The article presents the anatomical features of the hip flexor muscles in shalaika, which are absent in the available literature. The points of fixation of the large lumbar, iliac, sartorial and scallop muscles have been established. The material for the research was a sectional material - pelvic limbs (n=9), selected from adult canine hybrids (shalayki), without external signs of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system.It was found that the tensioner of the wide fascia of the thigh has two parts with a versatile direction of bundles of muscle fibers: in the cranial part – from the muckle along the cranial edge of the quadriceps femoris downward, and in the lateral part – from the place of transition of the muckle to the wing (cranial edge), along the middle gluteus muscle in the caudal direction, to the fascial node, on the where the broad fascia proper, the gluteal fascia and the superficial gluteal muscle converge. This circumstance undoubtedly affects the function of this muscle, i.e. together with the flexion of the hip joint, the muscle strains the broad fascia of the thigh itself, interacts in synergy with the gluteal fascia and the kneecap.Fusing the fascia in the distal part with the quadriceps femoris muscle, it creates a pressor effect on this muscle and helps it to unbend the knee joint. It is shown that the tailor's muscle is highly developed and consists of two heads. The cranial head is involved in the flexion of the hip joint, but at the same time in the extension of the knee joint. The caudal head – femoral part is directed along the medial surface of the thigh along the medial condyle of the femur, and the tibial part – along the medial surface of the capsule of the knee joint and the medial condyle of the tibia, which indicates adduction of the hip in the knee joint area and possibly optionally acts as a knee flexor.

Education, as is known, consists in the formation of moral and personal qualities in the student and is aimed at revealing his abilities and talent in the student. In this regard, education is closely related to education, which involves the acquisition of knowledge and the formation of competencies in a certain area for their subsequent use in practice. Educational activities based on education form a citizen, his moral and ideological guidelines for universal human values and a responsible attitude to his profession. It is shown that educational work is of great importance in shaping the personality of a future specialist. It is established that the effective activity of the curator of the junior (I–II) courses contributes to a faster adaptation of students to inclusion in the educational process, legal, moral and professional development of personality. At the senior courses, the task of the curator is to form a deep understanding of the social role of their chosen profession, a positive and active attitude to the value of their chosen specialty, and a responsible attitude to professional duty among future specialists.

The article presents the anatomical features of the extensor muscles of the hip joint in cattle. It is shown that the main extensor is the middle gluteal muscle. This is the most powerful muscle in the gluteal group, of a dynamic type, has an extensive area of attachment to the muclock, iliac crest, sacral tubercle and the adjacent surface of the iliac wing, as well as to the lateral surface of the spinous processes of the first vertebrae of the sacrum. The material for the research was a sectional material — pelvic limbs (n=10), selected from cattle of a black-mottled Holstein breed, without external signs of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. The methods of classical and fine macro- and microanatomic dissection were used. The topological features of anatomical formations on the pelvic (ring) and femoral bones were established — the «line of the double muscle», the «line of the external locking muscle» on the ventral surface of the sciatic bone; «pad of the middle gluteus muscle», «pad of the piriformis tendon», «roughness of the additional gluteus muscle», two «roughnesses of the deep gluteus muscle» located on the large trochanter of the femur. It is shown that the muscles of the gluteal extensor group belong to different morphofunctional types of muscles: the middle gluteal — dynamic; the additional and deep gluteal — dynamostatic, with corresponding functional abilities.

The article presents the morphological and functional characteristics of the powerful knee extensor in the noble spotted deer. The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K. I. Scriabin. The objects of research were mature noble spotted deer (n=5). Topical features of anatomical formations on the pelvic (nameless) and femoral bones were revealed – the site of the lateral head of the quadriceps femoris muscle on the large trochanter of the femur; «the lateral site for fixing the rectus quadriceps femoris muscle », «the crest of the rectus femoris muscle» on the ilium. When studying the architectonics of the quadriceps femoral muscle, the points of attachment of its heads, the orientation of the bundles of its muscle fibers, it can be argued that the muscle, being multi–articular, is able to perform extension and abduction of the knee joint, and its straight head – flexion and supination of the hip joint. Equipped with lateral and medial tendons, the intermediate head, with a significant degree of probability, implements the positional stability of the kneecap on the femoral block. When analyzing the phases of the static-locomotor act, it was found that when the fulcrum changes, the function of the muscle changes, which may be due to the organ and biomechanical specificity of topographically coupled joints. The revealed anatomical features of the quadriceps femoral muscle are the reference in assessing the structural and functional state of the knee joint in the noble spotted deer and diagnosing its pathologies associated with impaired functioning of its ligamentous-muscular system.

В статье представлены анатомические особенности заднебедренной группы разгибателей тазобедренного сустава у Европейской косули, отсутствующие в доступной литературе. Исследования выполнены на кафедре анатомии и гистологии животных им. профессора А.Ф. Климова ФГБОУ ВО «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина». Материалом для исследований служил секционный материал- тазовые конечности (n=6), отобранные от взрослых Европейских косуль, без внешних признаков патологий опорно-двигательного аппарата. Установлены топические особенности анатомических образований седалищного бугра у Европейской косули – дорсальный, латеральный и вентральный выросты. Вентральный вырост у косули находится ниже и несколько медиальнее дорсального выроста, в связи с чем, его можно называть вентральным выступом. На седалищной кости также «площадка и линия квадратной мышцы». На дистальной трети бедренной кости, на медиальной ей поверхности – «площадка» и «линия полуперепончатой мышцы, а в проксимальной части кости – «площадка сухожилия квадратной кости».

The article presents morphological changes of the cornea in small domestic animals during crosslinking. The research was carried out on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov, as well as the Center for Veterinary Ophthalmology of Dr. Shilkin A.G. Morphological studies were performed in the Department of Pathomorphology of the FSAU «MNTC «Eye Microsurgery» named after Academician S. N. Fedorov». The objects of the study were selected cats (n=10) aged 4 to 6 years and dogs (n=10) aged 4 to 6 years of the Yorkshire Terrier breed (n=5) and Chihuahua (n=5), admitted to the «Center of Veterinary Ophthalmology of Dr. A. Shilkin.G.», euthanized as a result of received polytrauma incompatible with life. Analysis of the data obtained allowed us to conclude that corneal collagen crosslinking affects changes in the morpho-functional features of the corneal stroma. The data on changes in the anterior layers of the stroma, which are expressed by a compact packing of fibers without signs of edema, as well as a demarcation line separating the impact area from the indifferent zone, are scientifically substantiated. The results obtained are basic in the development of new methods of therapeutic strategy and tactics in the treat-ment of animals with keratopathies of various genesis.

The article presents anatomical and topographic features of the posterior femoral group of hip extensors in small cattle – sheep of Dagestan mountain breed, and also clarified the topical features of anatomical bone formations of the sciatic hillock, in particular the presence of "dorsal, lateral and medial outgrowths" on it. The material for the research was a sectional material - pelvic limbs (n=8), selected from adult sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed, without external signs of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. The methods of fine macro- and microanatomic dissection under the control of a binocular magnifier «Micromed HR 350 S» were used, followed by functional analysis of the studied structures and skeletotopic projection of points of attachment of parts of the muscle. The established sites of attachment of the semi-tendon muscle confirm its functions as an optional extensor of the hip and metatarsal joints, and the main function is associated with flexion, pronation and adduction of the knee joint and, accordingly, the proximal part of the limb. The revealed anatomical features of the studied muscles may reflect their functional relationship. The data obtained are reference in assessing the structural and functional state of the muscles of the posterior femoral group of hip extensors in domestic sheep.

The article presents the results of echographic studies of the ovaries of black-and-white Holstein cows at various stages of the sexual cycle. To conduct the experiment, based on the preliminary diagnosis, we formed a control group of animals (n=20), which included clinically healthy mature cows at various stages of the sexual cycle: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, anestrus, as well as an experimental group that included pregnant (n=10) and a group of young cows (n=10) with chronic inflammatory processes of the internal genitalia. A comprehensive methodological approach was used, including clinical examination of animals, anatomical dissection, ultrasound examination using an Easi-Scan scanner:Go and statistical analysis of the received digital data. Based on the conducted studies, we have established the echographic parameters of the ovaries of cows of the black-and-white Holstein breed at various stages of the sexual cycle, the patterns of ultrasound imaging of the organ are presented, morphological transformations of the gonads in inflammatory processes and pregnancy are revealed. This made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound diagnostics to identify morpho-echographic parameters of the ovary, as well as to establish on this basis the stage of the sexual cycle in cows.

The aim of the present study was to establish anatomical and topographic features of the muscles of the thigh region of the Amur tiger and to assess the functional significance of the studied structures. The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin. The object of study was the Amur tiger. The material is pelvic limbs of mature animals, without external signs of pathologies. We used methods of conventional and fine anatomical dissection of muscles under the control of a binocular magnifier «Micromed HR 350 S», as well as biomechanical modeling of a static-locomotor act. The specific anatomical and topographic features of skeletal thigh muscles in the Amur tiger are presented. Thus, the first muscle layer, located between the leaves of the deep fascia, is represented from the lateral surface by the biceps femoris muscle, with the medial – tailor's and slender muscles. The topical features of the fixation of muscles acting on the knee and metatarsal joints, which are absent in the available literature, are presented. The features indicating the anatomical and functional integration of the organs of the musculoskeletal system of the pelvic limb in a representative of the feline family (the tiger), which must be taken into account when assessing the status-locomotor act, in the diagnosis of arthro-desmo and myopathologies, are revealed.

В статье представлены анатомические особенности сгибателей (флексоров) тазобедренного сустава у обыкновенной рыси, отсутствующие в доступной литературе. Уточнены точки закрепления большой поясничной, подвздошной, портняжной и гребешковой мышц. Исследования выполнены на кафедре анатомии и гистологии животных им. профессора А.Ф. Климова ФГБОУ ВО «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина». Материалом для исследований служил секционный материал- тазовые конечности (n=6), отобранные от рыси обыкновенной, без внешних признаков патологий опорно-двигательного аппарата. Использовали методы тонкого макро- и микроанатомического препарирования под контролем бинокулярной лупы «Микромед HR 350 S», с последующим функциональным анализом изучаемых структур и скелетотопическим проецированием точек закрепления частей мышц. Вместе с этим, нами были уточнены топические особенности анатомических образований на тазовой (безымянной) кости – «срединная шероховатость лонной кости», «шероховатость краниального добавочного брюшка гребешковой мышцы»; «шероховатость гребешковой мышцы» на бедренной кости. Установлено, что у рыси к флексорам тазобедренного сустава относится комплекс мышц – напрягатель широкой фасции бедра, подвздошно-поясничная, портняжная и гребешковая мышцы. Напрягатель широкой фасции бедра срастаясь в дистальной части фасцией с четырёхглавой мышцей бедра, создаёт прессорное воздействие на эту мышцу и помогает ей разгибать коленный сустав. Выявленные анатомические особенности изучаемых мышц являются эталонными в оценке структурно-функционального состояния мышц сгибателей тазобедренного сустава у обыкновенной рыси.

The article presents the anatomical and functional characteristics of the flexor muscles of the elbow joint in a domestic cat. The study was performed at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K .I. Skryabin. The methods of conventional and fine anatomical dissection under the control of a binocular magnifying glass, biomechanical modeling of the locomotor act and subsequent identification of patterns and features of the structure of the studied skeletal muscles were used. The object of the study was a domestic cat (n=12), mestizos of both sexes aged from 2 to 9 years. Based on the conducted studies, the general patterns of the anatomical structure of the muscles of the elbow joint, characteristic of representatives of other taxonomic groups, and species-specific features due to the biomechanical features of the motor behavior of cats have been established in the domestic cat. Additions have been made to the anatomical design of the shoulder muscle: the presence of three shoulder muscle bellies, one of which has a close relationship with the shoulder muscle, the heads of the biceps of the shoulder muscle are presented, the attachment points of the studied muscles and their tendon endings are specified. Fascial consolidation of the brachial muscle bellies and biceps heads was found, which may reflect the participation of muscles in preventing injury to the structures of the elbow joint. The optional functional purpose of the shoulder muscle, consisting in supination of the forearm, is substantiated.

The article presents the specific features of the anatomical design of the quad- riceps femoral muscle in the Amur tiger. The aim of the study is to establish anatomical and topographic features and skeletotopic landmarks of the quadriceps femoral muscle in the Amur tiger, as well as to assess the functional significance of the studied structures. It was found that its straight head in its distal part has a muscle-tendon method of attachment to the kneecap. It is shown that the terminal tendons of the lateral and medial heads of the quadriceps femoris fuse with the plate-shaped tendons of the lateral and medial parts of its intermediate head. A more extensive area of fixation is characterized, in comparison with other heads, by the lateral head extending to the top of the cranial tubercle of the kneecap. The intermediate head with its distal end, together with the joint capsule, is fixed in the area of the articular surface of the kneecap. The study was performed at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A.F. Klimova, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin. The object of study was the Amur tiger. The material for the study was pelvic limbs, without external signs of pathologies. We used methods of conventional and fine anatomical dissec- tion of muscles under the control of a binocular magnifier “Micromed HR 350 S”, as well as biomechanical modeling of a static-locomotor act. Based on the conducted studies, we have identified additional collateral lateral and medial menisco-femoral ligaments in the tiger, which stabilize the menisci and strengthen the knee joint. The revealed features of the mac- roarchitecture of the kneecap in a tiger can provide optimal conditions for the functioning of the quadriceps femoral muscle and biomechanical perfection of the knee joint

The article presents anatomical features of the gluteal group of hip extensors in domestic sheep that are absent in the available literature. It was found that the muscles of the gluteal extensor group of sheep belong to different morphological types: the middle gluteal is dynamic, the additional gluteal is statodynamic, and the deep gluteal is dynamostatic. The material for the research was a sectional material - pelvic limbs (n=10), selected from adult sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed, without external signs of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. We used methods of fine macro- and microanatomic dissection under the control of a binocular magnifier «Micromed HR 350 S», followed by functional analysis of the studied structures. Shown.that the main extensor of the hip joint is the middle gluteal muscle, which is confirmed by its topical features, the orientation of its bundles of muscle fibers and belonging to the dynamic type in its internal structure. The topical features of anatomical formations on the pelvic (nameless) and femoral bones are clarified – «the line of the double muscle», «the line of the external locking muscle» on the ventral surface of the sciatic bone; «the site of the additional gluteal muscle», «the tubercle of the deep gluteal muscle» on the large trochanter of the femur.

The article presents a comparative morphological characteristic of the general coat of long-haired domestic cat breeds (Burmese, British long-haired) and mestizo based on the use of a set of studies, including anatomical preparation, light microscopy of histological sections, micromorphometry and statistical analysis of the obtained digital data. Taking into account the specific, pedigree and topical features of the skin of the studied felines, its general patterns of structure were revealed. It has been established that the skin is divided into 3 layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. In all the animals we compared, the thickness of the skin in the back area exceeds that of the abdomen, which depends on the functional purpose of these regions of the body. Outbred felines reach the maximum value in terms of the total thickness of the skin, epidermis and hypodermis, however, in terms of the thickness of the skin base, longhaired cats are ahead of the mestizo. The bundles of collagen structures of the papillary dermis reach their maximum value in outbred representatives.

The article presents the morphological and functional characteristics of the posterior femoral muscle group of the hip joint in the noble spotted deer. The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K. I. Scriabin. The objects of research were a mature noble spotted deer (n=5). The article presents anatomical features of the posterior femoral group of hip extensors in the subspecies of red deer – spotted deer, which are absent in the available literature. The topological features of anatomical formations of the sciatic tubercle are revealed – the presence of dorsal, lateral and medial outgrowths on it. The last outgrowth of the spotted deer is on the same level with the lateral one, unlike the reindeer, which has a ventral outgrowth located below the dorsal outgrowth. As a result of our research, it was found that the gluteal-biceps muscle of the noble spotted deer is fleshy, the largest among the thigh muscles, forms a convex (rounded) contour in the gluteal region, filling most of the gluteal region. Extending in the distal direction, the muscle participates in the formation of the lateral and caudal contour of the thigh, and on the lateral surface of the lower leg forms a flattened tendon, following from the lateral surface of the kneecap, the cranial crest of the tibia to the calcaneal mound of the flattened. The established structural communications of the studied muscles may reflect their functional relationship. The data obtained are reference in assessing the biomechanics of the stato-locomotor act in representatives of the reindeer, as well as in the diagnosis of damage to the musculoskeletal system.

The article presents the results of morphometric and echographic studies of the uterus of a Blackand- White Holstein cow in the presence of subclinical endometritis. For the experiment, on the basis of preliminary diagnosis, we formed a group of animals (n=20), which included cows with an established diagnosis of subclinical endometritis. For morphological studies, during the period of planned economic slaughter, sectional material was selected from 10 animals with the presence of pathology. A comprehensive methodological approach was used, including clinical examination of animals, fine anatomical preparation, and ultrasound examination using the Easi-Scan:Go scanner, which includes a curved probe for 128 crystals, the scanning depth of which is 8, 12, 16, and 24 cm, the viewing angle is 60°. On the basis of the conducted studies, we have established the morphometric parameters of the central organ of the reproductive system – the uterus, with subclinical endometritis. The echographic characteristics of changes in the parameters of the organ during a latent inflammatory process are presented. Based on the results obtained, a morpho-echographic correlation of the parameters of the organ during its structural restructuring was carried out. This made it possible to assess the effectiveness of the use of ultrasound diagnostics in the subclinical form of uterine inflammation.

The research purpose is to establish normative breed morphological indicators of the covering of long and short-haired domestic cats. The research was carried out at the Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology named after Professor A. F. Klimov, the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K. I. Scriabin. Common patterns of formation and morphometric parameters of the covering of long and short-haired feline breeds are presented. Mix of methods was used, including anatomical dissection, light microscopy of histological sections, micromorphometry, scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis of obtained digital data. The research involved 49 individuals of the feline family of reproductive age (2-5 years), long (n=24) and short-haired (n=25). It has been established that animals of long-haired breeds are ahead of animals of short breeds for the depth of hair follicles, which indicates an unequal degree of maturity of skin due to the influence of morphotype of heterogenic hair. Common patterns of formation of protective hair were revealed – partition into cuticle, cortical and medullar matter. Thickness of the cuticle and medullar matter of animals of long-haired breeds exceeds these indica-tors of short-haired animals. As for the thickness of the cortical substance the reverse pattern has been revealed. An increase of hair depth of follicles of long-haired compared with short-haired animals is accompanied by a decrease in the thickness of cortical portion, thickening of medullar and scaly layers of protective hairs. Normative morphological indicators of hair cover of the studied cats have been established, which should be taken into account for the diagno-sis of skin damage, as well as for the improvement of methods of feline breeding and issues of judicial and veterinary examination.

The article presents the morphological and functional characteristics of the knee joint muscles in representatives of the feline family. When studying the structural and functional features of the knee joint, a comprehensive methodological approach was used, including fine anatomical dissection, biomechanical modeling with subsequent analysis of the studied structures and survey radiography. The objects of research were 10 cats of both sexes in the age range from 1 to 6 years, without pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, kept at home. Based on the conducted studies, both general patterns and specific features of the anatomical organization of the knee joint muscles in representatives of the feline family have been established. The revealed specific features are expressed in cats in the specific anatomical design of the tailor's muscle, consolidated with topographically conjugated fascial formations. A semi-webbed muscle, which is characterized by uneven development of its parts, as well as a slender muscle, the aponeurosis of which is involved in the formation of the achilles. Based on the results of biomechanical modeling, it was found that the features of the anatomical design of the knee joint muscles determine their functional purpose. It is shown that the strainer of the wide fascia of the thigh, being a multi-articular muscle, bends the hip, unbends and supinates the knee joint in synergy with the semi-tendon and popliteal muscles. The biceps femoral muscle in the limb support phase participates through its cranial head in the extension of the knee joint, and the slender muscle initiates its flexion and pronation. The revealed features of the distribution of sesamoid bones in the knee joint in a domestic cat may have an applied value in the issues of objective decoding of radiographic information, as well as differential diagnosis of arthropathies of the knee joint. The obtained normative data can be used in assessing the condition of the musculoskeletal system of the studied animals, deviations in its morphogenesis and deciphering the mechanism of myopathy development.

The article presents the morphological and functional characteristics of the muscles that form the Achilles tendon in felines. The studies were carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals. Professor A. F. Klimov Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K. I. Skryabin. The objects of research were 10 outbred cats aged from 1 to 6 years, kept at home, without pronounced signs of pathology of the musculoskeletal system. When studying the structural and functional features of the Achilles tendon, a comprehensive methodological approach was used, including classical and fine anatomical preparation under the control of a binocular loupe, followed by a description of the identified structures, biomechanical modeling with an analysis of the stato-locomotor act. It has been established that in a cat, the domestic muscular apparatus, which forms the Achilles tendon, has general patterns of anatomical structure, characteristic of representatives of other taxonomic categories. At the same time, we have identified species-specific anatomical features characteristic of Feliadae representatives. So the biceps femoris in the form of a powerful muscle layer located on the latero-caudal surface of the femur is represented by the union of a wide cranial and narrow caudal heads. Both heads with their initial tendon are fixed on the ischial tuberosity and, following distally, differentiate into three terminal branches: knee, tibia and calcaneus, while the calcaneal branch is woven into the Achilles tendon. The calcaneal branches of the biceps, semitendinosus and triceps muscles, as well as the superficial flexor of the fingers, take part in the structural design of the Achilles tendon. The identified specific anatomical features of the muscular system that form the Achilles tendon in a domestic cat are expressed in the specific fixation of the heads of the biceps femoris muscle, the structural design of the semitendinosus and triceps muscles of the leg.