Relevance. In the context of climate change, onion cultivation has become a challenge and innovative solutions are needed to support breeders and seed producers as well as farmers, starting with critical issues of seed quality. Seed priming successfully improves seed viability, which leads to rapid and uniform germination and emergence of onion seedlings.Results. Priming onion seeds can improve viability, especially under unfavorable conditions such as low/high temperatures, reduced water availability and salinity. It is a simple, low-cost and low-risk intervention that can be a useful technology for farmers and have a positive impact on their livelihoods by increasing the rate of seed germination, increasing the rate of plant development, reducing harvest time and increasing yields. Although this method is common for radish, tomato, carrot and cabbage seeds, this method is less popular for onions. This review provides an up-to-date picture of the scientific and technological advances that have contributed to increasing seed germination and vigor in onion plants to date. For large-scale commercial use, optimal priming methods and conditions tailored to different varieties or seed lots will require further extensive experimental work. It cannot be denied that seed priming technology is characterized by ease of operation, low cost and high practical value in industrial and market contexts. It can be foreseen that this technology will have wider prospects in agricultural production and green building. In addition, seed priming can effectively restore or enhance seed viability and ensure successful retention of germplasm resources and subsequent development, especially for onion seeds that rapidly lose viability.

The development of classical methods of soaking and growing seeds to the method of hydropriming and its further improvement based on the introduction of new knowledge and integrated approaches are shown. Priming is a controlled hydration of seeds (saturation with a limited amount of water), which causes the activation of metabolism, the initiation of germination (preventing the appearance of a root) and ensuring the subsequent reversibility of this process (by drying) while maintaining a stimulating effect. P.A. Genkel, who presented a thorough theoretical justification and detailed experimental confirmation of the effectiveness of pre-sowing soaking and subsequent drying (often multiple times) to increase drought and salt tolerance of plants. For a complex of methods for influencing seeds with water and osmotic solutions, W. Heidecker proposed the term priming, which is widely used in the English language, but at first did not take root in Russian literature. The characteristic of the internal reasons for the decrease in the viability of seeds, associated primarily with the aging process, during which the depletion of nutrient reserves, the accumulation of growth inhibitors, mutagens, reactive oxygen species and other harmful substances, the denaturation of proteins and nucleic acids, the oxidation of unsaturated lipids and external (abiotic and biotic), and their interactions. The article provides information about agents and methods, technical solutions and priming techniques. The role of water, conditions, factors, parameters, fundamental morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical substantiation of the germination process are described. The shortcomings of priming and ways to overcome them are outlined on the basis of an in-depth study of the metabolic processes occurring in the process of priming and subsequent germination in order to understand the mechanisms for increasing the sowing and productive properties of seeds. The necessity of maximizing the practice of applying priming, especially in difficult environmental conditions, was noted.

The influence of varietal specificity and the seeding rate on the formation of leaf surface of plants, elements of the yield structure, number of generative traits, and the yield of soybean varieties were studied. The research was carried in the Moscow region in 2021, 2022. 12 variants were planted in the experiment: four seeding rates (400, 500, 600 and 700 thousand pieces/ha) for three varieties (Bara – standard, Hidaka, Sibiryachka). In 2021, leaf apparatus development was more intensive on Hidaka plants, and the leaf area increased with a decrease in the seeding rate. On average for 2021 and 2022, the maximum leaf area of the Bara variety was formed in the variant with a seeding rate of 600 thousand pieces/ha – 33.09–40.81 thousand m2/ha. The maximum number of flowers was recorded in all the variants with a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha. In the Bara variety, the flowers were formed uniformly across the variants relative to the year of the study. Differences by 2–3 pieces per plant were noted in the variants with seeding rates of 500 and 700 thousand pieces/ha. In 2022, the number of beans in the plants of the Bara variety exceeded the index of 2021 by 6.9 % at a seeding rate of 600 thousand pieces/ha, by 28.8 % at a seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha. Excess weight of 1 thousand seeds in the Hidaka variety relative to the standard amounted to 43.2–48.4 %. Maximum weight of 1 thousand seeds was obtained in both years of the study in the variant with a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha – 220.5 and 218.9 g, respectively. The maximum yield was observed in the variety Hidaka at a seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha – 4.18 tons/ha. The gain compared to the control amounted to 18.75 %. As a result of the research it was found that the seeding rate of 400 thousand pieces/ha had a greater positive effect on soybean productivity indicators.

Vegetables play a key role in food security and nutrition as the food system shifts from food quantity to dietary quality and health benefits. One of the main reasons for the low production and declining average yields of most vegetable crops is climate change. Important limiting factors in maintaining and increasing vegetable crop yields are rising temperatures, reduced water availability for irrigation, flooding and salinity. Under changing climatic conditions, crop failures, declining quality and increasing pest and disease problems are becoming commonplace and making vegetable production unprofitable. Since many physiological processes and enzyme activity are temperature dependent, they will be greatly affected. Drought and salinity are two important effects of rising temperatures that reduce vegetable crop yields. These impacts of climate change also affect the emergence of pests and diseases, host-pathogen interactions, distribution and ecology of insects, timing of emergence, migration to new locations, and their ability to overwinter, all of which become a major barrier to vegetable production. To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on the productivity and quality of vegetable crops, sound adaptation strategies need to be developed. Emphasis should be placed on the development of production systems that improve water efficiency and are adapted to hot and dry conditions. Technological practices, such as mulching with crop residues and plastic materials, help maintain soil moisture. Excessive soil moisture due to heavy rains becomes a serious problem that can be solved by growing crops in raised beds. An effective way to solve these problems is to create genotypes that are resistant to high temperatures, moisture, salinity and resistance to climatic conditions, using traditional and non-traditional breeding methods, genomics, biotechnology, etc.

Цель настоящего исследования – выявить оптимальные нормы высева в условиях Московской области для группы новых сортов (для этого региона) овощной фасоли. В задачи входило изучить систему основных элементов продуктивности, из которых складывается урожайность. Исследования выполнены во ВНИИ овощеводства – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Опытный участок расположен в Раменском районе Московской области в пойме реки Москва. Почва опытного участка аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая, влагоемкая. Наименьшая влагоемкость пахотного слоя почвы – 29,5–30,3%, слоя почвы 40–60 см – 30,0–31,3%. Объемная масса верхнего слоя – 1,18–1,22 т/м3, нижележащих слоев – 1,22–1,24 т/м3. В качестве объектов исследования использованы четыре сорта овощной фасоли (Журавушка, Масляный король, Татьяна, Эксалто). Эксперимент организован с четырьмя повторениями. Площадь делянки – 2,5 м2. В качестве контроля выбран вариант с нормой высева 350 тыс. шт/га. Фенологические наблюдения, учет продуктивности и элементов ее составляющих, оценивали в соответствии с общепринятыми методиками. Четыре изученных сорта фасоли по-разному реагировали на изменение нормы высева от 350 до 500 тыс. шт/га. Поэтому при внедрении новых для региона сортов фасоли овощной целесообразно проводить предварительные опыты по оптимизации нормы высева. В условиях Московской области максимальную урожайность семян (3,04–3,21 т/га) обеспечили сорта Эксалто при норме высева 450 тыс. семян/га и Журавушка при норме высева 400 тыс. семян/га. ЧПФ изменялась от 3,51 до 4,90 г/м2×сут., достигая максимума у сорта Масляный король при норме высева 350 тыс. шт/га. Знание коэффициентов корреляции между компонентами семенной продуктивности и результирующим признаком – урожайностью представляет практический интерес не только в селекции, но и при разработке эффективных технологий, в том числе оптимизации нормы высева. The purpose of this study is to identify optimal seeding rates in the conditions of the Moscow region for a group of new varieties (for this region) of vegetable beans. The task was to study the system of the main elements of productivity, which make up the yield. The research was carried out at the ARRIVG – a branch of FSBSI FSVG. The pilot site is located in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow region in the floodplain of the Moscow River. The soil of the experimental site is alluvial, meadow, medium loamy, moisture-intensive. The lowest moisture capacity of the arable soil layer is 29.5–30.3%, the soil layer is 40–60 cm – 30.0–31.3%. The volume mass of the upper layer is 1.18–1.22 t/m3, the underlying layers are 1.22–1.24 t/m3. Four varieties of vegetable beans (Zhuravushka, Masljanyj korol», Tatiana, Jeksalto) were used as objects of research. The experiment is organized with four repetitions. The plot area is 2.5 m2. As a control, an option with a seeding rate of 350 thousand pcs/ha was selected. Phenological observations, taking into account productivity and the elements of its components, were evaluated in accordance with generally accepted methods. The four studied bean varieties reacted differently to the change in the seeding rate from 350 to 500 thousand pcs/ha. Therefore, when introducing new varieties of vegetable beans for the region, it is advisable to conduct preliminary experiments to optimize the seeding rate. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the maximum seed yield (3.04–3.21 t/ha) was provided by the varieties Jeksalto with a seeding rate of 450 thousand seeds/ha and Zhuravushka with a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds/ha. The NPP varied from 3.51 to 4.90 g/m2×day, reaching a maximum in the Masljanyj korol» variety with a seeding rate of 350 thousand pcs/ha. Knowledge of the correlation coefficients between the components of seed productivity and the resulting feature – yield is of practical interest not only in breeding, but also in the development of effective technologies, including optimization of the seeding rate.

Тыква – культура пищевого, кормового и лекарственного назначения. Семена тыквы и получаемое из них масло – ценный продукт, широко востребованный во всем мире, в том числе для приготовления лекарственных препаратов Тыквеол, Тыквопротеин, Простабин. В пределах вида Cucurbita pepoL. известны голосеменные сорта, представляющие интерес для широкого использования. Цель работы: изучить компоненты семенной продуктивности голосеменной тыквы и перспективы повышения урожайности семян путем семейственного отбора. Исследования выполнены в 2016 – 2022 годах в ОПХ Быково ВНИИ овощеводства – филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Опытный участок расположен в Раменском районе МО в пойме реки Москва. Посев проводили в первой или второй декадах мая при прогревании почвы на глубине посева до 9 °С. Схема посева 280 × 100 см, что соответствует густоте стояния 1785,7 раст/га. Плоды убирали при наступлении первых заморозков. Семена выделяли вручную через 1,5 – 2 месяца после уборки. Исходным образцом для проведения исследований послужила селекционная популяция Т-40. Коэффициент семинификации рассчитывали как отношение среднего числа хорошо сформировавшихся семян в плодах к числу семяпочек, выраженное в процентах. Товарную продуктивность определяли в килограммах на одно растение, а семенную продуктивность рассчитывали соответственно в граммах семян на растение. В первый год лучшая семья превышала среднее значение популяции, из которой она была отобрана по осемененности на 25,1%, по массе 1000 семян на 23,4% и по семенной продуктивности на 87,2%. Результаты исследований позволили выявить тенденции и потенциальные возможности изменения изученных параметров – элементов семенной продуктивности голосеменной тыквы. Показаны наиболее важные компоненты продуктивности, отбор по которым в течение четырех поколений позволил повысить урожайность семян в 1,65 раза, с 450,2 до 743,0 кг/га. Pumpkin is a culture of food, fodder and medicinal purposes. Pumpkin seeds and the oil obtained from them is the most valuable product, widely in demand all over the world, including for the preparation of drugs Tykveol, Tykvoprotein, Prostabin. Gymnosperms of interest for wide use are known within the species Cucurbita pepo L. The aim of this work was to study the components of seed productivity of gymnosperms and the prospects for increasing seed yield through family selection. The studies were carried out in 2016 - 2022 at the OPH Bykovo All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Center for Education. The experimental site is located in the Ramensky district of the Moscow Region in the floodplain of the Moscow River. Sowing was carried out in the first or second decade of May when the soil warmed up at a sowing depth to 9 °C. The sowing pattern is 280 x 100 cm, which corresponds to a standing density of 1785.7 plants/ha. Fruit harvesting was carried out at the onset of the first frost. The selection of seeds was carried out manually 1.5 - 2 months after harvesting. The selection population T-40 served as the initial sample for the research. The coefficient of seminification was calculated as the ratio of the average number of well-formed seeds in fruits to the number of ovules, expressed as a percentage. Commercial productivity was determined in kilograms per plant, and seed productivity was calculated respectively in grams of seeds per plant. In the first year, the best family exceeded the average value of the population from which it was selected by insemination by 25.1%, by weight of 1000 seeds by 23.4% and by seed productivity by 87.2%. The conducted studies allowed to identify trends and potential opportunities for changing the studied parameters - elements of the seed productivity of gymnosperms. The most important components of productivity are shown, the selection for which within 4 generations made it possible to increase the seed yield by 1.65 times from 450.2 to 743.0 kg/ha.

The research was carried out in 2018 – 2022 at the Experimental Production Farm “Bykovo” AllRussian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the FSBSI “FSCVG” (Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing”). The pilot site is located in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow Region in the floodplain of the Moscow River. The object was Myrris scented, a representative of the Umbrella family (Umbelliferae). The genus Myrrhis includes the single species Myrrhis odorata (L.) SCOP. The Myrrhis plantation was laid out in 2009. The plot size is 8 m2, on which 20 plants are located at the rate of 2.5 pcs. / m2. Care consisted of loosening, manual weeding and 1-2 watering. Fruit harvesting was carried out at the onset of the first frost. The seeds were harvested by hand and matured 1.5 – 2 months after harvesting. The seed length (using a calliper), endosperm and embryo (using a microscope and a video eyepiece) were measured in four repetitions of 30 seeds each. The indices IE/S (Embryo/Seed), IE/E (Embryo /Endosperm) and IE/S (Endosperm/Seed) were calculated, showing the ratios of these indicators. Embryo/seed, Embryo /endosperm, and Endosperm/seed Depending on the year, the seed productivity was 13.6 – 27.3 g/plant, and the estimated yield was 339.1 – 682.0 kg/hectare. The seeds of Myrris scented had a fairly large size (16.75 - 22.23 mm) but contained a tiny embryo (1.24 - 1.99 mm), which was only 6-11% of the seed length and 7-13% of the endosperm. In comparison with other representatives of the umbrella family, Myrris scented has one of the lowest values of the index IE/E (Embryo /Endosperm). According to this indicator, its seeds should be attributed to the last fifth class. It is a tiny embryo that is one of the reasons for the phenomenon of rest inherent in the sources of myrrh scented. Furthermore, the seeds have a large percentage (10.0 – 73.3) of the phenomenon of germ-free, one of the causes of which is damage to the striped shield (Graphosoma lineatum L.).

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the sources of protein (20-26%), the deficiency of which in the nutrition of mankind is already clearly felt. Standing density and the associated sowing pattern are the most important elements of the technology. The correctly chosen seeding rate, to a large extent, depends on the soil and climatic conditions of the area and the biological characteristics of the varieties. Seeding rate optimization is a top priority. The work purpose. To study the variability of seed productivity, mor-phometric parameters and seed qualities depending on the species and varietal, specifics and growing con-ditions. The objects of research were seed plants, the reproductive sphere and seeds of four varieties of beans. The field experiment was carried out in 2021-2022 on alluvial meadow soils, the experimental site of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing branch of the Federal state budgetary institution located in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow Region in the floodplain of the Moscow Riv-er. Experimental data have been obtained on the effect of the seeding rate and, accordingly, the density of standing plants on the yield and quality of seeds and beans. The contribution of varietal characteristics and agrotechnical factor to the development of productivity indicators is revealed. New experimental data on optimizing the seeding rate for new bean varieties for this region have been obtained. This made it possible to increase the yield of bean seeds of 3.21 t/ha and 26.71 t/ha of beans, depending on the variety and the density of standing plants. The results of the study are the basis for the selection of varieties, the im-provement of seed production technologies, the development of agricultural practices that contribute to in-creasing the yield of vegetable beans in the conditions of the Moscow region.

The work is devoted to the study of statistical parameters of the linear dimensions of the seed, endosperm and embryo, variability, correlations, and the manifestation of these traits in hybrid combinations. Morphometric parameters largely determine the quality of seeds. The presence of an underdeveloped embryo determines the duration of the period of heterotrophic development of the seedling, affects germination, energy, longevity, seed response to changes in germination conditions, and, ultimately, increases the interphase period from sowing to germination. The article shows the high variability of these parameters in numerous representatives of vegetable crops - representatives of the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family, analyzes the causes that cause them, and predicts the potential use of this variability in breeding programs. The object of research was the seeds of various varieties of carrots, parsley, parsnips, celery, dill. Measurement of the length of the seed and endosperm was carried out using a caliper. The length of the embryo was determined using a microscope and a video eyepiece at ×40 magnification using the Scope Photo program. The experiment was repeated four times, in each repetition at least 20 seeds. The values of the coefficient of variation in the length of the endosperm and seed varied from 9 to 19%, depending on the species and cultivar characteristics. The variability of the embryo reached 18-28%. between the size of the embryo on the one hand and the length of the endosperm (0.208-0.369) and seed (0.213-0.376) on the other, weak correlations were noted, indicating the independent inheritance of these parameters. The hereditary conditionality of the variability of the embryo, endosperm and seed of carrots (50.8-86.5%) and parsnips (49.6-58.9%) is shown, which characterizes the real possibility of their breeding improvement. In the process of studying distant hybrids of carrots (the parental forms of which differed sharply in morphometric parameters of seeds), it was found that F 1 hybrids for these traits predominantly showed positive overdominance (38.1%) and dominance (16.7%). According to the complex of relative parameters (indices), negative overdominance (23.8%) and dominance (4.8%) were more often noted. The results of many years of research indicate that the morphometric parameters (length of the seed, endosperm, embryo) and their ratios (indices) of seeds, like any other biological traits, are genetically determined and depend on species and cultivar characteristics. A comparison of wild-growing and varietal samples of carrots indicates that in the process of cultivation, the size of the embryo underwent significant upward changes, even in the absence of targeted selection. Therefore, when applying artificial selection in this direction, one can expect more significant results.

Цель исследования – изучить эффективность применения некорневой обработки растений препаратами серии Агровин для повышения стрессоустойчивости, урожайности и качества семян различных сортов томата в условиях ЦЧЗ. Исследования выполнены в 2021–2022 годах на полях овощного севооборота Воронежской овощной опытной станции, расположенной в северном агроклиматическом районе Воронежской области. Почва – мощный среднегумусный выщелоченный чернозем. Опыты зкладывали на посадках районированного сорта томата Кулон селекции ВООС. Для этого сорта характерна высокая скороспелость (95–105 сут.) и дружность созревания. Повторность опытов четырехкратная. Схема пикировки 8×8 см, два ряда, по 20 растений. Размер делянок – 7,1×1,4 м. Число учетных растений – 40 шт. Схема посадки (100+40) × 35 см. Густота стояния растений – 40 тыс. шт/га. Агротехника, принятая на ВООС, включала зяблевую вспашка на глубину 23–25 см, ранневесеннее боронование в два следа, 1–2 культивации, посадку с нарезанием щелей и поливом раствором удобрений. В качестве антистрессовых средств применены нижеследующие препараты: Агровин Амино, Агровин Микро Ж и Вигор Форте КРП. Контролем служил вариант без обработки. Большинство параметров (число заложившихся цветков, завязываемость плодов, число семяпочек в завязи, коэффициент семинификации, масса 1000 семян) в той или иной степени увеличивалось под влиянием изученных препаратов. Суммирование этих положительных эффектов привело к тому, что сорт Кулон за счет применения препаратов серии Агровин успешно преодолел недостаток влаги в 2021 году, резкое похолодание в 2022 году и, как следствие, повысил реализацию потенциальной семенной продуктивности, обеспечив расчетную урожайность семян до 542,0–589,2 кг/га, что на 17,8–37,4% выше контроля. Максимальную эффективность обеспечили препараты Микро и Форте. The purpose of the study is to study the effectiveness of the use of non–root treatment of plants with Agrovin series preparations to increase stress resistance, yield and quality of seeds of various tomato varieties in the conditions of the CCZ. The research was carried out in 2021–2022 in the fields of vegetable crop rotation of the Voronezh Vegetable Experimental Station located in the northern agro-climatic district of the Voronezh region. The soil is a powerful medium–humus leached chernozem. The experiments were laid out on the plantings of a zoned tomato variety of the Coulon selection of the VVES – branch of FSCVG. This variety is characterized by high precocity (95–105 days) and friendly maturation. The repetition of experiments is fourfold. The picking scheme is 8×8 cm, two rows, 20 plants each. The size of plots is 7.1×1.4 m. The number of registered plants is 40 pcs. Planting scheme (100+40) × 35 cm. The density of standing plants is 40 thousand pcs/ha. The agrotechnics adopted at the VVES included winter plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm, early spring harrowing in two tracks, 1–2 cultivations, planting with cutting cracks and watering with a solution of fertilizers. As anti-stress agents, the following drugs were used: Agrovin Amino, Agrovin Micro W and Vigor Forte KRP. The control was an option without processing. Most of the parameters (the number of flowers laid, fruit setability, the number of ovules in the ovary, the coefficient of seminification, the mass of 1000 seeds) increased to one degree or another under the influence of the studied drugs. Summing up these positive effects led to the fact that the Coulon variety, due to the use of Agrovin series preparations, successfully overcame the lack of moisture in 2021, a sharp cold snap in 2022 and, as a result, increased the realization of potential seed productivity, ensuring the estimated seed yield to 542.0–589.2 kg/ha, which is 17.8–37.4% higher control. The maximum efficiency was provided by Micro and Forte preparations.

Объектом исследований служили растения и семена трех сортов томата – Яхонт, Буй Тур и Кулон. Исследования выполнены на Воронежской овощной опытной станции (ВООС). Цель работы – дать подробный анализ основных показателей, характеризующих семенную продуктивность сортов томата селекции ВООС и возможность их реализации в местных условиях. Использована традиционная для ВООС технология (включая выращивание пикированной рассады и ее посадку с поливом раствором минеральных удобрений), которая при отсутствии экстремальных условий обеспечивает получение стабильной урожайности плодов в пределах 100 т/га. Опыт заложен в четырехкратной повторности с систематическим расположением вариантов. Делянки двухрядковые площадью 10 м2 с размещением на них по 40 растений. Рассчитаны общепринятые показатели: число цветков (шт/раст.), число плодов (шт/раст.), завязываемость плодов (%), средняя масса плода (г), масса плодов (г/раст.), число семяпочек (шт/плод), число семян (шт/плод), коэффициент семинификации (%). Показаны существенные различия сортов по основным параметрам, характеризующим семенную продуктивность, обусловленные их биологическими особенностями. Сорта Кулон и Буй Тур, обладающие плодами среднего размера, имели более высокие значения всех параметров, семенной продуктивности и, как следствие, обеспечили максимальную расчетную урожайность и выход семян на 100 кг плодов. Показано, что потенциальную семенную продуктивность лимитируют такие лабильные показатели, как число заложившихся на растении цветков, число семяпочек в завязи и в меньшей степени – масса 1000 семян. На реальную семенную продуктивность помимо вышеперечисленных параметров большое влияние оказывают показатели завязываемости плодов и коэффициент семинификации. Проведенные исследования показывают существенный запас потенциальных возможностей для повышения семенной продуктивности и урожайности изученных сортов томата в условиях Воронежской области, особенно для крупноплодного сорта Яхонт. The object of research was plants and seeds of three varieties of tomato, including: Jahont, Buj Tur and Kulon. The research was carried out at the Voronezh Vegetable Experimental Station (VOES). The purpose of the work is to give a detailed analysis of the main indicators characterizing the seed productivity of tomato varieties of the VOES selection and the possibility of their implementation in local conditions. The traditional technology for the VOES was used (including the cultivation of pickled seedlings and its planting with watering with a solution of mineral fertilizers), which, in the absence of extreme conditions, ensures a stable fruit yield within 100 t/ha. The experience is based on a four-fold repetition with a systematic arrangement of options. Two-row plots with an area of 10 m2 with placement of 40 plants on them. The generally accepted indicators are calculated: the number of flowers (pcs/plant), the number of fruits (pcs/plant), fruit setability (%), average fruit weight (g), fruit weight (g/plant), the number of ovules (pcs/fruit), the number of seeds (pcs/fruit), the coefficient of seminification (%). Significant differences of varieties in the main parameters characterizing seed productivity due to their biological characteristics are shown. The varieties Kulon and Buj Tur, which have medium-sized fruits, had higher values of all parameters, seed productivity, and, as a result, provided the maximum calculated yield and seed yield per 100 kg of fruit. It is shown that the potential seed productivity is limited by such labile indicators as the number of flowers laid on the plant, the number of ovules in the ovary and to a lesser extent the mass of 1000 seeds. In addition to the above parameters, the actual seed productivity is greatly influenced by the indicators of fruit formation and the coefficient of seminification. The conducted studies show a significant reserve of potential opportunities to increase the seed productivity and yield of the studied tomato varieties in the conditions of the Voronezh region, especially for the large-fruited Jahont variety.

The authors presented the results of a study of the morphology of Allium seeds from the subgenus Cepa: Cepa section (Mill.) Prokh. A. fistulosum L., A. altaiсum Pall., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch.; Schoenoprasum Dum. – A. altyncoliсum, A. ledebourianum, A. oliganthum, A. schoenoprasum L.; Condensatum N. Friesen – A. condensatum, from the biocollection of All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the Federal State Budgetary «Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Centre for Vegetable Growing») (Moscow region). Seeds were 2.74 – 3.50 mm long and 1.33 – 2.14 mm wide. The morphological characteristics of the seeds can be used as additional taxonomic indicators in the identification and classification of taxa within the Cepa subgenus of the genus Allium. The authors measured the morphometric and optical parameters of the seeds by image analysis using VideoTest-Morphology software developed at Argus Bio Ltd. (St. Petersburg). Seed digital images were obtained using an HP Scanjet 200 digital flatbed scanner, 600 dpi resolution, and JPG file format. Morphometric parameters of seeds were determined, including projection area (cm2), length, width, perimeter, average size (mm), average diameter Fere, factors of roundness, elongation, ellipse, rugosity (relative units), parameters of brightness, tonality, color saturation (relative units). Based on the results of the study, a series of distributions of species was compiled in descending order of each of the characters studied. Within the Cepa section, the seeds of A. pskemense had the maximum linear size, perimeter, and cross-sectional area. Within the Schoenoprasum section, the seeds of A. altyncolium had the maximum length. The maximum width, perimeter, cross-sectional area, and average diameter of Fere seeds were recorded for A. ledebourianum. In the Cepa section, the average RGB value in descending order was as follows: A. pskemense > A. galanthum > A. fistulosum > A. altaiсum > A. oschaninii. In the Schoenoprasum section, this series is as follows. A. schoenoprasum > A. ledebourianum > A. altyncoliсum > A. oliganthum.

In the conditions of the Moscow region, 10 samples of representatives of the genus Allium L. were studied, including: A. altaicum Pall., A. fi stulosum L., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch from the section Cepa (Mill.) Prokh.; A. altyncolicum N. Friesen, A. ledebourianumSchult. & Schult. f., A. oliganthum Kar. & Kir., A. schoenoprasum L. from the section Schoenoprasum Dum.; A. komarovianum Vved. from the section Sacculiferum P. P. Gritz. The presented study is planned to determine the correlation between various traits that contribute to an increase in yield and the accumulation of biologically active compounds in leaves. These samples analyzed morphological characteristics (plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of shoots per plant, leaf length, leaf width and total leaf yield) and biochemical parameters (dry matter, nitrates, ascorbic acid, monosaccharides, chlorophyll, carotene, fl avanoids, hydroxycinnamic acids). Analysis of variance showed signifi cant diff erences between the tested genotypes for all studied parameters, namely phenotypic, biochemical and yield traits. The relationship between the parameters was assessed using the Pearson coeffi cient. A close positive relationship was found between the number of shoots and the number of leaves per plant (0.964), leaf width and total yield (0.818), chlorophyll content and total yield (0.608), chlorophyll and carotene content (0.841), leaf length and hydroxycinnamic acid content (0.859), dry matter content and ascorbic acid (0.756). The revealed patterns are of interest for constructing a model of varieties and use in breeding.

The results of the study of seed morphology from the subgenus Cepa: section Cepa (Mill.) Prokh. - Allium fistulosum L., A. altaiсum Pall., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch., A. pskemense B. Fedtsch.; section Schoenoprasum Dum. - A. altyncoliсum , A. ledebourianum , A. oliganthum , A. schoenoprasum L.; section Condensatum N. Friesen - A. condensatum are presented. Morphological characters of seeds can be used as additional taxonomic indicators in the identification and distinction of taxa within the subgenus Cepa of the genus Allium . The seeds were 2.74-3.50 mm long and 1.33-2.14 mm wide. The morphometric and optical parameters of seeds were measured by analyzing images using software. Digital images of seeds were obtained using an HP Scanjet 200 digital flatbed scanner, 600 dpi resolution, JPG file format. Morphometric and optical parameters of seeds were determined, including projection area (cm 2 ), length, width, perimeter, mean size (mm), average feret diameter, factors of roundness, elongation, ellipse, indentation (relative units), parameters of brightness, tonality, color saturation (relative units). According to the results of the study, a series of distribution of species in descending order for each of the studied traits are formed. Within the Cepa section, A. pskemense seeds had the maximum linear size, perimeter, and cross-sectional area. Among the representatives of Schoenoprasum section, the maximum length of the seeds was found in A. altyncoliсum . Maximum width, perimeter, cross-sectional area, average feret diameter of the seeds were recorded in A. ledebourianum . In the Cepa section, the average RGB value in descending order was as follows: A. pskemense > A. galanthum > A. fistulosum > altaiсum > A. oschaninii . In the Schoenoprasum section this series has the form: A. schoenoprasum > A. ledebourianum > A. altyncoliсum > A. oliganthum .

Изучено действие высокотемпературного фактора на рост зародыша и прорастание семян укропа, полученных с разных порядков ветвления. Получены новые данные о ключевых процессах прорастания гетероморфных семян и действии высокотемпературного стрессора на них. Показано, что для наклевывания семени зародышу необходимо развиться еще минимум на 40-50% от своей первоначальной длины. В этот момент он особенно чувствителен к воздействию внешних факторов, которые могут тормозить его рост, а впоследствии оказать влияние на количество проросших семян. При этом темпы роста зародыша в условиях оптимальной и стрессовой температуры при проращивании существенно различаются в зависимости от места формирования. Действие экстремальной температуры негативно отразилось на темпах роста зародышей как первого, так и второго порядка ветвления. Однако зародыши второго порядка ветвления оказались более чувствительны к действию пониженной и повышенной температуры в процессе прорастания. При отклонении температуры проращивания от оптимальной (20°C) происходило уменьшение скорости прорастания и процента проросших семян. Семена второго порядка более резко реагировали на температурный стресс. Это подтверждает положение о том, что морфологическое недоразвитие зародыша является ключевым фактором, влияющим на качество семян зонтичных культур и развитие зародыша в процессе проращивания, особенно в экстремальных температурных условиях. Исследования кинетики роста зародыша и прорастания гетероморфных семян укропа в условиях широкого диапазона температур могут быть использованы в селекции на холодостойкость и жаростойкость. Температурный фактор, в значительной степени определяющий доразвитие зародыша в период, предшествующий наклёвыванию семян, может быть эффективным методом предпосевной доработки семян.

The morphometric parameters of the internal structure of seeds in seven representatives of the common chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.) were studied. The variability of the linear dimensions of the seed, endosperm and embryo, the values of the indices IZ/E, IZ/S and IE/S are shown. The analysis of correlation connections between them is given. The studies were carried out at VNIIO, a branch of the FGBNU FSVC. Seeds of the variety Aromatny (standard) had a length of 7.12±0.146 mm. Significantly smaller seeds had two accessions, variety Ogorodnik (6.56±0.158 mm) and No. 21, which is 8.0 and 27.0% less than standard. Seeds of a significantly larger size, including No. 24 and No. 22, respectively, by 3.0-18.0% higher than control. The endosperm length of the standard was 5.20±0.121 mm. The smallest size of the endosperm was noted in sample No. 21, which is 7.1% less than the control. Three samples significantly exceeded the standard (by 7.5-16.5%) in terms of the length of the endosperm, including samples No. 20 and variety Ogorodnik. The length of the embryo in the Aromatny variety is 1.54±0.119 mm. Samples of variety Ogorodnik and No. 21 had an embryo significantly less than the standard by 14.3 and 10.4%. Significantly larger embryos were found in samples No. 24 and No. 22, which is 17.5-44.2% higher than control. The coefficient of variation (V, %) for the parameter seed length varied from 9.17% to 12.3%, for the endosperm length from 8.35% to 14.6%, and for the embryo from 20.1 to 34.8%. The IZ/S index varied from 0.195 to 0.266. The IE/C index varied from 0.707 to 0.930. A close relationship (0.675-0.863) was noted between the length of the seed and the length of the endosperm, with downward deviations to a value of 0.265 in sample No. 21 and Dietichesky variety. The presented information on the example of chervil seeds indicates a significant variability of morphometric parameters. The data obtained can be used for an in-depth characterization of seed quality, substantiation of priming technology.

Seven accessions of vegetable fennel selection of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center for Ecology were studied, in which significant differences were found in the degree of expression of the main morphological parameters (the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo). The length of each seed, endosperm (on a longitudinal section), and embryo (after isolation) were analyzed sequentially. The experiment was repeated four times, in each repetition at least 30 seeds. The indices IE/S, IZ/E, IZ/S were calculated as the corresponding ratios of the length of the seed, endosperm, and embryo.Results. A group of vegetable fennel samples showed significant differences in the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo and their ratios. The variety Udalets used as a standard had a seed length of 6.85±0.164 mm, an endosperm length of 5.30±0.118 mm, and an embryo length of 2.35±0.093 mm. Population No. 17 of the FSVC and variety Corvette of the VNIIO selection and collection sample vr. 161 local populations from India significantly (by 18.5 and 17.5%) exceeded the average value of the standard for seed length at a 1% significance level, and the minimum value of the parameter (5.65±0.109) was noted in population No. 10 of the FSVC. The minimum endosperm length was noted in samples No. 10 (4.16±0.094) and No. 11 (5.11±0.167), which is 21.5 and 4.5% lower than the standard. The largest endosperm was possessed by the seeds of the Korvet variety (6.18±0.169 mm) and sample No. 17 of the FSVC (6.09±0.158 mm), which exceeds the standard by 16.6 and 14.9%. The remaining samples exceeded the standard in this indicator, but to a lesser extent. The length of the embryo only in the Corvette variety (2.38±0.097 mm) was at the level of the standard, and even slightly exceeded it. For the rest of the specimens, this indicator varied from 1.44±0.065 mm for No. 10 to 2.25±0.165 mm for No. 10, which is significantly 4.2–38.7 below the standard. Depending on the sample, the coefficient of variation of indicators changed for the length of the embryo (17.7-32.8%), the length of the endosperm (9.6-12.2%) and the length of the seed (8.6-12.8%). A close relationship was noted only between the length of the seed and the length of the endosperm, the correlation coefficient varied from 0.595 (No. 11 FSVC) to 0.837 (Udalets St). All values of the correlation coefficient had a positive value. According to the value of the Ie/z index, the seeds of accessions No. 15 of the FSVC and vr. 161 India. Seeds of accessions No. 17, No. 10 and varieties Corvette with an index from 0.30 to 0.39 are assigned to the third class. The fourth class includes seeds of the variety Udalets (St) and selection sample No. 11 of the FSVC.

The most important factor affecting the morphometric parameters of seeds is the agrotechnical one, including fertilization, irrigation, pollination, and pest, disease and weed control. Timely harvesting is particularly important to prevent the most mature seeds from shattering, whereas premature harvesting increases the proportion of immature seeds with an underdeveloped germ. Mechanized harvesting, threshing and sorting technology can lead to seed injury, including germ damage. Therefore, the aim of the present work was a comprehensive analysis of the morphometric parameters of wild carrot seeds. The aim of the study was to investigate the degree of variability in the linear size of seed, endosperm and germ, their ratios (indices) and correlations. As a result of studies, a group of samples of wild carrot forms revealed significant differences in the degree of manifestation of the main morphometric parameters of seeds, including seed length, endosperm and germ. Samples No. 22 are of the greatest interest by three parameters. Daucus muricatus (L.) L. (Morocco), No. 20. Daucus setifolius Desf. (Morocco), No. 24. Daucus setifolius Desf. (Morocco), which consistently exceeded the control level by a combination of all three parameters. The correlation coefficients between these parameters have been studied, which indicate the possibility of considering them as breeding significant traits. Using the methodology of gradation and comparative analysis of the IG/E index (the size of the germ relative to the endosperm), groups of varieties were identified according to this parameter. The maximum value of the IG/E index was noted in sample No. 2. Daucus carota L. (0.431) and the standard (0.414), which are classified as class 5 according to this parameter. Sample No. 22. Daucus muricatus (L.) L. having the largest germ in physical terms (1.87±0.049), was clearly inferior in relative size (I/E = 0.351) to the standard by 12.9%. The relative size of the endosperm is a more preferable parameter for comparison and selection.

It is known that vegetables are sources of vitamins, biologically active substances, antioxidants and other vital micronutrients. In particular, pumpkin vegetable crops (zucchini, squash) contain all the necessary mineral salts, vitamins, trace elements, pectin substances, ascorbic acid and not too many sugars. Varieties of vegetable crops are characterized by a diverse biochemical composition and are suitable to various degrees for obtaining processed products for therapeutic, preventive and functional purposes. The article considers the assortment of zucchini and squash by yield and the most important indicators of the biochemical composition of the fruit: the content of dry substances, sugars, vitamin C; the accumulation of nitrates in the fruit. High water content of zucchini and squash fruits (94-96%), low sugar content ( 1.5-3.5%) were found. Squash has a higher yield (25-90 t / ha), compared to zucchini (4-11 t/ha). Nevertheless, zucchini contain 3-4 times more vitamin C in the fruit and accumulate 3-4 times less nitrates than squash, having almost 10 times more of vitamin value. At the same time, squash is 2-3 times less than zucchini, accumulating nitrates. Of the 7 studied varieties of zucchini, the hybrid Belogor F1 and the variety Tsukesha were distinguished, which have high yield, high fruit quality and vitamin value. Of the 15 studied varieties of squash, the varieties Perlinka, Pyatachok and Tabolinsky were identified, which have high yields, high fruit qualities and vitamin value, and weakly accumulate nitrates.