The antibacterial properties of natural products have attracted increasing attention in recent years amid rising antimicrobial resistance. The present study evaluated the antibacterial activity of chestnut and flower honeys, sourced from various provinces of Türkiye. The honeys were tested at 100% and 25% concentrations. The standard strains utilised in this study encompassed Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 43894), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 43300), and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (ATCC 13076). The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method, and the inhibition zones were evaluated. It was observed that the antibacterial activity of flower honeys varied with strain and concentration, with a significant decrease at low concentrations. In contrast, chestnut honey exhibited a stronger, more consistent antibacterial effect against all tested bacterial strains, particularly at 100% concentration. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the floral origin of honey and applied concentration are decisive factors in antibacterial activity, and that chestnut honey has significant potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

American Foulbrood (AFB) is one of the most important infections affecting all life stages of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) brood. It is a infection that can be seen at any time of the year when honey bee brood is present. The causative agent of the disease is Paenibacillus larvae (P.larvae), a spore-forming. AFB is the most devastating bacterial infection of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (1). Infection is not only dangerous and lethal for honey bee larvae. Loss of offspring due to increased egg-laying activity in the colony can no longer be replaced by the queen bee. As a result, the population decreases, which can lead to the collapse of the whole colony. The number of adult bees in the colony constantly decreases and the colony strength decreases.

The use of bees and bee products for therapeutic purposes in human and veterinary medicine is called apitherapy. Natural products have been used throughout human history to protect against and treat diseases. In recent years, the emergence of drug resistance and the occurrence of adverse effects associated with the indiscriminate and irregular use of pharmacological agents have prompted humanity to pursue alternative solutions. One of the most significant solutions is the administration of bee products. The use of bee products in apitherapy applications includes honey, bee venom, pollen, propolis, beeswax, royal jelly, perga and apilarnil (bee larvae). In general, apitherapy products with a wide range of indications are widely used in various system diseases and some dermatologic problems and various effects of these products such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo have been investigated in many different studies. Apitherapy is less common in veterinary practice than in human medicine. Additionally, bee products are employed in the treatment of other animal diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders, otitis, sinusitis, ophthalmic conditions, dermatological disorders, and skin care. Additionally, bee products are employed as food supplements for animals. The most prevalent additive in animal food is bee pollen. It has been demonstrated to promote growth, reduce mortality and prevent morbidity. Apitherapy has gained importance in the field of veterinary medicine in recent years in order to prevent both human health and economic losses, especially in the treatment of animals consumed as food.

The goal of this study was to determine whether colonies with clinical signs of foulbrood in apiaries and hive tools, smokers, gloves, feeders and beekeeper's veils used in the same colonies were a reservoir source for microbial infections. For this purpose, samples were taken from colonies with clinical signs of foulbrood and collected from 29 different apiaries in the Southern Marmara region of Türkiye. The samples were brought to the laboratory under appropriate conditions, and agent isolation and identification were performed. Different microorganisms were isolated from the feeder, hive tool, beekeeper smoker, gloves and beekeeper suit samples collected from each apiary. Bacteria isolated from the samples taken from the hives with clinical signs of foulbrood and from the samples taken from the tools and equipment were isolated as the same species or as a mixture. As a result, an intense presence of microorganisms was detected in the hive tool, beekeeper suit, gloves, feeder, and beekeeper’s smoker, used by beekeepers, and it was determined that these materials used in beekeeping were a source of microbial reservoirs.

Biosecurity measures in beekeeping (BMBs) include measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases by minimizing the movement of microorganisms and pests in the apiary, preventing diseases and pests in the environment from reaching the apiary or reducing their effects. Biosafety principles aim to prevent infectious factors from entering the apiaries and spreading by humans, bees, feed, and technological systems in order to prevent them from adversely affecting bee health or honey quality. Good beekeeping practices (GBP) prevent or minimize the entry of important bee diseases and pests into the apiary and the spread between colonies and apiaries. Prevents negative effects on bee health, honey safety, honey quality, and production efficiency. BMBs can be effective if GBPs are implemented. In this study, it is aimed to provide information about bee health, protection from bee diseases, preventing the spread of diseases and pests among other colonies and apiaries in the same apiary, biosecurity and good beekeeping practices necessary to obtain quality and reliable bee products.

The aim of this study is to isolate the agents from nasal swabs taken from horses with respiratory system findings and to examine the susceptibility of the isolated agents to various antibiotics.Nasal swab samples were taken from 30 horses of different age groups with respiratory system symptoms. The samples taken were cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Mycoplasma agar and Sabouraud Dexgrose agar. The properties of the colonies formed after being kept in appropriate incubation times and conditions were examined. Gram staining was applied and biochemical tests were performed for identification. In addition, antibiogram test was applied to isolated agents. Ten different agents were grown from nasal swabs taken from horses of different ages with respiratory system problems. While 2 different agents were isolated in two samples, pure agent was grown from 28 samples. As a result of the biochemical tests, 9 Streptococcus zooepidemicus (27.27%), 4 Staphylococcus aureus (12.12%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.12%), and Klebsiella spp. (12.12%), 3 Pasteurella spp. (9.09%), 2 Streptococcus pyogenes (6.06%), Bacillus sp. (6.06%), Corynebacterium spp. (6.06%), and Candida spp. (6.06%) and 1 Rhodococcus equi (3.03%) were identified. As a result of the antibiogram test, it was determined that the antibiotic to which the agents were most sensitive was Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (84.84%) and the most resistant to Penicillin-G (15.15%). The most Streptococcus zooepidemicus (27.27%) and the least Rhodococcus equi (3.03%) were identified from nasal swab samples taken from 30 horses of different age groups with respiratory system problems. In invitro conditions, it was determined that the agents were most sensitive to Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (84.84%) and resistant to Penicillin-G (15.15%).

Brucellosis is a contagious and zoonotic infection that affects animals and humans. Brucellosis is an important infection affecting public health caused by Brucella spp. A total of 476 bovine blood samples were collected from South Marmara Region. In this study, a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent test was applied to blood samples from 467 cattle. (SVANOVIR®Brucella-Ab C-ELISA). The C-ELISA kit can detect antibodies against Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. The serum samples were found as positive in 9,24%.

Probiyotikler, yeterli miktarda uygulandıklarında konakçıya sağlık yararları sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotikler bağırsak florasını düzenler, bakteriyel toksinlere karşı hidrolitik enzimler salgılar, toksin reseptörlerini inaktive eder, immun sistemi düzenler, patojenlerin virülensini azaltır, olumsuz metabolitleri azaltır, yararlı metabolitleri arttırır, infeksiyonlarda ve inflamatuvar hastalıklarda tedavi ve korunmada rol oynar. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus ve Bifidobacterium cinslerine ait çeşitli türler, bugüne kadarki en popüler probiyotik etkenlerdir. Son yıllarda probiyotikler, hem insanlarda hem de hayvanlarda tedavi edici ve koruyucu amaçlarla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Son yıllarda bal arısı sağlığında da oldukça sık kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

In recent years, research on human and animal health has emerged as a very important microbiota and microbiome.Microbiota; has important functions in metabolism, immune system, growth and development.In recent years, it has been understood that the microbiota is effective in the protection of bee health in colony so prevent losses in honey bees.Season, flora, food sources, age of the individual, duties in the hive, chemicals used in the fight against parasites and pathogens, and many other factors can be effective on the microbiome of honey bees.

Bal arıları, doğal ekosistem ve tarımsal alanda tozlaşmada oldukça önemli rol oynarlar. Patojenler (Parazit,mantar, virüs ve bakteriler), ekosistem değişikliği ya da kayıpları, zirai kimyasal kullanımı gibi birçok biyotik ve abiyotik stres faktörü tek başına ya da birlikte arı kolonisinin, sağlık ve yaşamını olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Tüm bu faktörler arıların bağışıklık sistemini etkileyerek savunma mekanizmalarını değiştirir. Bal arıları kendilerini infeksiyöz ve paraziter etkenlere karşı korumak için fiziksel bariyerler, genelleşmiş hücresel ve humoral immun yanıttan oluşan doğal bir immun sisteme sahiptir. Patojenler, akarisitler, fungisitler, herbisitler ve diğer böcek ilaçları arı bağışıklık sistemini ve dolayısıyla arı sağlığını etkiler. Arı bağışıklık sisteminin savunma mekanizmaları sinyal yollarını, patojen tanıma reseptörlerini ve doğal bağışıklık sistemi efektörlerini içerir. Bal arısı kolonilerindeki, salgın infeksiyon riski, bireysel ve sosyal bağışıklık ile azaltılır. Her iki bağışıklık türü birlikte çeşitli düzeylerde hastalıklardan korur, oluşan paraziter ya da diğer infeksiyöz hastalıklara karşı immun yanıt oluşmasında önemli rol oynarlar.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of oxytetracycline when applied intrapalpebral (IPa) injection to the eye, compared with subconjunctival (SCo) injection, in the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Twenty eyes with severe clinical signs of IBK, of 15 Holstein Friesian female cattle aged 2–4 years were evaluated in this study. The affected animals had unilateral (n=10; 66.7%) and bilateral (n=5; 33.3%) symptoms. Moraxella bovis were identified in all ocular swabs samples on day 0 and all isolates were susceptible to oxytetracycline (100%). Oxytetracycline (100 mg/ml) was injected IPa (n=10) and SCo (n=10) at a total dose of 200 mg once daily on days 0, 3 and 6. After injections, the animals were re-examined for resolution of lesions associated with IBK weekly until the corneal ulcer healed. Microbiologic examination was repeated 3 times at intervals of 1 week. There is no effect of injection type on healing time of the lesion. Size and side of the lesion have a significant effect on healing time (p<0.001). It was found that small lesions had earlier clean in terms of the microbiologic evaluation. Lesion size has a significant effect on microbial growth (p<0.001). In conclusion, the same therapeutic effect was achieved in both applications. However, oxytetracycline given by IPa injection was comparatively easy, more comfortable and less invasive especially for painful eyes against IBK than SCo injection under the conditions of this study. In addition, it was enough for cattle with IBK at the dosage (200 mg, once daily on days 0, 3 and 6) of used in the study.

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published online: September 27, 2017 December 19, 2017 December 20, 2017 February 12, 2018 Silver has been in use since time immemorial in the form of metallic silver, silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burns, wounds and several bacterial infections. Silver has long been known to show a strong antimicrobial effect to microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of 30 and 100 ppm silver nanoparticles were investigated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus larvae, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The microorganisms were diluted with sterile distilled water and prepared dilutions of 10 of test microorganisms. Dilutions of microorganisms cultured to blood agar base and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. One mL dilution of 10 of all of microorganisms was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 20 minutes then 30 and 100 ppm of silver nanoparticle solutions were added. Samples were inoculated in blood agar for different time intervals i.e., 0, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hour. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against various microorganisms was detected at 0, 2, 5, 10, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours. As results, yeast, fungi and bacteria were inhibited at 30 and 100 ppm. But, P. larvae were not inhibited, while B. subtilis also could not be inhibited at 30 ppm. The antibacterial activity of 100 ppm was stronger than the antibacterial activity of 30 ppm of nanoparticles. Nanosilver is very effective to important pathogens. ©2017 PVJ. All rights reserved

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of oxytetracycline when applied intrapalpebral (IPa) injection to the eye, compared with subconjunctival (SCo) injection, in the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Twenty eyes with severe clinical signs of IBK, of 15 Holstein Friesian female cattle aged 2–4 years were evaluated in this study. The affected animals had unilateral (n=10; 66.7%) and bilateral (n=5; 33.3%) symptoms. Moraxella bovis were identified in all ocular swabs samples on day 0 and all isolates were susceptible to oxytetracycline (100%). Oxytetracycline (100 mg/ml) was injected IPa (n=10) and SCo (n=10) at a total dose of 200 mg once daily on days 0, 3 and 6. After injections, the animals were re-examined for resolution of lesions associated with IBK weekly until the corneal ulcer healed. Microbiologic examination was repeated 3 times at intervals of 1 week. There is no effect of injection type on healing time of the lesion. Size and side of the lesion have a significant effect on healing time (p<0.001). It was found that small lesions had earlier clean in terms of the microbiologic evaluation. Lesion size has a significant effect on microbial growth (p<0.001). In conclusion, the same therapeutic effect was achieved in both applications. However, oxytetracycline given by IPa injection was comparatively easy, more comfortable and less invasive especially for painful eyes against IBK than SCo injection under the conditions of this study. In addition, it was enough for cattle with IBK at the dosage (200 mg, once daily on days 0, 3 and 6) of used in the study.

Honey samples obtained by beekeepers taken from thirty-five different apiaries in Turkey’s region of Marmara were investigated for the presence of microorganism. Each honey sample was examined for the number of total aerobic mesofilic bacteria, coliforms, moulds and yeasts and the presence of Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, along with other aerobic bacteriae such as Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. In total, fifty-four honey samples of different botanical origins including unifloral (Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Trifolium, Onobrychis), multifloral and chestnut were evaluated in the means of microbiological properties. Microorganisms were isolated in twenty-eight samples (60.86%) of pure cultures and eighteen samples (39.13%) of mixed cultures. On the other hand, no microorganisms were isolated in eight samples. Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. C. albicans and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in other honey samples. The bacteria counts were 4×102 - 1.4×103 cfu/g for aerobic mesofilic bacteria and 1-185 cfu/g for the fungi. The application of sanitary practices (hand washing, avoidance of sneezing or coughing, etc.) may be effective in controlling contamination by microorganisms. On the other hand, air, equipment and dust may be contributing causes of microbiological contamination. Therefore it is important to take precautions in order to avoid such contamination, even though such factors are often difficult to control.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bursa bölgesinde 2011-2013 yıllarında yavru çürüklüğü ve kireç hastalığının koloni kayıpları üzerine etkisini araştırarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu çalışma, Anadolu arısı (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) ile Uludağ Üniversitesi Arıcılık Geliştirme Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Görükle kampüsü Bursa’da ilkbahar, yaz ve sonbahar dönemlerinde 200 koloni ile yapılmıştır. Tüm koloniler 2009 yılı Eylül ayında Bursa ve ilçelerindeki sabit arıcılardan satın alınmıştır. Alınan örnekler yavru çürüklükleri ve mantar hastalıkları yönünden incelenmiş ve koloni kayıpları açısından özellikle kış ve ilkbahar dönemlerinde değerlendirilmiştir. Klinik ve laboratuvar bulguları ile yavru çürüklükleri ve mantar hastalıkları incelenmiştir. 2011-2012 kış sezonunda toplam sönen kolonilerin %12.90’ında yavru çürüklüğü, 2012-2013 kış sezonunda sönen kolonilerin ise %14’ünde yavru çürüklüğü hastalığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı dönemde kireç hastalığı bulunan kovanların ise %16.60’ı sönmüştür. Yavru çürüklüğü tespit edilip 2011-2012 yılı kış sezonunda sönen kolonilerin oranı %80.9, yaşayanların oranı ise %19.10 olarak saptanmıştır. Yavru çürüklüğü belirlenen kolonilerden elde edilen suni oğul veya bölmelerden toplam 13 koloniden 10’u kış sonrası sönmüştür. Yavru çürüğü saptanan kolonilerin ancak %20’sinin ertesi yıla kadar yaşayabildiği görülmüştür. Bu durum yavru çürüklüğünün bölünen kolonilerde devam ettiğini, bu kolonilerin daha sonra öldüğünü ve koloni kayıpları açısından ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Yavru çürüklüğü görülen analardan elde edilen ya da bölünen yeni kovanlarda da hastalık bulguları görülmüş ve bazı kovanlar sönmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma ile özellikle yavru çürüklüğünün tek başına ya da birlikte koloni kayıplarına sebep olduğu ve ana arının genetik yapısının da hastalık görülmesinde etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir

Bu calismada ishalli devekuslarindan alinan fekal svaplardan etken izolasyonu yapmak amaclandi. Toplam 42 ishalli deve kusundan fekal ornekler alindi. Orneklerden 38 (%90,47) tanesi saf kultur, 4 (%9,52) karisik kultur olarak uredi. Izole edilen etkenler, 26 (%61,9) Escherichia coli, 14 (%33,33) Campylobacter jejuni, 4 (%9,52) Aeromonas hydrophila, 2 (%4,76) Aeromonas sobria olarak belirlendi.

Thirty chestnut and twenty-six of floral honeys were collected from different regions of Turkey. The amounts of phenolic compounds in honeys were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The antioxidant capacities were determined by ABTS and CHROMAC methods. The total phenolic content of honeys were determined by spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Caffeic, protocatechuic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids are the major phenolic compounds with the contents of 44.52, 17.48, and 21.50 mg/kg, respectively in chestnut honeys. Chestnut honeys exhibited the higher antioxidant and better antimicrobial activities, and than the floral honeys. Floral honeys contain similar amounts of propolis flavonoids such as pinocembrin, chrysin, and galangin. The results show that these flavonoids can be used as chemical markers in honey samples.Practical applicationsHoney is an important natural product that contains major compounds including glucose and fructose and minor components such as amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, proteins, phytochemical substances mainly flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Plants are important sources of natural compounds that contain polyphenolic derivatives such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. These bioactive compounds can be transferred from plants to honey. Polyphenolic compounds were recognized as the major components responsible for health-promoting properties of honey. This article evaluates the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of chestnut and floral honeys. The chemical content and biological properties of honey have been studied extensively in many but there are a few studies in our knowledge about the determination of phenolic compounds in chestnut honey.

Bu çalışma Güney Marmara Bölgesi’nde Yalova, Bilecik, Bursa, Balıkesir ve Çanakkale’deki arıcıların genel özelliklerini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Seksen arıcıya anket soruları yöneltilmiştir. Çalışmada arıcıların elde ettiği ürünler, kaç yıldır arıcılık yaptıkları, eğitim düzeyleri, yaş, hastalıkları tanıma, antibiyotik kullanma bilgileri gibi sorular yöneltilmiştir. Arıcılara 16 soru sorulmuştur. Arıcıların %71,25’inin 40 yaş ve üzeri olduğu, %11,25’inin üniversite öğrenimine sahip olduğu, %41,25’inin 10 yıl üzeri arıcılık yaptığı,%83,75’inin ek iş ve hobi olarak yapıldığı, 100 ve üzeri kovan sayısına sahip olanların %23,75 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca %83,75’inin birlik ve dernek üyesi olduğu, %100’ünün bal üretimi yaptığı, %69’unun ana arıyı ticari üreticiden aldığı,%88,75’inin bal pazarlamasını kendi yaptığı, arıcıların %100’ü varroa’yı, %90’ı yavru çürüklüklerini, %95’i kireç hastalığını, %15’i taş hastalığını tanıyabildiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Arıcıların %100’ü varroa, %77,5’i yavru çürüklüğü, %83,75’i kireç hastalığı, %2,5 taş hastalığına sıklıkla rastladıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Arıcılar kayıplarının %80’inin hastalıklar, %12,5’inin zirai ilaç ve %7,5’inin açlıktan kaynaklandığını belirtmişlerdir. Elde edilen verilere göre Güney Marmara Bölgesi arıcılığının genel özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Essential oil of oregano ( OEO: ) has proven to be a potential candidate for controlling chicken coccidiosis. The aim of the current study is to determine whether OEO and an approved anticoccidial, monensin sodium ( MON: ), as in-feed supplements could create a synergism when combined at low dosages. Day-old broiler chickens were separated into six equal groups with six replicate pens of 36 birds. One of the groups was given a basal diet and served as the control ( CNT: ). The remaining groups received the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg MON, 50 mg/kg MON, 24 mg/kg OEO, 12 mg/kg OEO, or 50 mg/kg MON + 12 mg/kg OEO. All of the chickens were challenged with field-type mixed Eimeria species at 12 d of age. Following the infection (i.e., d 13 to 42), the greatest growth gains and lowest feed conversion ratio values were recorded for the group of birds fed 100 mg/kg MON (P < 0.05), whereas results for the CNT treatment were inferior. Dietary OEO supplementations could not support growth to a level comparable with the MON (100 mg/kg). The MON programs were more efficacious in reducing fecal oocyst numbers compared to CNT and OEO treatments (P < 0.05). Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01), whereas superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and total antioxidant status (P < 0.01) were increased in response to dietary medication with MON and OEO. All MON and OEO treatments conferred intestinal health benefits to chickens by improving their morphological development and enzymatic activities. The results suggest that OEO supported the intestinal absorptive capacity and antioxidant defense system during Eimeria infection; however, it displayed little direct activity on the reproductive capacity of Eimeria This might be the reason for inferior compensatory growth potential of OEO compared to that MON following the challenge. Combination MON with OEO was not considered to show promise for controlling chicken coccidiosis because of the lack of a synergistic or additive effect.

Balın insan beslenmesindeki faydalarının yanı sıra, hastalıklardan koruyucu ve iyileştirici etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Bal eski devirlerden beri günümüzde de olmak üzere tıp alanında antibakteriyel etkisi yönüyle kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan çok sayıda çalışma, birçok bakterinin bala değişik düzeylerde duyarlı olduğunu bildirilmiştir. Bazı araştırmalar, balın %1.8-%10.8 MIC değerleri arasında birçok patojen etkene karşı etkili bir antibakteriyel potansiyeli olduğunu göstermektedir. Balların antimikrobiyal etkisi bitki kaynaklarının farklılığına bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterir. Bu çalışmada Bursa’nın farklı bölgelerindeki arıcılardan elde edilen 34 adet bal örneğinin %100, %50 ve %25’lik konsantrasyonlarının 3 bakteri ve 1 maya üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkileri incelenmiştir. Farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen 34 bal örneğinin %100, %50, % 25 konsantrasyonlarınınStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) üzerine antibakteriyel etkinliği Agar difüzyon metodu ile test edilmiştir. Antibakteriyel etkinlik analizlerinde 34 balın %100’lük konsantrasyonları, iki bal örneği hariç, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) ve Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) üzerinde antibakteriyel etki göstermiştir. Bal konsantrasyonu %50’ve % 25’e düştüğünde her iki bakteri üzerinde inhibisyon oluşturan bal sayısı ve zon çapları azalmıştır.