The scale of anthropogenic terrain transformation within the Norilsk industrial region was quantified and a classification of its consequences has been elaborated. The work is based on the results of 2021 expeditionary geomorphologic studies, interpretation and analysis of remote sensing materials and digital elevation models. It has been established that the total area of direct terrain transformation during the territory development was about 122,4 km2, and that of indirect transformation - 23,6 km2. The volume of anthropogenic landforms is at least 1,8 billion m3; accumulative forms account for 93% of the area and 72,6% of the volume of direct landform transformations. The types of anthropogenic landforms were identified, it was found that the largest area is occupied by embankments for industrial development and tailings, and the largest volume is characteristic of slope dumps. Indirect terrain transformation is mainly activation of gravitational processes, linear erosion, suffusion, thermokarst, heaving and deflation. The mass displacement of slope dumps by landslides or stone glaciers are the most dangerous for infrastructure facilities. Separate areas of indirect transformations are mainly limited to the lacustrine-alluvial lowlands and the bottoms of river valleys. Among them, the largest area (up to 20 km2) is occupied by segments of river valleys affected by spills of oil products and tailings. It has been established that the accumulation of pollutants in river valleys of the Norilsk industrial region occurs within the internal deltas and ice glades where the longitudinal slope decreases. Three stages of anthropogenic development of the territory are distinguished (I - 1920-1953; II - 1953-1986; III - 1986-2021); the most significant increment in the area of anthropogenic terrain occurred from 1953 to 1986. The average rate of anthropogenic terrain area increment over the past 36 years amounted to 0,81 km2/year. The highest rates of area growth are characteristic of the Kayerkan and Talnakh regions, which is associated with ongoing mining.

As a result of interdisciplinary studies carried out on the Tersky coast of the White Sea, we have confirmed the existing ideas about the general trend of decreasing heights of the synchronous ancient coastlines in the eastern direction. We also revealed the age ‘mosaic’ structure of the marine terrace surface, which, according to our preliminary data, was formed as a result of at least two relative level rises of the White Sea – at the end of the Early – be-ginning of the Middle (~9.5–8.5 cal. kyr BP) and at the end of the Middle – beginning of the Late (~6.5–4.5 cal. kyr BP) Holocene, after which the shoreline smoothly moved to its present-day position.

Detailed paleoseismogeological, morphotectonic, and tectonophysical studies using remote and ground surveys have been carried out on the islands of the Kuzokotsky Archipelago on the southwestern coast of Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea. The following have been established: (a) kinematic parameters of seismic ruptures (including strike-slip faults; overthrust strike-slip faults along the ruptures of the general (NNW) direction corresponding to the side structures of the Kandalaksha graben; and strike-slip faults, faults, and tear faults along the ruptures of the WNW direction corresponding to the structures of the Velikaya Salma graben); (b) the correspondence of seismic rupture parameters (reverse strike-slip faults) to periodic changes in the tectonic stress field from northwest to northeast compression; (c) the inheritance of seismic deformations and the development of the latest morphostructure within the framework of the dominance of the structures of the Kandalaksha graben with the periodic activation of the Velikaya Salma graben; (d) three main stages of seismogenic renewal: (I) preglacial and the beginning of the late glacial, (II) late glacial, and (III) Holocene; (e) three main seismic episodes in the Late Holocene: 2.3–2.2, 1.5–1.4, and 0.5–0.4 ka BP; and (f) traces of maximum shaking corresponding to the IX+ and X seismic scale localized along the outer northern (to the Velikaya Salma strait) flank of the archipelago and related to all stages of seismogenic renewal.

The analysis of a large amount of data–satellite images, UAV surveys, meteorological observations of polar stations, and archival data made it possible to establish the shoreline retreat rates of Ushakov Island. The island is entirely covered by a glacial dome formed above Late Cretaceous and Quaternary rock formations. The ice/rock interface is partially located below sea level. Ushakov Island is located in the northern part of the Central Kara Upland; it was discovered in 1935 by a Soviet sea expedition and visited by scientific expeditions extremely rarely. For a long time, Ushakov Island was maintained under a slightly negative (up to 1

In 1958 V.F. Perov, staff member of the Khibiny Research and Training Station of the MSU Faculty of Geography, described four snow-ice formations in the Khibiny Mountains and classified them as very small glaciers. Until our research began in 2005, these glaciers were not studied in detail. We used field observations, drilling, GIS and remote sensing methods to study the structure of the glaciers and evaluate changes in their geometry during 60 years. The snow-ice formations were drilled through for the first time and the ice cores underwent geochemical and isotope-oxygen analyses. The thickness of ice kernels varies from 0,2 to 1,6 m. Our investigations showed that despite a slight degradation, the glaciers` area remains relatively stable since 1958. This fact may be caused by the increase in solid precipitation in recent years. According to the analysis of climatic changes, in the early 2000s a decrease in snowfall was observed in the Khibiny Mountains. The maximum snow thickness at the meteorological site of the Khibiny station in 2002-2003 winter period was 55 cm. This could be a factor of more than 2 times decrease of glacier areas during 2000-2010. After 2007 there has been an increase in snow precipitation, and the maximum snow depth of 180 cm was observed in 2020, the absolute maximum for the whole period of observations (1984-2020). According to published data the increase in mean annual temperature at the plains of the Kola Peninsula is 2,3 ± 1°C during the last 50 years. However, mean monthly temperatures of the summer do not rise. We consider that, along with recently increasing snow precipitation, this is exactly what determine rather stable state of snow-ice formations in the Khibiny Mountains, which appeared to be more resistant to climate warming than mountain glaciers.

По данным дешифрирования космических снимков и полевых наблюдений на побережье Белого моря выявлены 15 наиболее крупных участков (площадью от 0.3 до 8.7 км 2 ; всего ~27 км 2 ), где антропогенное воздействие активизирует прибрежные эоловые процессы.На Терском (устье р.Варзуги), Летнем (устье р.Яреньги) и Зимнем (от устья р.Ручьи до м.Инцы) берегах эоловый рельеф и процессы, развивающиеся в условиях антропогенного прессинга, изучены методами геоморфологического и георадиолокационного профилирования, аэрофотосъемки беспилотным летательным аппаратом и литостратиграфического описания прибрежных отложений.Рассмотрена реакция прибрежных эоловых процессов на антропогенную нагрузку в зависимости от динамики берега и баланса наносов в береговой зоне за последние сотни лет.Как на аккумулятивных, так и на абразионных берегах нарушение естественного рельефа и растительного покрова усилили вынос из береговой зоны песчаного материала.При этом в условиях отрицательного или сбалансированного бюджета наносов на прибрежных террасах возросла интенсивность дефляции, а в условиях избытка наносов -эоловой аккумуляции.В районе с.Кузомени (устье р.Варзуги), где деградация естественного рельефа наиболее существенна, изменились направления ветропесчаных потоков, а массовое движение песков начинается при скоростях ветра меньших, чем на ненарушенных участках берега.Всего из ареалов перевеивания, усиленного в результате антропогенного воздействия, в сторону суши перенесено не менее 20000 тыс.м 3 песков.По данным радиоуглеродного датирования фрагментов усохших деревьев установлено, что активизация эоловых процессов в устьях рр.Яреньги и

Information about the occurrence and age of anthropogenic objects and accompanying surface morphology transformations in the Arctic zone of Russia was collected and systematized. 6 chronological stages of antropogenic surface transformations were distinguished: before 1918 a.d., 1919-1932 a.d., 1933-1963 a.d., 1964-1987 a.d., 1988-1998 a.d. and after 1999 a.d. The leading types of land-use on the territory of the Arctic zone of Russia for different time slices are identified, the areas affected by development are outlined, and the inherent types of anthropogenic transformation of landscapes are indicated. Rythms of economic development and antropogenic surface morphology transformation due to social-economic and political causes were established. Maximum of antropogenic transformation occurred during Soviet period in 1933-1963 and 1964-1987 a.d.. Periods between 1919-1932 a.d and 1988-1998 a.d. coinciding with collapse of Russian Empire and USSR respectively marked with significant decrease of antropogenic activity in Russian Arctic. Four types of territories differing with duration of antropogenic development, intensity and set of antropogenic objects and accompanying surface morphology transformations were revealed: 1) territories of old (before 1918 a.d) development with significant grade of antropogenic transformation (4,3% of Russian Arctic); 2) territories of Soviet (1918-1987) development with significant grade of antropogenic transformation (25,8% of Russian Arctic); 3) territories of Postsoviet (1988+) development with significant grade of antropogenic transformation (2,9% of Russian Arctic); 2) territories without significant amount of antropogenic objects and with well-preserved natural surface morphology (67% of Russian Arctic).

The analysis of a large complex of materials – satellite images, UAV surveys, meteorological observations of polar stations, and archival data made it possible to establish the shoreline retreat rates of Ushakov Island. The island is entirely coved by the glacial dome formed above the late Cretaceous and Quaternary rock formations. The ice/rock interface is partially located below sea level. lying on the Ushakov island is located in the northern part of the Central Kara Upland and was discovered in 1935 by Soviet sea expedition visited by scientific expeditions extremely rare. For a long time, Ushakov Island was maintained by slightly negative (up to 1% volume annually) ice balance, a short ice-free period, and protected from storm waves by fast ice. At the beginning of the XXI century, the situation changed – the air temperature began to increase noticeably, the area of sea ice decreased, and the wave activity increased during the warm season. The edges of Ushakov ice dome began to break off and float into the sea as icebergs evenly around the perimeter with an increasing rate: from 10.9 m/year in 1954–2011, up to 27.3 m/year in 2011–2019. The area of the island decreased in 2002–2019 by 230.8 ha/year, in 2015–2019 – up to 294 ha/year. The glacier surface around the polar station has decreased by 15 m in 65 years. A monument of science and technology - the polar station (built in 1954, 800 m from the edge of the glacier) was washed away to the sea in 2018. The subtype of ice shores has changed from ice barriers up to 3 m high (low cliffs of floating ice) to ice walls up to 45 m and more.

Information about the occurrence of different types of anthropogenic objects, such as settlements, transport infrastructure, mining areas, etc., in the Arctic zone of Russia was collected and systematized. Information about anthropogenic objects was taken from the Internet open sources: cartographic projects, databases, projects and schemes for further development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. It has been established that only a fifth of the Russian Arctic territory is under economic development, while the rest of its territory practically lacks the anthropogenic objects. The degree of economic development of the Arctic territories gradually decreases eastward. The Republic of Karelia is characterized by the highest level of economic development (only 13,1% of its area is currently unaffected by economic activities), while the least developed subjects are the Krasnoyarsk Krai (95,2%) and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (87,2%). Data on the presence, location, and types of anthropogenic objects underwent the k-means method of cluster analysis in order to identify characteristic combinations of objects corresponding to the different types of development. Six main types of development have been identified within the Arctic zone of Russia, each of them is characterized by the dominance of a certain type of anthropogenic objects (residential objects, roads of various categories, mining facilities, fossil fuel transportation objects, and logging infrastructure). A specific type of development, namely integrated development, was also identified, which is characterized by a combination of three to five types of objects within a limited area. Each type of development is characterized by a certain combination of trends and the degree of relief transformation. In particular, the greatest transformation of relief and geomorphologicl processes is typical of the opencast mining areas (525 quarries with a total area of 605 km 2 ). A large variety of anthropogenic forms of different sizes are forming and the natural course of relief-forming processes (permafrost, fluvial, slope, etc.) is totally disrupted there for long. The least significant impact on relief development is that of some linear transport structures, in particular, unpaved roads and underground gas pipelines. Depending on the types of development, the subjects of the Russian Federation which are the part of the Arctic zone are characterized by various forms of the influence of economic activities on relief development. For regions with the leading role of transport infrastructure (e. g. the Arkhangelsk region, Karelia, the Republic of Sakha), a more significant indirect human influence on relief development is characteristic, in comparison with the direct one (the areas with negative consequences along the pathways of infrastructure objects exceed the area of anthropogenic forms themselves). On the contrary, the most pronounced transformation of relief in mining areas (e. g. the Murmansk region) is associated with direct impact, primarily, the large-scale creation of anthropogenic forms. In general, the economic activity in the Arctic zone of Russia is rather weak: the transformation of relief and natural geomorphologic processes affects a total area of about 667 thousand square km, which is about 18% of the total area of the Russian Arctic.

The object of research is the Holocene massive ice veins on the Eastern coast of the Daurkin Peninsula, the easternmost part of the Chukotka. Peat bogs with ice veins occur on the surface of marine terraces (near Uelen and Lorino settlements) and on flood plain of the Koolen Lake; the thickness of peat varies from 0.7 to 2.5 m. Radio-carbon dating of the peat enclosing the investigated ice veins near Uelen and Lorino indicated that the beginning of peat accumulation began at the end of Late Pleistocene - early Holocene, about 11 cal ka BR On the flood plain of the Koolen Lake peat bogs began to accumulate in the middle Holocene, i.e. around 6 cal ka BR At the initial stage of peat bogs formation the rate of peat accumulation was high and could reach 1 cm/10 years. Ice veins occur at a depth of 0.5-1 m, and their lower parts are located in the underlying peat sandy loams and loams. In the upper levels of the peat bogs, narrow present-day ice veins are found, which are sometimes embedded in the upper parts of Holocene veins. A clear sign of syngenetic growth of veins is the upward bending of the layers of the host peat at the lateral contacts with the veins. The main source of water for the formation of ice veins is snow, as evidenced by the ratio of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen and the values of deuterium excesses in the ice. A slight admixture of saline water (probably from a seasonally thawed layer) was noted in the veins near the Lorino settlement. Reconstructions of winter air paleotemperatures, performed on the basis of data of isotope-oxygen composition of ice from the veins, did show that at the period between 11 and 6 cal Ka BR the mean winter air temperature on the Daurkin Peninsula was by 2-5 degrees C lower than today, but the air temperature of the coldest month (January or February) was still lower (by 4-8 degrees C) than today. The noticeable trend of increase of stable isotope values in the ice veins from early Holocene to the present time is indicative of a steady positive trend of mean winter air temperatures in the Holocene.

По данным детальных геоморфологических исследований, радиоуглеродного датирования и диатомового анализа отложений оз.Столбового и осадочного чехла террас, выделены и датированы три этапа развития береговой зоны северо-запада Онежского полуострова, различных по механизмам и глубине переработки ледникового рельефа и запечатленных в строении древних берегов.Неясно выраженные абразионные береговые линии на высотах 18.5-30 м сформировались ранее ~9.5-8.5 тыс.кал.л. н. в ходе позднеледниковой трансгрессии и гляциоизостатической регрессии раннего голоцена.Отчетливая преимущественно абразионная береговая линия на отметках 14-18.5 м создана ~8.2-5.8 тыс.кал.л. н. во время среднеголоценовой трансгрессии тапес при незначительных колебаниях уровня моря с гидродинамической активностью выше современной.В конце этапа (~6.0-5.8 тыс.кал.л. н.) на берегу Двинского залива зафиксировано кратковременное повышение уровня моря, связанное, вероятно, с усилением штормов.Не выдержанные по высоте абразионно-аккумулятивные береговые линии на отметках до 14-15 м образовались позже ~5.8 тыс.кал.л. н. в условиях близких к современным.Показана ведущая роль послеледникового поднятия (гляциоизостатического и тектонического) в выдвижении контура берега, а строения ледникового рельефа -в морфо-и литодинамике береговой зоны.Во время трансгрессии тапес скорости поднятия соседних морфоструктурных блоков отличались (~0.5 и 2.1-2.2мм/год); затем поднятие стало равномерным (~2.8-2.9 мм/год).Строение береговых форм свидетельствует о постоянстве преобладающих направлений подхода волн и транспорта наносов со среднего голоцена до настоящего времени.

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of bodies of water on the fjard and skerrie shores by their uplift. The object of the study is the Lake Kislo-Sladkoe on the Karelian Coast of the White Sea (Russia). It was established that Lake Kislo-Sladkoe was a narrow strait with fast tidal currents up to 600-500 years ago; about 100-150 years ago it became a semi-enclosed lagoon; and since the 1960s the isolation progressed to such a stage that communication with the sea is now limited to monthly reflux of sea water during syzygy tides. Most of the time the lake is stratified, autumn mixing occurs on average once every two years during autumn storms. In the period between these cases the lake stays meromictic with the brackish communities in the upper layer, high amount and biomass of the several eurybiontic species below the halocline, high density of sulfur bacteria on the border of aerobic and anoxic zones, and anaerobic bacterial community in the bottom water. In the previous marine strait the water was totally homogeneous, saturated with the oxygen, and represented typical marine environment. Such dramatic changes occur due to the postglacial uplift of the coast (1-4 mm/year) and closure of bays and straits by coastal accumulative landforms. The emergence of small bars and spits can accelerate the separation of these bodies of water from the sea by 100-150 years.

Аnthropogenic changes in the coastal zone of the Russian Arctic seas are overviewed for the first time. Maps of the anthropogenic transformation of relief and relief-forming processes (scale 1:15 000 000) and corresponding databases have been compiled using the interpreted data from satellite images and literature sources. Six stages of the coast development have been identified, i.e. Pre-revolutionary (including 2 sub-stages: before the 18th century and from the 18th century till 1918), Komseveroput’ (1919–1932), Glavsevmorput’ (1933–1963), Departmental (1964–1991), Changes of economic structure (1992–1998) and Neocapitalist (1999 – present) with pre-sanctional (1999–2014) and sanctional (after 2014) substages. For each of them specific types of the anthropogenic impact on the coastal zone were determined. During all stages, except that of 1992–1998, the load on the coasts increased, and the anthropogenic changes accumulated. After deloading the coasts relaxation occurred just in places without engineering structures in the coastal zone. However, the anthropogenic changes of the Russian Arctic coasts are still of local character. We identified 89 sites of anthropogenic impact with a total length of about 1% of the total coastline of the Russian Arctic seas. At 56% of them Transformation of relief and relief-forming processes result from the construction of industrial, military and transport facilities in the coastal zone (56%), and operation of facilities located outside (44%). Changes of the coastal relief are insignificant and local for 62% of the sites; 20% of the sites undergo the increasing denudation relief-forming processes (coastal, cryogenic, slope, and aeolian) at a distance of up to 1 km from the source of impact. Transformation of relief-forming processes caused rapid coastal retreat and/or flooding of coastal areas for 18% of the sites; the changes spread to 1–12 km from the source of impact. The most profound changes in the coastal zone result from the construction of port facilities and pipeline crossings; accumulative (beach and lagoon) and thermoabrasion coasts are particularly vulnerable to human impact.

Medium magnitude debris flow phenomena are widespread in the Kola Peninsula Mountains. Most frequently observed types are snowmelt period slushflows and rainfall-induced debris flows. Similar sets of hazardous events are reported for mountainous areas of Scandinavia, Japan, and Northern America.