To address the challenges related to significant pressure loss and weakened combustion performance of energetic materials when ignited on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), periodate-based MICs (Metastable Intermolecular Composites) have emerged as promising candidates due to their high energy density and combustion pressure. However, the integration of periodate-based MICs onto MEMS has not been effectively achieved thus far. Herein, we propose a simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach to fabricate a MEMS-compatible Al/Cu2HIO6/PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) energetic composite film. Our method involves utilizing a Cu(OH)2 array as a template and employing an in-situ and spin-coating process. The resulting Al/Cu2HIO6/PVDF film was characterized using various techniques including SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS. These analyses reveal a tightly packed nano array morphology with a porous structure. DSC-TG analysis was conducted to investigate the thermal reaction of the Al/Cu2HIO6/PVDF composite film. The results demonstrate that the thermal reaction involved a complex multi-step process, with higher heat release (1121 J g-1), a faster reaction rate, and a lower initial reaction temperature (294.5 °C) compared to the Al/CuO/PVDF composite film. the reaction process of Al/Cu2HIO6/PVDF film was also been proposed by analyzing the products at different temperatures. combustion diagnostic tests were carried out to evaluate the combustion performance of the Al/Cu2HIO6/PVDF composite film. The results indicate that as CuO transformed into Cu2HIO6, the film exhibits a reduced ignition delay (8 ms) and combustion duration (50 ms), higher combustion temperature (3710 K), and stronger flame intensity (8630 a.u.).

Laser ignition technology has garnered significant attention for energetic materials in recent years, offering advantages over traditional electrical initiation methods, notably in mitigating issues related to stray currents and electromagnetic interference. Moreover, it can facilitate multi -point synchronous ignition. However, the persistent challenges of high ignition thresholds and delays in energetic materials necessitate effective resolutions. In this study, we address these challenges by converting the inert Al 2 O 3 layer on the surface of aluminum powder into the active compound Aluminum Iodate Hexahydrate ([Al(H 2 O) 6 ](IO 3 ) 3 (HIO 3 ) 2 , AIH) to prepare an Al@AIH@PVDF energetic composite film (ECF) with the aim of reducing the laser ignition threshold and delay of Al@PVDF ECF. The Al@AIH@PVDF ECF was synthesized through a simple wet chemistry method and a rapid evaporation process suing a simple, environmental -friendly, and cost-effective way. Differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG) results demonstrate a lower exothermic reaction temperature (161 degrees C) and higher heat release (2900 J g -1 ) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Laser ignition tests reveal a reduced laser ignition delay (11 ms) and threshold (1.59 J cm -2 ) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Combustion experiments showcase elevated combustion flame temperature (3090 K), burning rate (4.11 cm s -1 ), and smaller condensed combustion products, while effectively igniting CL -20. Pressure tests indicate higher maximum combustion pressure (3.24 MPa) and pressure rise rate (4.05 GPa s -1 ) for Al@AIH@PVDF ECF. Finally, the reaction process and mechanism of Al@AIH@PVDF ECF was also investigated and proposed.

The ignition strategy of energetic materials using low-energy near-infrared (NIR) laser has garnered significant attention due to its enhanced safety and reliability. This study explores the use of a relatively photosensitive but mechanical insensitive energetic material, DATNBI, to facilitate the self-assembly of nano-CL-20 crystals into polycrystalline particles though solvothermal induction, yielding a rough structure conducive to NIR laser ignition. The findings demonstrate that by adjusting the content of DATNBI, it is possible to achieve micro-nano controllable spherical CL-20/DATNBI (C/D) particles, with CL-20 as the primary component and DATNBI as the auxiliary component. The incorporation of DATNBI and the rough surface structure enhance the light absorption of C/D particles in the NIR band. Additionally, the unique synergistic effect between CL-20 and DATNBI during thermal decomposition further promotes NIR laser ignition. As expected, the C/D particles achieved self- sustained combustion and exhibited excellent combustion performance under a 1064 nm laser, which is challenging to be achieved with raw CL-20 or raw DATNBI. Furthermore, the relatively insensitive DATNBI and spherical structure reduced the impact sensitivity of the C/D particles. This multifunctional material strategy, integrating energy, safety, environment-friendliness, and laser ignition performance, offers a novel approach for laser ignition of energetic materials.

To address the challenges related to significant pressure loss and weakened combustion performance of energetic materials when ignited on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), periodate-based MICs (Metastable Intermolecular Composites) have emerged as promising candidates due to their high energy density and combustion pressure. However, the integration of periodate-based MICs onto MEMS has not been effectively achieved thus far. Herein, we propose a simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach to fabricate a MEMS-compatible Al/Cu 2 HIO 6 /PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) energetic composite film. Our method involves utilizing a Cu(OH) 2 array as a template and employing an in -situ and spin-coating process. The resulting Al/ Cu 2 HIO 6 /PVDF film was characterized using various techniques including SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS. These analyses reveal a tightly packed nano array morphology with a porous structure. DSC-TG analysis was conducted to investigate the thermal reaction of the Al/Cu 2 HIO 6 /PVDF composite film. The results demonstrate that the thermal reaction involved a complex multi-step process, with higher heat release (1121 J g-1), a faster reaction rate, and a lower initial reaction temperature (294.5 degrees C) compared to the Al/CuO/PVDF composite film. the reaction process of Al/Cu 2 HIO 6 /PVDF film was also been proposed by analyzing the products at different temperatures. combustion diagnostic tests were carried out to evaluate the combustion performance of the Al/ Cu 2 HIO 6 /PVDF composite film. The results indicate that as CuO transformed into Cu 2 HIO 6 , the film exhibits a reduced ignition delay (8 ms) and combustion duration (50 ms), higher combustion temperature (3710 K), and stronger flame intensity (8630 a.u.).

High purity and ultrafine DAAF (u-DAAF) is an emerging insensitive charge in initiators. Although there are many ways to obtain u-DAAF, developing a preparation method with stable operation, accurate control, good quality consistency, equipment miniaturization, and minimum manpower is an inevitable requirement to adapt to the current social technology development trend. Here reported is the microfluidic preparation of u-DAAF with tunable particle size by a passive swirling microreactor. Under the guidance of recrystallization growth kinetics and mixing behavior of fluids in the swirling microreactor, the key parameters (liquid flow rate, explosive concentration and crystallization temperature) were screened and optimized through screening experiments. Under the condition that no surfactant is added and only experimental parameters are controlled, the particle size of recrystallized DAAF can be adjusted from 98 nm to 785 nm, and the corresponding specific surface area is 8.45 m2·g-1 to 1.33 m2·g-1. In addition, the preparation method has good batch stability, high yield (90.8% to 92.6%) and high purity (99.0% to 99.4%), indicating a high practical application potential. Electric explosion derived flyer initiation tests demonstrate that the u-DAAF shows an initiation sensitivity much lower than that of the raw DAAF, and comparable to that of the refined DAAF by conventional spraying crystallization method. This study provides an efficient method to fabricate u-DAAF with narrow particle size distribution and high reproducibility as well as a theoretical reference for fabrication of other ultrafine explosives.

Flake-like energetic crystal has a great potential to achieve initiator explosive with high reactivity, low initiation threshold, high safety, and facile post-processing, but it has been limited for 3,3 '-diamino-4,4 '-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) by the difficulties in controlling crystal morphology. Here reported is a microfluidic preparation of flakelike DAAF crystals (f-DAAF) with tunable size by combined effect of the adding of facet-controlling agent (nigrosin alcohol soluble) and tuning of the external crystallization conditions. The results show that the crystal system of f-DAAF belong to monoclinic system, the (-201) facet is the largest exposed face. The f-DAAF possess high crystallinity, tunable flake aspect ratio from 6.15 to 66.8 and specific surface area from 2.57 to 5.67 m2 & sdot;g- 1. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the selective interactions between the two molecules (facet-controlling agent and solvent) and different crystal faces of DAAF in a real experiment environment. Combined with the experimental results, a possible growth mechanism of the flake-like morphology was discussed. It is found that the f-DAAF not only possess lower impact sensitivity itself, but also can reduce the impact sensitivity of other explosives with high impact sensitivity. The electric explosion derived flyer initiation experiments show that the initiation sensitivity of f-DAAF is much lower than that of raw DAAF in micron size, and comparable to that of ultrafine DAAF. This work demonstrates the promising application potential of f-DAAF as high-performance initiator explosives with low initiation threshold and high safety, and also provides an effective way for their preparation.

Understanding the structural changes and degradation mechanisms of organic pollutants is critical in environmental research. In this work, a xenon lamp was used as an analog light source to simulate the effect of sunlight on 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) in aqueous solution. Combining high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with density functional theory (DFT), the degradation intermediates and mechanisms of DAAF were investigated. The sequential breakdown of the –NH2 and –O–N= bonds, followed by the removal of atomic O from –N=N(O)–, was emphasized and investigated using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) and SERS spectra. Three intermediates with mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) 181, 251 and 180 were identified and characterized by integrating experimental SERS data with DFT-calculated Raman spectra based on structures hypothesized from MS spectra. The findings from HPLC–MS and SERS not only corroborate each other but also provide a foundation for a detailed examination of the DAAF degradation process.

Although laser ignition is considered to be one of the most promising ways to detonate energetic materials due to its high safety and reliability, it is still a challenge to achieve direct ignition of energetic materials by a laser with low-power and near-infrared (NIR) band. In this paper, a molecular self-assembly strategy based on recrystallization was utilized to prepare 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-1H,1′H-[2,2′-biimidazole]-1,1′-diamine (DATNBI) crystals with various micro-nano structures. The characterization results suggest that DATNBI crystals with different degrees of roughness and defects by the induction of solvents and surfactants. The crystal defects can not only bring about the enhancement of light absorption of DATNBI in NIR band, but also advance its thermal decomposition, providing reliable support for direct laser ignition of DATNBI profit from the hot spot ignition theory. Combined with density functional theory, it is speculated that electrons of defect states achieve electron-hole recombination by laser radiation, thereby enhancing photothermal conversion. Compared with raw DATNBI, DATNBI crystals with rough surface and abundant defects can be directly ignited by a NIR laser and exhibits self-sustainable combustion. In summary, a direct NIR laser-ignitable energetic material has been prepared via appropriate crystal structure design.

Metallic fillers have shown limited potential for developing advanced polymer substrates for flexible electronics due to their electrical conductivity and poor interfacial interaction with polymers, despite their excellent thermal conductivity (lambda). Here, metallic aluminum powders (APs) after surface modification were selected as thermally conductive fillers to modify polyimide (PI) films. We constructed a partially fluorinated alumina layer (PFAL) on the APs surface by employing direct fluorination of F2/N2 mixture. It was demonstrated that the new core-shell structure equipped the fluorinated APs (FAPs) with much better dispersibility and stronger interaction with polyamide acids (PAAs) and PIs bulk, in contrast to APs. Even when the loading of FAPs was up to 50 wt%, the tensile strength of PI/FAPs still remained at a high value of 87.2 MPa. Moreover, the in-plane lambda (lambda||) and out-ofplane lambda (lambda perpendicular to) at room temperature reached 16.83 W/(m & sdot;K) and 1.42 W/(m & sdot;K), respectively. Both theoretical simulations and experiments demonstrated that the positive effect was due to the strong interaction between the electron-deficient imide ring in PI macromolecules and the electro-negative F atom in the PFAL shell. Overall, this study provides a promising strategy for enhancing the interfacial interaction between metallic fillers and polymers for the development of high-performance flexible electronic devices.

Micro-propulsion underwater technology has been an extensively concerned topic in advanced marine energy systems because of its wide prospects in high-precision prospecting and positioning. Wherein, the design and selection of propellant in energy-supply systems are the key issues to greatly explore its future application. Here, the hydrophobic thermite sticks which contain hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles and modified aluminum coated with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane shells, were fabricated via a simple direct -writing approach. The modified thermite sticks exhibit stable underwater combustion and self-sustained prop-agation with a small diameter size (0.94 +/- 0.05 mm). In-situ observation shows that the underwater reaction process could be divided into three steps: laser-induction, organic decomposition-dissolution, and thermite re-action. The aging results indicate that the thermite sticks demonstrate an excellent storage stability wherever in air or underwater environments. Simultaneously, it is found that its critical energy required to sustain stable underwater combustion is higher than that in air. Most notably, it not only can be used as the fuels for controllable miniature underwater propulsion, but also can be applied as the energy-delivery materials to expand thrust capacity of vehicles by igniting higher impulse explosives, such as CL-20.

Laser induced high temperature pulse (HTP) generation has been widely used in some high-immediacy appli-cations requiring dramatic temperature changes. Recent years researchers put interest in light-to-heat (include photothermal, light induced exothermic reaction and combination of both) materials to reduce the initiating energy of the laser ignition. However, the laser energy for realizing sufficient light-to-heat conversion is still high. MXene exhibits excellent light absorption, high light-to-heat conversion efficiency and has abundant metastable atoms which trend to undergo exothermic chemical reactions, but its incomplete oxidation affects its total heat release when the laser power is relatively high. Herein, we have prepared a ZIF-67/Ti3C2 MXene intercalated membrane. It is found that porous ZIF-67 exhibits a synergistic effect on MXene and can significantly improve its physical/chemical coupled HTP by enhancing its light absorption and subsequent energy release during its oxidation. epsilon 2,4,6,8,10,12-(hexanitrohexaaza) cyclododecane (epsilon-CL-20) laser ignition experiments prove that ZIF-67/Ti3C2 MXene intercalated membrane exhibits better ignition performance than pure MXene membrane by reducing both ignition threshold (151.2 mJ) and ignition delay (21 ms) at a low laser power in-tensity (59.7 W/cm2). This work can provide an insight for the structural design of new light-to-heat membranes.

Private information protection of electronic chips which store large amounts of sensitive data, is a crucial issue in electromechanical systems nowadays. Here, a self-destructive microchip based on an instantaneous thermite reaction is designed to prevent the leakage of electronic information. The device is consisted of a silicon test wafer and an upper energetic film coated by a simple drop-casting technique. A series of Al/BiOX-based nano-thermites have been prepared for decreasing the reaction sensitivity, meanwhile optimizing the destruction ef-ficiency of the energetic film system. Among them, Al/Bi2O3 nanothermite containing 30 wt% BiOBr possesses a low sensitivity (45 J), the maximum pressure peak (1.93 MPa) and pressure effect duration due to multiple interactions of the three nano-scale energetic components. Besides, the energetic film prepared by this nano-thermite fomula also exhibits a more effective destruction of the device. The high-speed photography results demonstrate that the violent reaction shatters the thick energetic microchip (-1 mm) within merely 0.5 ms. Importantly, the efficient destruction of energetic microchips shows excellent reproducibility in different working scenes, including Air or Ar atmosphere. It is believed that this self-destructive device with environ-mentally friendly components and simple but adaptive design can be extensively used in various electric microcomponents.

Countless valuable or private information is stored in electronic devices, thus the research in improving the security-grade for electronic systems has flourished in the digital age. In this work, a novel ternary nanthermite is assembled by the prepared double-based metal oxide (CuBi2O4), commercial Al and fluorinated graphene. Owing to the combining features of both CuO and Bi2O3, these formulations exhibit a higher energy release and pressure output. Besides, the introduction of fluorinated graphene further enhances the pressure release. Therefore, the thermite system containing 5 wt% fluorinated graphene displays violent deflagration process, which can perform a reliable destruction behavior for the simulative microchip in 4 ms with only 20 mg. To sum up, this study will offer a new insight for the protection of digital information.

The vortex ring (VR) effect occurs when fluid droplets impact on another fluid, leading to toroidal flow within the impacting droplet due to viscous friction, resulting in a wide variety of flow-induced mor-phologies. When applied to dispersions of 2-dimensional materials, such as graphene oxide (GO) in water, the VR effect can be used to generate 3-dimensional assemblies of GO flakes. Here, we have taken advantage of the surface charge on GO flakes in water, interacting with cationic aqueous surfactant sys-tems, to generate an electrohydrodynamic VR effect. This yields GO hydrogel and aerogel microparticles with complex axially symmetric shapes, with a core-shell structure featuring a shell of aligned GO flakes. Using high frame-rate optical imaging, we have captured the real-time self-assembly of GO core-shell hydrogel microparticles shaped like spheres, donuts and jellyfish. We describe, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the electrohydrodynamics that drive the formation of such shapes. We also demonstrate how the underlying processes can be tuned by varying parameters such as GO concentration, flake size and drop velocity, and surfactant chemistry and concentration to produce a wide variety of controllable exterior and interior morphologies. Indeed, we show that the formation regimes of the different shapes are determined by dimensionless Weber and Ohnesorge numbers. Lastly, we demonstrate how these microparticles can be used for the efficient adsorption and removal of anionic contaminants in water, with tuneable adsorption capacity.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

A systematic study has been undertaken of the reinforcement of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanosheets (BNNSs) produced by the liquid-phase exfoliation of hBN crystals. Three types of BNNSs with different geometries were prepared, two of which had similar lateral dimensions and two that had a similar aspect ratio (length/thickness). PVA nanocomposites with different loadings of the three types of BNNSs were prepared and this enabled the effect of BNNS volume fraction and geometry upon the mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress and breaking strength, to be determined. Although the Raman scattering from hBN is relatively weak compared with that from graphene, it was shown that Raman spectroscopy could be used to both evaluate the distribution of the BNNSs in the nanocomposites and follow stress transfer from the polymer matrix to the BNNSs. It was found that the reinforcement of the polymer could be modelled using a combinations of the rule of mixtures and modified shear lag theory. The highest level of reinforcement was found for the BNNSs with the largest aspect ratio although there was evidence of a decline in the level of reinforcement at the highest loadings of all types of BNNSs, as the result of agglomeration of the nanosheets.

Aluminum (Al) particles, especially nanosized Al (n-Al), are extremely liable to deteriorate when exposed to air during the preparation and storage process, which seriously threatens their inherent energy density and limits their combustion behavior. Until now, it is really challenging and urgent to improve the combustion performance without sacrificing the original high energy density. Here, in situ direct fluorination by utilizing F2/N2 mixed gas as a fluorinating agent was first applied to modify n-Al particles, and the nonenergetic Al2O3 shell with a high melting point was converted into a partially fluorinated metal oxide (aluminum oxyfluoride, AlOxFy) shell. The results indicated that surficial direct fluorination equipped n-Al particles with a much better corrosion resistance to oxygen and moisture. Especially, regarding the problem of aqueous corrosion, the corrosion rate of fluorinated samples surprisingly decreased up to 4.46 mil/year from 68.69 mil/year of raw samples. More importantly, AlOxFy was readily decomposed by being heated and the produced AlF3 easily vaporized due to its lower boiling point in comparison with Al2O3, which effectively promoted the oxidation behavior of fluorinated n-Al particles. Furtherly, the improved energy release in ignition experiments confirmed the synergistically enhanced long-term effectiveness and combustion performance of the fluorinated n-Al samples. Therefore, a feasible strategy was demonstrated to enhance ultimate energy release performance of n-Al particles, and its advantages of high efficiency and solvent-free procedure highlight its great potential in practical applications.

Hypothesis: Nonionic alkyl ethoxylate surfactants are widely used in agrochemicals to facilitate the per-meation of systemic herbicides and fungicides across the plant waxy film. Industrial grade surfactants are often highly mixed and how the mixing affects their interactions with pesticides and wax films remains largely unexplored. A better understanding could enable design of mixed nonionic surfactants for herbi-cides and fungicides to maximize their efficiency and reduce wastage whilst controlling their impact on plant wax films. Experiment: In this study, nonionic surfactants with general structure n-oxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12En) were used to form surfactant mixtures with the same average ethoxylate numbers but dif-ferent hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values. Their mixed micellar systems were then used to sol-ubilize a herbicide diuron (DN) and a fungicide cyprodinil (CP), followed by plant wax solubilization upon contact with wax films. These processes were monitored by H-1 NMR and SANS. Finding: Pesticide solubilization made surfactant micelles effectively more hydrophobic but subsequent wax dissolution caused pesticide release and the restoration of the micellar amphiphilicity. Nonionic surfactants with lower HLBs form larger nanoaggregates, show enhanced wettability, and have better ability to solubilize and permeate pesticides across the wax film, but may cause significant damage to plant growth. These observations help explain why herbicides applied on weeds would benefit from surfactants with lower HLB values while fungicides require surfactants with HLBs to balance between delivery efficiency and potential phytotoxicity risks. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Stress transfer has been investigated for exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanosheets (BNNSs) through the use of Raman spectroscopy. Single BNNSs of different thicknesses of up to 100 nm (300 layers) were deposited upon a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate and deformed in unixial tension. The Raman spectra from the BNNSs were relatively weak compared to graphene, but the in-plane E2g Raman mode (the G band) could be distinguished from the spectrum of the PMMA substrate. It was found that G band down-shifted during tensile deformation and that the rate of band shift per unit strain decreased as the thickness of the BNNSs increased, as is found for multi-layer graphene. The efficiency of internal stress transfer between the different hBN layers was found to be of the order of 99% compared to 60%–80% for graphene, as a result of the stronger bonding between the hBN layers in the BNNSs. The reduction in bandshift rate can be related to the effective Young’s modulus of the 2D material in a nanocomposites and the findings show that it would be expected that even 100 layer BNNSs should have a Young’s modulus of more than half that of hBN monolayer. Interfacial stress transfer between a single hBN nanosheet and the PMMA substrate has been evaluated using shear lag theory. It is found that the interfacial shear stress between the BNNS and the substrate is of the order of 10 MPa, a factor of around 4 higher than that for a graphene monolayer. These findings imply that BNNSs should give better mechanical reinforcement than graphene in polymer-based nanocomposites as a result of good internal interlayer stress transfer within the nanosheets and better interfacial stress transfer to the polymer matrix.

A detailed study has been undertaken of the mechanisms of stress transfer in a nanocomposite consisting of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanotubes (BNNTs) in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix based upon the use of nonresonance Raman spectroscopy. The structure of the BNNTs was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where it was shown that the majority of the nanotubes had 2-5 walls with some having over 10 walls. The structure and mechanical properties of nanocomposites containing up to 1 wt % of both pristine and hydroxyl-functionalized nanotubes (OH-BNNTs) in PVA were investigated. The dispersion of the BNNTs in the nanocomposites was characterized by using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and Raman mapping. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated by tensile testing, and it was found that the Young's modulus, yield strength, and fracture stress all increased on the addition of the BNNTs. A further improvement in the mechanical properties was obtained for nanocomposites containing the OH-BNNTs. The variation of the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites with volume fraction of the BNNTs was evaluated by using the rule of mixtures, and it was shown that the effective Young's modulus (E-eff) of the BNNTs approached 825 +/- 100 GPa at low volume fractions. The value of E-eff was found to decrease with increasing BNNT volume fraction as the result of nanotube bundling. By use of nondestructive Raman spectroscopy, stress transfer from the PVA matrix to the BNNTs was evaluated from stress-induced shifts of the hBN Raman G band, enabling the analysis of interfacial adhesion in the nanocomposites. Larger band shifts were obtained for the OH-BNNTs indicating a stronger interface between the BNNTs and the PVA matrix and a better dispersion. A value of 1.34 +/- 0.72 was determined from the stress-induced Raman band shifts for the Griineisen parameter of the BNNTs. In consideration of their efficient reinforcement of a polymer at very low additions and unique electrically insulating and thermally conductive properties, BNNTs are shown to have great potential to be used as nanofillers for composites in a number of applications.