A method for measuring polymer chemical resistance by dipping specimens in chemical reagents is a standard investigation procedure used in chemical industry (Standards ASTM D543, ISO 155). Such method has been used only for comparative evaluation of chemical resistance for various materials in a number of typical reagents. The results obtained with the help of the method do not provide the possibility directly to estimate application of the given material for this or that products which are used in contact with various chemical environments. It is necessary to take into account such limitations of theused testing results as duration of environmental exposure, temperature and reagent concentration in the medium. If it is assumed that the method is applied under conditions when a product is continuously contacting with liquid then the results of short-term testings can be used only with the purpose to exclude the least adequate materials. Testing equipment has included a precision chemical balance, a micrometer, a container for immersion medium, a thermostat for setting and maintaining the required temperature and devices for measuring physical properties. Dimensions and type of a test specimen are specified by the shape of material which is used for testing. At least three specimens are needed for testing in every reagent. Changes in dimension and weight are measured for every specimen. The specimen is placed in container for 7 days in standard laboratory atmosphere where it should not touch a bottom or walls of the container.
A method for measuring polymer chemical resistance by dipping specimens in chemical reagents is a standard investigation procedure used in chemical industry (Standards ASTM D543, ISO 155). Such method has been used only for comparative evaluation of chemical resistance for various materials in a number of typical reagents. The results obtained with the help of the method do not provide the possibility directly to estimate application of the given material for this or that products which are used in contact with various chemical environments. It is necessary to take into account such limitations of theused testing results as duration of environmental exposure, temperature and reagent concentration in the medium. If it is as sumed that the method is applied under conditions when a product is continuously contacting with liquid then the results of short-term testings can be used only with the purpose to exclude the least adequate materials. Testing equipment has included a precision chemical balance, a micrometer, a container for immersion medium, a thermostat for setting and maintaining the required temperature and devices for measuring physical properties. Dimensions and type of a test specimen are specified by the shape of material which is used for testing. At least three specimens are needed for testing in every reagent. Changes in dimension and weight are measured for every specimen. The specimen is placed in container for 7 days in standard laboratory atmosphere where it should not touch a bottom or walls of the container.
The executed investigations have made it possible to ascertain that a morphological structure of starch granules mainly determine technological peculiarities of starch isolation from raw material, its modification and its later use. Morphological structure of starch granules primarily depends on type of plant starch-containing raw material which has been used for its isolation. Class of raw material exerts a strong impact on the shape and size of the granules. Linear “light” amylose chains and “heavy” amylopectin branch chains form a starch granule ultrastructure. X-ray research has proved that starch granules are characterized by presence of interlacing amorphous and crystalline regions. In this case polymer orientation using stretching of the obtained end product influences on its physical and mechanical indices which are increasing due to polymer orientation. For the purpose of packaging orientation of polymer films can solve such important problems as significant improvement of operational properties, creation of thermosetting film materials, improvement of qualitative indices of the recycled film. Results of the conducted research have proved the fact that it is necessary to make changes in technology in order to increase biological degradability of the recycled packaging made from polymers and improve physical and mechanical indices. In this regard film production technology presupposes usage of such substances as stark and others which are characterized by rather large presence of branch chains of molecules and interlacing amorphous and crystalline regions. Such approach makes it possible to obtain after-use package which is strong and quickly degradable by micro-organisms.
The executed investigations have made it possible to ascertain that a morphological structure of starch granules mainly determine technological peculiarities of starch isolation from raw material, its modification and its later use. Morphological structure of starch granules primarily depends on type of plant starch-containing raw material which has been used for its isolation. Class of raw material exerts a strong impact on the shape and size of the granules. Linear "light" amylose chains and "heavy" amylopectin branch chains form a starch granule ultrastructure. X-ray research has proved that starch granules are characterized by presence of interlacing amorphous and crystalline regions. In this case polymer orientation using stretching of the obtained end product influences on its physical and mechanical indices which are increasing due to polymer orientation. For the purpose of packaging orientation of polymer films can solve such important problems as significant improvement of operational properties, creation of thermosetting film materials, improvement of qualitative indices of the recycled film.Results of the conducted research have proved the fact that it is necessary to make changes in technology in order to increase biological degradability of the recycled packaging made from polymers and improve physical and mechanical indices. In this regard film production technology presupposes usage of such substances as stark and others which are characterized by rather large presence of branch chains of molecules and interlacing amorphous and crystalline regions. Such approach makes it possible to obtain after-use package which is strong and quickly degradable by micro-organisms.
The paper investigates an influence of component quantity (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) on qualitative (physical and mechanical) indices of waste-paper in relation to its storage period and weather conditions. It has been established that while storing (in waste dumps) waste paper it is to be kept at a definite temperature and humidity in order to reduce impact of weather conditions.
The paper reveals that while using magnesium bisulfite pulp cooking of raw material which serves for obtaining a desired product with its further application for packing making it is rather important that the raw material should contain hemicellulose and lignin. In the case when the content of hemicellulose and lignin is rather high in the desired product its qualitative (physical and mechanical) indices are deteriorating that negatively affects the qualitative values of the obtained packing.
The paper investigates an influence of component quantity (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) on qualitative (physical and mechanical) indices of waste-paper in relation to its storage period and weather conditions. It has been established that while storing (in waste dumps) waste paper it is to be kept at a definite temperature and humidity in order to reduce impact of weather conditions.
An analysis on usage of vegetal wastes for energy production is presented in the paper.The paper reveals that logging debris and linen chaffs are considered as a prospective raw material for energy production in theRepublicofBelarus.
The paper investigates an influence of cellulose polymerization rate on viscose production.It has been ascertained that while having low reaction capacity with cellulose destruction it is characterized by high viscose formation that has a specific significance for package printing.
The executed investigations have made it possible to determine hemicellulose content in cellulose and substantiate a perspective technology of package while using the obtained cellulose.
An analysis on usage of vegetal wastes for energy production is presented in the paper. The paper reveals that logging debris and linen chaffs are considered as a prospective raw material for energy production in theRepublicofBelarus.
The executed investigations have made it possible to determine hemicellulose content in cellulose and substantiate a perspective technology of package while using the obtained cellulose.
