This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC) in the Taihang mountainous area from 2000 to 2022, using the Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen median analysis, coefficient of variation (Cv), and the Optimal Parameter Geographic Detector (OPGD). FVC plays a critical role in mountain ecosystems by enhancing soil moisture retention, reducing erosion risk, stabilizing slopes, and indicating vegetation vitality and resilience in environmentally sensitive regions. As an essential ecological safety barrier for the North China Plain, understanding FVC variations in the Taihang Mountains is imperative for environmental protection and sustainable development in ecologically fragile mountainous areas. Results reveal a transition from low-grade to high-grade FVC, with an average annual increase of 0.004 and notable fluctuations. Improved areas accounted for 92.37

The precise identification of territorial space conflicts (TSCs) and their driving mechanisms is key to enhancing spatial security governance. Taking Jinan City as a case study, this research evaluates territorial space suitability across production, living, and ecological dimensions, proposes an empirical TSC identification model, and employs GeoDetector to analyze spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms. The results indicated that (1) from 2000 to 2020, significant spatial heterogeneity characterized the suitability of production–living–ecological spaces in Jinan City. High suitability zones of production and living space expanded in the northern plain along the Yellow River and central piedmont plain, respectively, while those of ecological space contracted in the southern mountainous and hilly areas. (2) Significant spatiotemporal variations in territorial space conflicts (TSCs) were observed in Jinan City over the past two decades. Intense conflicts dominated production–living and production–ecological space interactions, while moderate conflicts were prevalent in living–ecological and production–living–ecological space interactions. Production–living space conflict zones expanded, living–ecological space conflict zones contracted, and production–ecological and production–living–ecological space conflict zones showed consistent expansion trends. (3) The spatiotemporal evolution of territorial space conflicts is jointly driven by the natural environment, geographical location, social economy, and regional policies. The interaction of driving factors exhibited significant dual-factor and nonlineal enhancement effects. Finally, this study provides some scientific references for the comprehensive management and pattern optimization of territorial space in Jinan City.

Land use sustainability is a pivotal concern in contemporary ecological protection efforts, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the ramifications of changes in land use intensity (LUI) on ecosystem services (ESs). Although ecological control zoning typically emphasizes ES outcomes, it tends to overlook the impacts of human activity intensity. This research focuses on the Yellow River Basin and integrates various data sources, encompassing land use, meteorological, soil, and socioeconomic data from 1980 to 2020. Using the InVEST model, quadratic polynomial fitting, and cluster analysis, this work evaluates the spatiotemporal changes and zoning characteristics of LUI and three ESs—water yield, soil conservation, and habitat quality—to explore the influence of LUI changes on ESs. The results indicate that from 1980 to 2020, LUI shows a sustained increase with considerable spatial heterogeneity, gradually intensifying from upstream to downstream areas. The interannual variability of ESs is minimal, with substantial local fluctuations but overall minor changes. LUI correlates positively with ESs. Based on regional ESs, the Yellow River Basin is categorized into four primary ecological function zones: ecological restoration, ecological pressure, ecological sustainability, and ecological conservation. Considering LUI characteristics, this categorization is further refined into six secondary function zones: ecological restoration, ecological transition, ecological overload, potential development, eco-economic carrying, and ecological conservation. This study provides a scientific foundation for land use planning and ecological conservation policy formulation within the watershed area.

Land use change stands as the primary factor influencing habitat quality (HQ). Clarifying the spatiotemporal change and the obstacle factors of the coupling relationship between HQ and urbanization level (UL) can provide imperative references for achieving sustainability in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). This study is based on the InVEST model, spatial autocorrelation, and obstacle factor analysis to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics and impediments of the coupling relationship between HQ and UL from 2000 to 2020 in the YRB. The findings were as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the HQ showed a tendency of rise first and then fall, with the pattern of “High in the middle and west, low in the east”; (2) from 2000 to 2020, the UL had an upward trend, with the pattern of “Low in the west, high in the middle and east”; (3) the coupling and coordination level of HQ and UL in the YRB changed from extreme incoordination to verge of coordination, and it had a distribution pattern of “High in the east, low in the west”, with the high-value area expanding to the east and the low-value area shrinking to the west. (4) Location condition, climate, proportion of construction land, vegetation index, and proportion of non-agricultural employment are the main obstacle factors that determined the coupling and coordination of the HQ and UL.

The Yellow River basin (YRB) holds immense ecological significance in China, but it is currently undergoing profound transformations in its ecosystem services (ESs). To formulate appropriate environmental policies, it is vital to gain a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and influential factors driving the ESs’ transformation in the YRB. The spatiotemporal dynamics in ESs was evaluated using the InVEST model, and the modes of the ESs’ transformation were summarized. The elements impacting ESs’ transformation and their interactions were assessed using the optimal parameter-based geographical detector (OPGD). Over the period from 1980 to 2020, the water yield within the YRB exhibited an upward trajectory, with a distinctive spatial pattern characterized by higher values in the southern and eastern regions, in contrast to lower values observed in the northern and western regions. Similarly, soil conservation demonstrated a tendency to rise over the duration of the research, with southern and western regions consistently exhibiting higher values compared to the northern and eastern regions. In contrast, habitat quality decreased over time and was accompanied by a progressive spatial decline from the southeast regions to the northwest regions. The ESs' transformation in the YRB from 1980 to 2020 indicated three modes: (1) simultaneous increases, this mode was characterized by concurrent increases in water yield and soil conservation; (2) increase and decrease, in this mode, there was an increase in soil conservation accompanied by a decrease in habitat quality; and (3) increase and deterioration, the third mode entailed an increase in water yield but a simultaneous deterioration in habitat quality. The 45-km grid was the best spatial scale for the analysis in this study. Over the span of 2000 through 2020, the ESs’ transformation in the YRB was subject to the influence of natural environmental, geographic location-related, socioeconomic, and policy factors. The determinants of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in ESs’ transformation in the YRB demonstrated double-factor and nonlinear enhancement effects. The counterchange with the most significant effects on ESs’ transformation were those between economic density and annual mean precipitation, annual mean temperature and ecological restoration, and the per capita income of urban residents and vegetation index.

Clarifying the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services trade-off/synergy relationships (ESTSs) and their attribution in the Yellow River Basin is crucial to constructing ecological civilization in China. This study first analyzed the spatio-temporal change of ecosystem services (ESs) including the water yield, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and habitat quality in the Yellow River Basin during 2000–2020 based on the InVEST and RUSLE models. Then, the spatial autocorrelation methods were used to quantify the spatio-temporal differentiation of ESTSs, and the Geo-detector method was employed to identify the contributions of driving factors associated with the natural, social-economic, and regional policy aspects of the ESTSs. Finally, the random forest and analysis of variance methods were used to validate the reasonability of major driving factors obtained by the Geo-detector. The main findings include: (1) In 2000–2020, water yield, soil conservation, and habitat quality increased, and carbon sequestration decreased. The ESs had a spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west. (2) Overall, there were synergistic relationships between the four Ess. In the spatial distribution of ESTSs, the expansion of the synergy zone and trade-off zone occupied the majority. The synergy zones tended to be concentrated in the northwest and southeast of the study area. In contrast, the trade-off zones were more scattered than the synergy zone, mainly focused on the east-central and southwestern parts of the Yellow River Basin. (3) Geo-detector and random forest both showed that natural factors had a strong explanatory power on ESTSs, in which NDVI is a key driver. Both the results of Geo-detector and the analysis of variance showed that the interactions between natural factors exerted the most significant influence on ESTSs, followed by the interaction between natural factors and socio-economic factors.

There are close dynamic relationships among the livelihood, well-being, and ecological environment of farmer households. It is of great significance to scientifically clarify the impact of the Grain for Green policy on the livelihoods and well-being of farmer households in mountainous areas. Based on data from a survey of 392 farmer households in Zhangbei County, the system of indicators for livelihood assets and well-being of farmer households were constructed using the sustainable livelihood framework (SLF). The livelihood assets and well-being levels of different types of farmer households were measured, and a multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact of the Grain for Green policy implementation on the well-being levels of farmer households. The results showed that (1) the Grain for Green project caused changes in the livelihood of farmer households. The average livelihood diversity of farmer households was 3.008, and the returned farmland households (3.022) were higher than the nonreturned farmland households (2.975) in Zhangbei County. The level of natural assets among the total average livelihood assets of farmer households was the highest at 0.374, while the level of physical assets was the lowest at 0.018. The level of livelihood assets of returned farmland households (0.948) was lower than that of nonreturned farmland households (1.117). (2) The Grain for Green policy had an improving effect on the level of well-being of farmer households, but the effect was not significant. The level of well-being of all farmer households in Zhangbei County was 0.517, with the level of wealth contributing the most to the well-being of farmer households at 40.20% and the quality of the ecological environment contributing the least at 11.99%. The level of well-being of returned farmland households (0.518) was slightly higher than that of nonreturned farmland households (0.514). (3) The influencing degree of each factor on the level of well-being varied significantly. There are three main paths through which the Grain for Green policy affects the well-being of farmer households: by reallocating human assets, optimizing natural assets, and enhancing financial assets. The factor of household size had the highest degree, at 0.366, while educational attainment of household members, household labor capacity, annual household expenditure, livelihood diversity, number of large production tools, and total value of livestock were also important drivers of household well-being, and area of arable land was negatively associated with household well-being. There were also differences in the factors influencing the level of well-being of different types of farmer households.

[Objective] The study of the spatial evolution characteristics and equilibrium of Shandong Province from the perspective of “ Three zones” can provide a useful reference for optimizing the pattern of territory space development and protection. [Method] Based on the eight periods of land use data from 1980-2020, this paper analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and equilibrium of Shandong Province from different scales with the method of land use transfer matrix, land use dynamics, spatial auto-correlation and Spatial Lorentz curve.[Result]（1） Agricultural space is the main territory space in Shandong Province, accounting for 75% of the total area,and the proportion of urban space and ecological space is about 1∶2. The evolution of territory space was generally manifested in the reduction of agricultural space and ecological space, and the expansion of urban space.（2） The reduction of agricultural production space stems from the encroachment of rural living space and urban space, and the occupation time of urban space is longer. The rural living space showed a weak growth trend, and the equilibrium was relatively stable.（3） The transfer-in extent of urban living space was relatively high, and the distribution tended to be balanced; industrial and mining production space was mainly outward expansion.（4） The ecological space was squeezed by agricultural space and urban space, and the scale was constantly shrinking. The evolution speed of different types of ecological space was significantly different, with strong spatial heterogeneity and poor spatial balance. [Conclusion] The contradiction between the “Three zones” in Shandong Province is more prominent, and the development of urban space encroaches agricultural space and ecological space, resulting in the fragmentation of agricultural space and the continuous reduction of ecological space, and the territorial spatial planning will further coordinate the relationship between the “Three zones” and promote the sustainable development of social economy and ecological environment.

地理课程思政作为落实立德树人根本教育任务的重要一环,其德育成效并不突出,究其原因是地理课程思政内容缺乏统整性.因此,将大概念相关理论观点引入课程思政,经过对课程思政大概念的选取、地理课程思政大概念的筛选以及中下位概念的归聚,初步构建高中地理课程思政体系.基于体系特征提出地理课程思政实施的三条路径:上行路径、下行路径和并行路径.

课程标准是国家课程的基本纲领性文件,《义务教育地理课程标准(2022年版)》是新一轮基础教育课程改革的产物,其顺应时代的发展和教育理念的转变对地理教师提出了新的要求.文章基于《义务教育地理课程标准(2022年版)》总结了新时代对地理教师的新要求:加强理论学习,把握育人方向;落实课程目标,审思核心素养;增强"实践力",提升"教学力";创设主题情境,贯彻主题教学;强化过程评价,关注学生发展;"教—学—评"一体化,放大教育功能;提升综合能力,胜任跨学科主题教学.

区域是试题情境的载体,情境是高考评价体系中的考查载体.当前,地理高考愈加注重对"过渡区域"的考查.通过对2021-2023年地理全国卷高考试题中"过渡区域"的考查情况进行统计分析,得出其具有以下考查特点:考查频率高、注重对地理学科核心素养的考查、信息呈现方式以图文结合为主、注重对地理过程的考查、考查区域类型多样和以中小尺度为主;并总结出"过渡区域"的考查意图:关注地理信息获取能力、渗透尺度思想、强调人地关系和地理过程.因此,地理教学应重视以"过渡区域"为载体的情境挖掘、重视尺度思想的教学、加强地理过程和人地关系的分析.

空间思维能力是高考试题的重要考查方向,分为地理空间感知思维、地理空间分析思维和地理空间应用思维.2020年山东省开始实施新高考,新高考地理试卷凸显"能力立意"原则,注重对地理学科核心素养和关键能力的考查,对学生和教师的空间思维能力提出了更高要求.本文梳理了2020—2023年山东地理高考中有关空间思维能力考查的试题,统计分析了该类试题的考查特点,并在此基础上提出培养学生空间思维能力的教学策略.

The foundation for accurately understanding regional land-use structures and pursuing the coordination of human–land relations is the scientific identification and simulation of temporal and spatial evolution patterns of land-use spatial conflict (LUSC). Based on the production–living–ecological space (PLES) perspective, a land-use spatial conflict identification and intensity diagnosis model (LUCSII) was constructed using a landscape ecology index. The methods of geographic information system (GIS), spatial autocorrelation analysis, and mathematical statistics were used to achieve the spatial pattern of LUSC over the last 20 years, and the GMOP–Markov–PLUS model was used to simulate the evolution of LUSC in the future under various scenarios. The results indicated that our established LUCSII could accurately identify potential land-use spatial conflict areas in geoparks. The GMOP–Markov–PLUS model constructed had also scientifically predicted the future land-use patterns under different scenarios, successfully demonstrating the changing process of spatial conflict pattern evolution. The research proposed three different plans for the long-term land use of YG, including ecological protection, economic development, and long-term development perspectives. Finally, the research further emphasized the importance for sustainable development of geoparks. More attention should be paid to the optimal allocation of land-use structure and the coordinated development of human–land relationships.

Land use conflict, as the spatial manifestation of conflicting human-land relationship, has a profound impact on sustainable use of regional land resources. Taking the Yellow River Basin (YRB) as an example, a land use conflict assessment model was constructed based on landscape pattern indices. The dynamic patterns and driving factors of land use conflict in the YRB and the corresponding driving factors were then assessed from 2000 to 2020 based on spatial autocorrelation analysis and the geodetector method. Significant spatial and temporal differences in land use conflict were observed in the YRB from 2000 to 2020. During this period, the area of stable controllable decreased by 3465 km2, whereas the areas of strong and extreme conflict increased by 34,964 and 13,057 km2, respectively. The expansion of areas with extreme and strong conflict mostly occurred in regions with high urbanization and human activity, including northern Shaanxi, Hetao Plain, and the Yellow River Delta. The distribution of land use conflict in the YRB from 2000 to 2020 was characterized by significant spatial agglomeration; high-value cluster conflict mainly extended from the midstream area to the upstream area, whereas low-value clusters tended to be concentrated in the upstream area of the Qinghai and Qilian Mountains. The spatial and temporal differentiation in land use conflict from 2000 to 2020 was influenced by factors related to the natural environment, geographic location, social economy, and regional policy in the YRB. The effects of elevation, distance to the nearest major river, population, economic density, and per capita disposable income of residents increased continuously during the study period, whereas the influences of mean annual precipitation and ecological retreat weakened. Analysis of the interactions between driving factors showed significant dual-factor and non-liner enhancement effects on the spatial and temporal differentiation in land use conflict. The findings provide a scientific reference for the comprehensive management of national land and ecological construction in the YRB.

The agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China (AENC) is a significant ecological barrier, where the topographical features play basic roles in land-use change. In order to reveal the influence of topographical factors on land-use changes in the AENC, we used land-use transfer matrix, geo-information graphics, terrain niche, distribution index and geographical detector to explore the topographic gradient effect of land-use changes during 2000–2020 in the AENC based on remote-sensing image data from 2000, 2010, and 2020. The findings indicate that: (1) The total areas of land-use changes were 121,744 km2, accounting for 17.41% between 2000–2020. This was characterized by increasing amounts of land-use changes in the AENC. The changes in land-use were dominated by the conversions among farmland, forestland, and grassland, which were distributed widely in the mountainous regions of northern, western, and eastern margins. The expansion of construction land was derived mainly from farmland and grassland occurred in river valleys. (2) The pattern of land-use changes was divided into five types including stable type, prophase change, anaphase change, continuous change, and repeated change. Stable type accounted for 559,868.86 km2 and 80.09% of the total area. It was dominant in high altitude and complex terrain areas with terrain niches of more than 1.61. Prophase and anaphase changes accounted for 3.95% and 13.03%, respectively, which occupied to dominant positions in the 0.69–1.17 and 0.04–0.69, 1.17–1.61 terrain niches topographic gradient, respectively. Continuous and repeated changes occupied dominant positions in low altitude and flat complex areas with terrain niches of 0.04–1.17. (3) The topographic gradient effect of land-use changes in the AENC was influenced comprehensively by natural, geographical location, socioeconomic, and policy factors. Natural environmental factors and geographical location determined the topographic gradient pattern of land-use structure, while the direction of the topographical gradient pattern of land-use changes in the AENC is influenced by socioeconomic and policy factors. This research can provide a scientific reference for the development and protection of territorial space and optimal allocation of land resources in the AENC.

Primary education services are a key component of public infrastructure. These services exert significant impacts on public activity, sustainability, and healthy socio-economic development. This research applies the concept of a ‘living circle’ in order to evaluate the spatial equilibrium of education services in existing primary schools. This has enabled equilibrium planning schemes to be proposed for primary schools as well as the promotion and construction of livable and defensible living spaces. This area remains a key issue, however, one that urgently needs to be addressed in terms of the layout of public infrastructural services to facilitate livable living space construction. Thus, from the perspective of livable and defensible living space construction, the aim of this study was to construct a primary education equalization assessment method based on the walking living circle method. An equilibrium index was also designed based on the number of primary school students; this was then combined with the standard construction of new primary schools to optimize the spatial equilibrium of these education services. The city of Zhangjiakou City was then used as a case study; the spatial equilibrium of primary education services was evaluated across four living circle scenarios (i.e., 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, and 30 min). Results reveal that the city of Zhangjiakou currently offers dramatically spatially negative non-equilibrium primary education services (i.e., supply < demand) across four living circle scenarios, but most notably in rural areas away from urban areas and towns, especially in the counties of Shangyi, Chicheng, Chongli, Kangbao, and Guyuan. It is interesting to note that all living circle scenarios could enable positive non-equilibrium primary education services (i.e., supply > demand), mainly within the urban districts of Qiaodong, Xuanhua, Qiaoxi, Wanquan, and Xiahuayuan. It is also clear that equilibrium living circles are distributed across all counties. A spatial optimization proposal for primary school services should therefore be presented that alleviates the issues inherent to non-equilibrium primary education services. The results of this study offer a number of suggestions for education service optimization across the city of Zhangjiakou as well as for other cities in China. We also provide further scientific foundations for research on livable space and defensible unit construction as well as the spatial equilibrium evaluation of other public infrastructural service facilities

耕地是保障国家粮食安全的重要载体.以中国北方农牧交错带为例,基于2000、2010、2020年3期遥感影像数据,综合运用转移矩阵、空间自相关分析、空间计量模型等方法系统分析了2000—2020年中国北方农牧交错带耕地时空分异特征及影响因素.研究结果表明:(1)2000—2020年中国北方农牧交错带耕地面积由268959.49 km2增加到269471.62 km2,耕地变化主要表现为耕地与林地、草地之间的相互转化.在垂直方向上,耕地变化主要发生于海拔1000～2000 m以及坡度0～5°的地区.(2)2000—2020年中国北方农牧交错带耕地分布具有明显的空间集聚特征,整体呈现东高西低、北高南低的空间格局.耕地主要分布于研究区东北部的河谷平原及中西部的黄河谷地,地形较为复杂的高原边缘山区、丘陵沟壑区耕地分布较少.(3)2000—2020年气候、地形等自然环境因素是中国北方农牧交错带耕地空间分布的基础条件,社会经济因素和区域政策因素是耕地时空分异的重要推动因素.其中,年均气温、道路密度以及生态退耕政策、土地利用管控政策等对耕地时空分异的影响为正,坡度、经济密度对耕地时空分异的影响为负.

Rural depopulation is the most significant geographical phenomenon in rural areas during the process of urbanization. Although many studies have investigated the driving force of rural depopulation based on rural-urban migration at the macro level, the local factors, and their impact on rural depopulation from the rural areas have been not fully revealed. This paper selected the northern mountains of China’s Hebei province as a study area to explore the pattern and local push factors of rural depopulation at the rural-township levels based on GeoDetector. The main findings are summarized as follows. (1) Rural depopulation varies substantially, demonstrates spatial correlation, and is distributed in clusters. From a dynamic perspective, compare that in years 2000–2010, the population growth areas during 2010–2017 have been significantly expanded, while the sharp depopulation areas and severe depopulation areas experienced shrinkage in our study area. (2) The pattern of rural depopulation is in accordance with terrain. Rural depopulation tends to be stronger in plateaus and mountains, while relatively milder in intermontane basins, hills, and piedmont plains. (3) The agricultural suitability of natural environmental and rural economic opportunities together with climate changes were the most important driving forces of rural depopulation at local levels. Location, sparse population, and inadequate public services also contributed to rural depopulation. However, the dominant driving factors are different in the different periods. Rural depopulation was mainly driven by arable land per capita and natural environmental variables in the years 2000–2010, while the population density, location, and off-farm economic opportunities played a decisive role in the years 2010–2017. (4) Rural depopulation is a complex, multi-dimensional process driven by a combination of multiple factors including different environmental factors, economic opportunities, and location. This paper reveals the push factors of rural depopulation in underdeveloped mountainous areas by a quantitative empirical approach, inspiring increased attention to the impacts of local factors and spatial correlations on rural depopulation, and has many implications for the policy design of China’s rural revitalization.

[目的]厘清近20年山东省生境质量演变特征,明确土地利用变化对生境质量的影响.[方法]运用InVEST模型、GIS空间分析方法分析了 2000～2018年山东省生境质量的时空演变特征.[结果]研究表明:(1)2000～2018年山东省生境质量整体处于中级水平且空间差异显著,总体呈现中东部高、西部低的空间格局;较低及以下等级生境质量区趋于沿湖、沿海地区及城市市区集中分布,较高及以上等级生境质量区呈现山地、丘陵集聚特征.(2)生境质量指数从0.558下降到0.538,生境质量级差化特征明显,生境质量提升区趋于济南、淄博、潍坊、青岛、临沂等城市边缘区集中分布,生境质量退化区集聚于滨州、东营、潍坊市沿海地区.[结论]山东省生境质量时空变化受土地利用变化影响显著,生境质量提升区主要发生在耕地向林地、草地转化以及未利用地向林地、水域、草地转化地区.

运用基尼系数、泰尔指数、对数离差均值、Moran's I指数等方法分析我国2005-2019年农地流转的时空格局演变特征.结果表明:①全国各省份农地流转水平不均衡性显著,整体呈现东高西低的态势;②农地流转率泰尔指数、基尼系数、对数离差均值变动趋势表明全国农地流转区域差异整体呈先增大后减小,近年来显露回升态势;③全国东、中、西、东北地区农地流转泰尔指数整体呈现下降趋势,组间差异及组间贡献率不断减小,四大区域间差异对全国农地流转水平的影响要次于四大区域内各省份间差异影响;④全国农地流转空间正向集聚效应显著,且一直处于波动上升状态,总体空间分异格局保持相对稳定态势.