There are many ships and ports in Shanghai coastal zones, where disastrous weather occurs frequently. Meteorological disasters often threaten the safety of people’s lives and properties along the coast and in the ports. In the past, the meteorological warnings for Shanghai coastal zones are mainly based on those issued for Yangshan Port by Shanghai Marine Meteorological Centre (SMMC), which are called “unified warnings”. However, there are obvious differences in the time and intensity of meteorological disasters in each region, and the unified warnings cannot meet the needs of the production and operation of the shipping and ports. In 2020, Shanghai coastal zones were divided into five sub-zones, where the meteorological forecast and warnings were carried out separately from July 2020. Based on hourly observational data of the representative stations in Shanghai coastal zones and warning signal data from 2016 to 2022, the gale events are selected to analyse the statistical characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution and evaluate the forecast quality and the economic benefits of the zonal warnings. The results show that: (1) The farther away from the coastline, the more gale days, the higher the wind speed and the longer the duration; the higher the wind speed during the process, the more obvious the difference of wind scale. In particular, the wind scale caused by typhoons can range up to 5 levels. (2) Compared with the “unified warning”, the missing alarm rate (MAR) of gale warnings in each sea area has been reduced significantly, by up to 5%, the false alarm rate (FAR) for the western part of Yangtze River estuary is reduced by more than 8% and the TS score is significantly improved by more than 10%. (3) The advance time of gale warnings has been reduced by more than 3 hours, the maintaining duration has been shortened by more than 16 hours at most, which can reduce the loss of nearly 18 million RMB and improve the production efficiency of the coastal zones of Shanghai greatly. The results of this paper show that refined marine meteorological forecasts and early warnings provide a safety guarantee for marine transportation and port production operations, resulting in significant social and economic benefits and the enhancement of the comprehensive guarantee level of marine meteorological services in Shanghai. In the next step, we will continue to research and develop more refined objective forecast methods adapted to this business, then build a regional shared operational system platform and extend it to the Yangtze River Delta region, so as to promote the high-quality development of shipping meteorological integration in the Yangtze River Delta region.

为探究上海海域风能资源的情况,按照《风电场风能资源评估方法》和《全国风能资源评价技术规定》中的相关方法,对东海浮标(深远海)和南槽灯船(近海)处2013—2018年实测的气象资料进行了分析比较.结果表明,东海浮标处累年平均风速为6.30 m/s,南槽灯船处累年平均风速为5.80 m/s,东海浮标处累年平均风速比南槽灯船处高8.6％;东海浮标处累年平均风功率密度为345.1 W/m2,南槽灯船处累年平均风功率密度为239.5 W/m2,东海浮标处累年平均风功率密度比南槽灯船处高44.1％;东海浮标处湍流强度的累年平均值为0.114,比南槽灯船处(0.125)低8.8％,对发电机组运行的影响低于南槽灯船处.本研究结果表明,东海浮标处的风能资源比南槽灯船处丰富,东海深远海的风能资源比近海丰富.

针对长江口近岸海上风电场,利用2019年8-10月NCEP全球天气预报产品和第三代海浪模式Wave Watch Ⅲ的全球预报产品做上海长禁五号、长江口灯船和东海浮标站的单点预报,利用这些站点的观测数据,针对风电场的需求评估预报精度.结果表明:全球天气预报产品中的风速预报对区域内的单站预报结果有一定参考价值,大于6 m/s风速的24 h预报准确率达到46.3％;使用递减平均法可以使风速预报的均方根误差减少10％～14％,预报准确率提高为57.0％.全球海浪预报结果在长江口近海较精确,长江口灯船站48 h预报有效波高均方根误差在0.25 m以下,相关系数高达0.80.在台风极端天气条件下,全球天气预报产品对长江口风速仍有一定的预报技巧,但最大风速的出现时间滞后6 h左右.全球海浪预报产品的预报技巧与无台风情况下没有明显差别.