesized via molten salt strategy. Through regulate the mass of carbon materials precursor, the molar ratio between Ni and carbon materials of Ni/C can be adjusted. The synergistic interaction between Ni and carbon material can enhances the Ni/C electrocatalyst HER performance. As-prepared Ni/C electrocatalyst possess the optimal ratio of Ni and carbon materials which exhibits an excellent HER performance with an low overpotential of −106 mV at the current density of −10 mA cm−2 and long-term stability. This work open a new insight for fabricating and designing transition metal electrocatalysts for industrial hydrogen production.

The fabrication of highly efficient and stable non-noble metal hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is of paramount significance for alleviating the energy and environmental crises. Herein, nickel (Ni) nanoparticles anchored on a carbon layer dispersed on carbon materials (Ni/C) are synthesized via a facile one-step thermal treatment. The nanostructure can facilitate mass transfer, expose more active sites and promote hydrogen (H2) gas release. Benefiting from these advantages, Ni/C-0.8 exhibits excellent electrocatalytic HER performance. The overpotential of Ni/C-0.8 is -132 mV at -10 mA cm-2, and its Tafel slope is 117 mV dec-1 in an alkaline solution. Additionally, Ni/C-0.8 exhibits remarkable stability during long-term testing. This work offers a new avenue for designing and fabricating non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the electrocatalytic HER.

The development of low-cost, high-performance, flexible and remotely monitored self-powered sensor systems present significant challenges in field of wearable electronics. In this paper, two-dimensional layered MXene with porous surface and wide interlayer spacing was synthesized by hydrazine-ice crystal-assisted technology. And nanocomposite (P-MX) with interweaving 1D polyaniline fibers evenly between layers and surface of 2D MXene was synthesized through interface polymerization. By simple printing process, the wearable gas sensor and supercapacitor were fabricated easily. Simulation calculations and experiments conducted on samples revealed that, compared to conventional methods, the synthesized composite exhibited higher binding energy (-2.46 eV) and charge transfer frequency (0.91 e- ) at interfaces. Meanwhile, owing to the synergistic effect between composite's structure and surface functional groups, alongside the formation of interfacial heterojunctions, the nanocomposite showed remarkable energy storage capabilities (specific capacitance reaching 961.5 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, with a capacitance retention exceeding 91% after 10,000 consecutive cycles) and NH3 sensitivity (response exceeding 488% within 91 s at 10 ppm, with a sensitivity to 1869 Omega/ppm). Finally, a portable self-powered sensor system was developed based on microcontroller and bluetooth technology, enabling non-invasive real-time detection of NH3 breath biomarkers. This work is expected to provide direction and a theoretical foundation for the design of other wearable sensors.

Supercapacitors, as a new type of energy storage device, have attracted major attention due to their large energy storage capacity, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. Thereinto, the electrode material directly affects its energy storage performance, the electrode materials with good electrochemical performance were the focus of this paper. Thus, PPy was prepared by chemical oxidation in this study. According to XRD and SEM patterns, it was found to have low crystallinity, amorphous properties, high purity, spherical shape and uniform size distribution. It was also found that the size of PPy nanoparticles decreased with the increase of ammonium persulfate (APS), but the increase of APS had no effect on the crystal structure. In addition, the electrochemical performance of polypyrrole was investigated by changing the ratio of pyrrole to APS (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2). When the ratio of Py to APS was 1:1, it was observed through the CV curve that PPy had the largest CV closed integral curve area and the best electrochemical performance when the scanning rate was 30mV/s. Meanwhile, the GCD and specific capacitance curves also showed that PPy had the longest discharge time and the largest specific capacity (212.3 F/g) when the current density was 0.5A/g and the voltage window was 0–0.6 V. In addition, PPy at this ratio showed good rate capability (65

Developing metal nanoparticle (NP)/carbon composite nanomaterials as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via a facile and low-cost strategy has attracted wide attention over the past decade. Herein, a series of nickel nanoparticle/carbon material (Ni/C-m) composite electrocatalysts have been successfully synthesized via a simple molten salt pyrolysis method. Characterization studies demonstrated that carbon materials can effectively prevent Ni nanoparticle aggregation and adjust the electron cloud density in Ni/C-m samples. During the preparation of Ni/C-m, the carbon content can be adjusted by varying the mass of sodium citrate, and an appropriate carbon content can enhance electron transfer and promote electrocatalytic HER activity. Ni/C-m exhibits better electrocatalytic HER activity than the Ni sample which is prepared without the carbon material precursor. The as-prepared Ni/C-0.8 composite electrocatalyst exhibits the lowest overpotentials among all Ni/C-m samples (-109 mV at -10 mA cm-2 and -397 mV at -200 mA cm-2) and long-term stability. This research presents a new method for fabricating and designing a cost-effective, high-performance HER electrocatalyst for practical water splitting applications.

The application of software defined network (SDN) management technology is facing some issues, such as the high payment cost of inter-domain routing and unclear subdomain division of multi-path. Herein, a least-cost payment algorithm based on quality of service (QoS) network assurance and an inter-domain multipath routing control algorithm in SDNs associated with density peaks clustering (DPC) classification has been put forward. By setting QoS network evaluation metrics and introducing the SDN control layer, the network's lowest cost inter-domain multipath routing communication is realized. In addition, two subdomain division evaluation parameters, namely inter-domain separation and intra-domain aggregation are introduced, and the shortcomings of DPC class algorithms are corrected to improve the accuracy of SDN subdomain division and inter-domain multipath control. The experiment results indicate that the network latency of the least-cost payment algorithm is about 60 s in accessing 50 cloud platform service providers, and the cache occupancy rate of cloud platform service providers reaches about 85

CoMoO4 bimetallic oxides have been regarded as promising electrocatalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) due to the synergistic interaction between the superior conductivity of Mo and the excellent redox capacity of Co. Surface atom tailoring has been widely applied to adjust the electronic structure and thereby promote the electrocatalytic performance of CoMoO4. However, the introduction of functional groups to improve the surface electrocatalytic active sites and electronic structure of CoMoO4 has been scarcely reported. Hydroxyl radicals play a significant role in surface electrocatalytic reactions. Thus, an appropriate surface engineering strategy can be used to efficiently promote the response of CoMoO4 to hydroxyl radicals. For instance, erythritol possesses numerous hydroxyl groups, which is selected herein to regulate the surface structures and electrocatalytic performance of CoMoO4 nanotubes. Erythritol-regulated CoMoO4 (CoMoO4-E) nanotubes exhibit more active sites, demonstrate favorable electron interaction, facilitate charge transfer and ion transport, and enhance hydrogen/oxygen gas diffusion. Thus, CoMoO4-E nanotubes show excellent electrocatalytic HER and OER activities in alkaline solution, exhibiting an HER performance of -87 mV at -10 mA cm-2 and -398 mV at -400 mA cm-2 and an OER performance of 254 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and 407 mV at 150 mA cm-2. Our findings provide a new insight to facilitate the development of bimetallic oxides and their electrocatalysts for the HER/OER.

V3O7⋅H2O is a new energy storage material with great potential for application, which has a higher theoretical capacitance and was considered to be the most promising electrode material. However, its inherent structural instability and inferior energy storage capacity remain critical bottlenecks impeding practical advancement. In this work, a novel two-dimensional V3O₇⋅H2O@PANI heterostructured composite was developed via a sequential synthetic protocol, integrating hydrothermal synthesis of V3O₇⋅H2O nanolayers with in-situ oxidative polymerization for PANI surface functionalization. Moreover, the optimal performance composite was obtained by adjusting the ratio between V3O7⋅H2O and PANI (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5). Experimental results demonstrate that the V3O₇⋅H2O@PANI (1:3) composite exhibits superior electrochemical performance, attributed to the synergistic enhancement from the integrated components. Specifically, this composite delivers an impressive capacity (363 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g), coupled with remarkable cycling durability (approximately 70% capacitance retention). In conclusion, the V3O7⋅H2O@PANI as the electrode material with core-shell structure was prepared by in-situ polymerization for supercapacitors, which was feasible and also opened up new thinking for the field of energy storage materials.

The development of wearable electronic devices has higher demands on energy supply, miniaturization and integration, but there were few reports with the above advantages. In this paper, PANI(polyaniline)@V2O5 nanocomposites with different structures were synthesized by doping polymerization and in-situ growth techniques, and were fabricated as building blocks of energy-storage gas sensors. The H bond between hollow spherical V2O5 and aniline promoted the growth of aniline on V2O5 and the stability during charging process was improved. The fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor possessed high specific capacitance of over 304F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g, and with excellent energy and power density. After 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate exceeded 93 %. The intertwining of PANI on porous flower-like V2O5 also facilitated the formation of P-N heterojunction between the interface of the materials, which significantly improved its NH3 sensitivity. The prepared PVF film owning excellent response value (2.73 %/ppm), outstanding service life (more than 60 days) and fast response/recovery time (53 s/48 s), which were all better than single PANI. Finally, to meet actual demands, by integrating the supercapacitor, sensing film, singlechip control system and alarm module, the paper built a set of miniaturized and portable NH3 detection system, which realized the three-stage early warning of pork from fresh to sub-fresh and then to corruption. Alongside assessments of food, it is believed that the energy- storage gas sensing system can open up a new way for non-invasive respiratory diagnosis and industrial or agricultural pollutant detection in the future.

Solid-state metal batteries utilizing nonflammable solid electrolytes are widely regarded as promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their inherent safety and high energy density. However, the practical deployment of Na3Zr2Si2PO,2(NZSP) is hindered by its intrinsically high sintering temperature, insufficient ionic conductivity at room temperature, and persistent interfacial issues. In this work, high-performance NZSP solid-state electrolytes are fabricated through the incorporation of CuO as a sintering aid. The effects of CuO addition on the crystalline structure, microstructural evolution, densification behavior, and electrochemical performance of NZSP are systematically and comprehensively examined. Notably, the sintering temperature of Na3Zr2Si2PO,2-3 wt%%CuO (NZSP-3CuO) is significantly reduced from 1250 degrees C to 1100 degrees C, at which it achieves a high relative density of 97 % and a remarkable room-temperature ionic conductivity of 7.4 x 10-4 S cm-1, accompanied by a lowered activation energy of 0.25 eV. The Na/NZSP-3CuO/Na symmetric cell exhibits prolonged cycling stability, operating continuously for 836.1 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2 with a low overpotential. Furthermore, the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP)/NZSP-3CuO/Na solid-state battery delivers a discharge capacity of 94.4 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles, with a capacity retention of 96.6 % at room temperature.

Breakthroughs in flexible electronic devices achieved through the development of high-conductive polymers, fabrication of flexible electrode materials, micro-nano-fabrication and integration of energy harvesting technology are discussed.

As a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, Ni(OH)(2) is very attractive owing to its superior theoretical specific capacitance; however, its inferior cycling stability remains a barrier. Herein, we constructed a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Ni(OH)(2) heterojunction via a facile electrostatic self-assembly route, in which Ni(OH)(2) nanoflakes were planted on the surface of the rGO substrate, resulting in an increased specific surface area and accelerated electron/ion transport while inheriting the outstanding cycling stability of rGO. The optimal rGO/Ni(OH)(2) electrode afforded a great specific capacitance of 2251.6 F/g at 2 A/g and a remarkable cycling stability of similar to 104.9 % after 5000 cycles. The rGO/Ni(OH)(2)//activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) achieved an outstanding energy density of 35.4 Wh/kg at 775 W/kg and a cycling durability of similar to 98.8 % after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, two HSCs were connected in series to light 27 parallel red LEDs for more than 210 s, exhibiting enormous application prospects in supercapacitors.

Despite the fact that Zinc-Iodine batteries (ZIBs) stand out as ideal candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage, their practical application is severely hindered. The main obstacles include the cathode interface of shuttle effect, the growth of zinc dendrites on the anode, and the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, we systematically review the progress of interface regulation in ZIBs, focusing on modification strategies for four key components. These strategies aim to enhance interface stability and address the bottlenecks limiting the cycle life and rate performance of ZIBs, including modifications to improve cathode interfacial reaction kinetics and structural stability, regulations to suppress zinc dendrite growth and reduce passivation layer formation, modifications to optimize the interfacial Zn2+ transport environment, and regulations to enhance the interfacial compatibility between electrodes and electrolytes. Furthermore, this review outlines the future development directions of interface regulation for ZIBs, elaborating on the aforementioned strategies in a classified manner, providing technical references for the research and development of high-performance ZIBs.

There is an increasing demand for monitoring ammonia in livestock farming, which can prevent livestock products from being contaminated by bacteria and viruses. As a prospective material for resistive sensors, polypyrrole (PPy) still suffers from low sensitivity and poor selectivity. Herein, zinc-tetra(p-sulfonylphenyl) porphyrin (Zntpp) particles are anchored on the PPy network by a one-step mild electrodeposition route to form a resistive sensor with the wrinkle-like nanostructure. The optimal PPy/Zntpp (Pzt) sensor demonstrates an outstanding response value of 104.3 % toward ammonia with a response/recovery time of 42/223 s, compared with that of PPy (7.2 % in response and 47/230 s). The durability and stabilities have been explored, and the limit of detection for Pzt is calculated to be similar to 8.63 ppm, which enables trace ammonia in livestock farming. Additionally, the sensing mechanism can be attributed to the p-n heterojunction. Furthermore, a wireless sensor device that consists of a Pzt sensory unit, a microcomputer, and a Bluetooth module is assembled, and the concentration information can be read precisely in real-time by a smartphone, indicating the great application prospects in the field of livestock farming.

Reliable self-powered provision and stretchability are significant challenges for achieving portable gas detection, but reports have difficulties to achieve either so far. In this paper, 2D layered PANI@MoS2 composite with promising energy storage and NH3-sensitive properties was synthesized by NH4+ insertion and in-situ growth technique. Because of the unique layered structure facilitating rapid reversible diffusion of charge ions, the energy storage properties of composite was significantly improved (838.7 F/g at 1A/g current density), and the assembled device could power a LED bulb for more than 20 min. Furthermore, due to the formation of p-n heterojunction and Schottky barrier between PANI and MoS2, as well as the enhancement of PANI’s structure and dispersion via polystyrene sulfonic acid along with nylon filter membrane, the sensitivity of sensor film exceeded 287 Ω/ppm, and the theoretical detection limit even reached 0.662 ppb by calculation. Ultimately, benefit from the outstanding stability and stretchability of the devices, by integrating the supercapacitor and sensor film, a semi-quantitative, real-time detection of spoiled food and exhaled gas from people was achieved. The self-powered sensing device was anticipated to be an important candidate in flexible wearable sensing arena.

In order to broaden the boundary of commodity packaging, give packaging more functions, establish the emotional connection between consumers and packaging, and enhance product attraction. Through questionnaire survey and data survey, this paper analyzes the necessity of interactive performance of product packaging for consumers. This paper uses literature research and image analysis to explore the interactive generation mechanism of moiré fringe packaging from the theoretical level and the practical level. The results show that consumers prefer moiré stripe product packaging with interactive performance, mainly due to the dynamic effects of moiré stripes, which are manifested in psychological gestalt psychology, physiological afterglow effect, and the displacement of the subject person. At the application level, integrating moiré stripes into packaging can break away from electronic media, achieve mutual transformation between “static” and “dynamic”, control the state and behavior of “things” by people, achieve interaction among people, things and events, enhance product competitiveness, and is expected to be widely used in packaging design.

Fruit peel color is one of the important indicators affecting fruit quality, and is also an important basis for consumers to judge the quality of the fruit. The aim of this work was to explore the changes in peel color and physico-chemical quality of citrus fruits during post-harvest storage. In this paper, three kinds of citrus fruits including Gannan navel oranges, Guangxi Orah and Honey oranges have been chosen as test materials. The basic peel color indexes (L, a, b) of different parts were determined using a spectrophotometer, and the other indexes (a =b, C, H, s, CCI) were further calculated from the formula. At the same time, the weight loss rate, decay rate, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and Brix-to-acid ratio (TSS/TA) were measured during storage. The results showed that during storage, the peel color indexes a, b and C of the three citrus species increased notably and L decreased significantly, while a =b, s and CCI of Gannan navel oranges and Guangxi Orah gradually decreased. However, the role of change in honey oranges is the opposite. The weight loss rate, decay rate, TSS/TA of all three citrus fruits gradually increased and TA content gradually decreased. The experimental results further showed that there were significant differences in the main peel color indexes between different citrus varieties during storage, and the main peel color indexes of different parts of the same variety also differed. (c) 2024 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

As a progressive electronic energy storage device, the flexible supercapacitor holds tremendous promise for powering wearable/portable electronic products. Of various pseudocapacitor materials, vanadium dioxide (VO2) has garnered extensive attention due to its impressive theoretical capacitance. However, the challenges of inferior cycling life and lower energy density to be addressed. Herein, we prepare VO2 nanorods with winding carbon nanotubes (CNT) via a facile solvothermal route, followed by in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) shell. Taking full advantage of the synergistic effect, the VO2/CNT@PANI composite delivers a high specific capacitance of 354.2F/g at 0.5 A/g and a long cycling life of ∼ 88.2 % over 5000 cycles resulting from the enhanced conductivity of CNT and stabilization of PANI shell. By screen printing the formulated inks with outstanding rheological behaviours, we manufacture an in-planar VO2/CNT@PANI symmetric supercapacitor (VO2/CNT@PANI SSC) device featuring an orderly arrangement structure. This device yields a remarkable areal energy density of 99.57 μWh/cm2 at a power density of 387.5 μW/cm2 while retaining approximately ∼ 87.6 % of its initial capacitance after prolonged use. Furthermore, we successfully powered a portable game machine for more than 2 min using two SSCs connected in series with ease. Therefore, this work presents a universal strategy that utilises combination and coating to boost electrochemical performance for flexible high-performance supercapacitors.

The integration of gas sensing unit and low-cost wireless communication equipment enables real-time detection of various environmental gases, which is of great significance for food safety, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. In this study, copper phthalocyanine powder (CuTsPc) was prepared by high temperature solid phase melting technology. Ternary ammonia sensors with exceptional sensitivity to ammonia and conductivity were successfully fabricated by growing polyaniline/copper phthalocyanine/silver nanoparticles (PANI/CuTsPc/AgNPs) composites on polyethylene terephthalate films by in -situ polymerization. The morphology and composition of the films were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM, respectively. The ammonia sensing performance of the films at room temperature was systematically investigated. It is found that the flexible PANI/CuTsPc/AgNPs gas sensor exhibited rapid response time (61 s), fast recovery time (19 s), low theoretical detection limit (0.234 ppm), high response value (3.6 towards 500 ppm NH 3 ), and excellent stability at room temperature. These remarkable response characteristics can be attributed to the synergistic effect between protonic acid -doped PANI, CuTsPc derivatives with an electron -withdrawing group, and AgNPs possessing both chemical sensitisation and electron sensitisation. Finally, the sensor material was transformed into a label antenna pattern as well as sensor transducer through series and parallel antenna loop access methods to create a wireless sensor system based on near -field communication (NFC). This system can offer real-time sensing and monitoring of changes in food packaging environment by non -contact recognition way, making it highly promising for future applications in intelligent packaging.

目的 总结导电聚合物在气体传感器中的适用情况,为后续研究低浓度混合气体导电聚合物传感器提出指导意见.方法 对导电聚合物在气体传感器中的研究现状进行梳理和分析,从合成和结构特点出发,分析不同导电聚合物(如聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩等)的作用机理,并对导电聚合物气敏材料的未来进行展望.结果 导电聚合物具有质量轻、易成型、调整范围大且电导率范围宽等优势,可通过结构设计、化学修饰、辐射交联等手段有效改善其气敏性能.结论 导电聚合物能有效弥补低浓度有害气体检测的缺口,具有十分广泛的发展前景.