This study examines the BMP15 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15) gene as a potential genetic marker for reproductive traits, specifically litter size, in Damani goats. Genomic DNA was extracted from 180 Damani goats, and a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.557 G > A, was identified in the promoter region of BMP15. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between the g.557 G > A SNP and litter size (P < 0.05), with individuals carrying the AA genotype exhibiting significantly larger litter sizes compared to GG and GA genotypes. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the g.557 G > A SNP creates new transcription factor binding sites (TBS) for FOXM1, FOXP3, FOXA1, AHR, and GATA4, all of which are key regulators of ovarian function and folliculogenesis. These TBS likely enhance BMP15 expression, influencing follicular development and contributing to the observed increase in litter size. Phylogenetic analysis across nine species demonstrated a high degree of sequence conservation, indicating that BMP15 plays a critical and conserved role in reproductive function across species. The findings suggest that the g.557 G > A SNP could serve as a valuable molecular marker for improving reproductive traits in Damani goats and highlight its broader potential for marker-assisted selection in livestock breeding, particularly to enhance fertility and reproductive efficiency in various goats species.

Because milk has a great nutritional content and can be utilized to make functional dairy products, it is regarded as the ideal natural food for consumers of all ages. It does, however, carry the greatest danger of contaminating human diets with aflatoxin M1. The primary oxidized metabolite of the carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 is aflatoxin M1. It may be caused by feed carry-over contamination and is present in milk and other dairy products. Objectives: To measure the amount of aflatoxin M1 in samples of raw and branded milk that were obtained from the Lahore local market. Methods: Due to its excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and user-friendliness, the ELISA approach was used to measure aflatoxin M1 in milk for regulatory compliance. Results: The results of the investigation showed that AFM1 was found in seven out of ten samples of raw milk, two out of five samples of pasteurized liquid milk, and three out of five samples of brands of milk powder. Aflatoxin levels in positive samples ranged from 0.06 to 0.35 parts per billion. Additionally, validated, the ELISA kits demonstrated high recovery rates and comparable performance. Additionally, it was discovered that the Limit of Detection (LOD=0.01 ppb) levels were substantially lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (0.5ppb). Conclusion: From these results, it was concluded that the majority of milk samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin M1.

Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used in veterinary medicine; however, pharmacokinetic data in rabbits remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in rabbits following single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and to evaluate its potential antibacterial efficacy using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices. Ceftiofur was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) via IV and IM routes. Plasma ceftiofur-related concentrations (expressed as desfuroylceftiofur acetamide, DCA) were quantified using a validated analytical method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Following IM administration, ceftiofur was rapidly absorbed, with a median time to peak concentration (Tmax) of 2 h and a high absolute bioavailability (88.72%). The drug exhibited moderate distribution, with a volume of distribution (VZ) of 1.93 L/kg and a steady-state volume of distribution (VSS) of 0.85 L/kg, and was eliminated slowly, with a systemic clearance of 0.083 L/h/kg. The mean residence time (MRT; 9.95 h) after IM administration was not longer than that observed after IV administration (10.34 h), precluding reliable estimation of the absorption half-life. Based on PK/PD analysis assuming a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 1.0 μg/mL, the calculated time above MIC (T > MIC) values following single IV and IM administration were approximately 4 and 5 h, respectively. These results indicate that although ceftiofur is rapidly and extensively absorbed in rabbits, a single IV or IM dose of 2 mg/kg BW may be insufficient to achieve effective exposure against bacterial pathogens with MIC values ≥ 1.0 μg/mL.

Globally, chronic non-communicable diseases are currently the leading cause of mortality and disability. People of various ages and socioeconomic backgrounds are affected by this diverse set of illnesses, which includes diabetes, cancer, chronic respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Paneer Dodi is a member of the Solanaceae family and is scientifically known as Withania coagulans. Patients with diabetes, particularly those with type-2 diabetes, can benefit greatly from this enchanted herb. It aids in controlling oxidant status, kidney pro-inflammatory indicators, and blood sugar levels. The plant contains free amino acids, esterases, alkaloids, and a variety of withanolides, including withanolide A, withanolide D, withanolide E, coagulins, and withacoagulins. W. Coagulans is a potential natural substitute for synthetic drugs, which often have adverse effects, given the high incidence of diabetes mellitus. It works as an efficient antidiabetic by inhibiting the enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase, stimulating insulin secretion, increasing glucose absorption, and regenerating pancreatic β-cells. In diabetic patients, these measures help control hyperglycemia and improve lipid profiles. According to the review, W. coagulans shows promise for research and development of novel therapeutic products, such as antidiabetic tea, for diabetes diet therapy.

Drought stress poses a major challenge to sustainable agriculture, and seed priming with melatonin has shown potential to mitigate stress damage in crops. However, the effects of melatonin priming (MP) on drought tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) remain underexplored, particularly under field conditions. In this study, two rapeseed cultivars, Shiraali and Pakola, were primed with melatonin and tested under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Results indicated significant cultivar differences for most parameters, except for plant number, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), 1000-seed weight, and harvest index. MP outperformed hydro priming (HP) for most traits, except for branch number, harvest index, and seed protein content. Drought stress significantly affected all parameters, except for POD, branch number, and 1000-seed weight. Shiraali exhibited higher plant density, plant height, chlorophyll a, protein, and erucic acid content, while Pakola showed superior ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and CAT activities, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, oil content, and glucosinolates, as well as higher yield. MP enhanced antioxidant activity and pigment accumulation compared to HP. Under drought conditions, a reduction in plant pigments, yield, and protein content was observed, while oil, glucosinolates, erucic acid content, and antioxidant activities increased. Pakola outperformed Shiraali in 1000-seed weight, yield, and oil content under both irrigated and drought conditions following MP. Our results indicated that melatonin may contribute to drought tolerance through integrated physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant interactions in rapeseed.

In the present study, we first performed in-silico analysis and confirmed that the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene can be used for species differentiation, as it contains both conserved and variable regions, making it suitable for species identification. Furthermore, we used the non-enzymatic DNA extraction method as a novel procedure for DNA extraction from fresh meat samples. The results revealed that 6% of the collected samples were mislabeled, in which cattle meat was substituted with buffalo meat. The Chamkani tehsil of the target area showed the highest 12% mislabeling, followed by Shah Alam tehsil at 8% and Peshawar city tehsil at 4% in the collected samples. In duplex PCR, DNA fragments of two species (Goat/Sheep, Cattle/Buffalo) were amplified, and in multiplex PCR, DNA fragments of three species (Buffalo, cattle, and horse) were amplified for the target fragments of the cytochrome B gene. The present study concluded that the non-enzymatic DNA extraction method is equally effective for meat samples. Furthermore, we also found that peri-urban areas are prone to meat mislabeling, which needs vigilance from the concerned regulatory authorities.

Mycoplasmas are major pathogens in cattle, causing respiratory disease, mastitis and arthritis, and leading to significant economic losses. These pathogens’ microbial characteristics complicate diagnosis, treatment, and the performance of certain laboratory assays such as antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Based on a dedicated survey, this study is the first international investigation of diagnostic and treatment strategies used by cattle veterinarians to manage mycoplasma infections. It also assesses how closely these practices align with current scientific evidence and regulatory recommendations. The survey was led by the MyMIC consortium, whose primary objective is to standardize AST methods for livestock mycoplasmas. The survey collected 270 responses from cattle veterinarians across 40 countries worldwide. PCR was the most commonly used diagnostic method, while culture and AST were performed less frequently. Macrolides, florfenicol and tetracyclines were the preferred antimicrobials, in line with current guidelines. However, some prescription practices deviated from recommendations, including the use of ineffective antimicrobial classes (e.g., beta-lactams and trimethoprim/sulfonamides) or of critically important antimicrobial classes as well as inappropriate dosing or duration regimens. These findings emphasize the need for coordinated actions at multiple levels: promoting the use of AST by veterinarians, disseminating updated diagnostic and treatment recommendations, and developing standardized guidelines and procedures for AST in livestock mycoplasmas. The MyMIC consortium has established an inventory of veterinary strategies for antimicrobial use and diagnosis, including resistance surveillance, thereby contributing to improved antimicrobial stewardship and to the health of livestock systems affected by mycoplasmoses. Continued support of this initiative is strongly recommended.

The current study is the first of its sort to evaluate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region i.e. Displacement Loop (D-loop) in Damani sheep breed of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Limited work had been done on Damani sheep being recognized based on morphology and SSRs (Same Sequence Repeats) markers, which have not provided information about its origin. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate genetic diversity, relationship and matrilineal lineage of Damani sheep. Thirty (30) pure breed Damani sheep male and female were selected for blood sampling. The DNA was extracted from blood samples using Non-enzymatic salting out method and then (PCR) Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed for amplification of D-loop 910 bp region. The amplicons were purified and then sequenced using Sanger sequencing technique. The sequences of D-loop revealed sixty-seven (67) polymorphic positions which were further subdivided into six haplotypes. The mean composition of D-loop nucleotides sequences were A/T and G/C contents (62.08 and 38.56

Diabetes is a significant global health issue with substantial health and economic impacts. Medicinal herbs Cuscuta campestris Yunck. (dodder) offer promising options with various biological benefits, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, antileishmanial, and insecticidal properties. This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Cuscuta campestris Yunck. solvent fractions and isolated compounds. A methanolic extract of Cuscuta campestris Yunck. yielded a dark-brownish residue, which was then separated into different solvent-soluble fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced blood glucose levels (BGLs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice at a dosage of 50 mg/kg. Column chromatography yielded three compounds, identified as quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol, all of which exhibited in vivo antidiabetic activity at a dose of 30 mg/kg dose. Compound 1 showed the most potent antidiabetic activity, while Compound 2 exhibited greater activity than Compound 3. The flavonoids, which contain multiple hydroxyl groups, offer significant antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Furthermore, the molecular docking analyses were performed for the first time, revealing the highest binding affinity of Compound 3 (-11.86), followed by Compound 2 (-11.13) and Compound 1 (-10.27). Moreover, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation allows us to postulate the binding kinetics of isolated compounds (1-3). The structural stability for Compound 3, as indicated by the stabilization of its RMSD (< 1.0 & Aring;) and the reduction in its solvent accessible surface area (SASA) and polar surface area (PSA) after 45 ns, suggests a slow dissociation rate (koff) and high residence time. These kinetic patterns are typical of strong glucokinase (GK) activators that effectively retain the enzyme in its active state. Thus, the isolated compounds may enhance the GK activity, potentially leading to new therapeutic drugs for diabetes treatment.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in both animals and humans, and the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for effective surveillance tools. Cefquinome, a fourth‐generation cephalosporin, is widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of infections caused by Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including S. aureus. In this study, 110 S. aureus strains were isolated from cattle and subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination using standardised agar dilution and microdilution methods. MIC values were obtained following 24 h incubation in 96‐well plates. The MIC distribution was analysed using goodness‐of‐fit testing and non‐linear least squares regression to establish the wild‐type cut‐off value (COWT). The MIC range for cefquinome against S. aureus was 0.03–2 µg/mL, and the epidemiological cut‐off value (ECV) was determined to be 2 µg/mL, encompassing 99.1% of the wild‐type population. An MIC value of 0.5 µg/mL covered 95% of the distribution, indicating its potential relevance for resistance monitoring. These findings provide a scientific basis for cefquinome susceptibility interpretation in cattle and support antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Further studies are warranted to develop population pharmacokinetic models for cefquinome in calves to optimise its therapeutic application.

Arsenic (As) contamination in soil represents a major challenge to global agriculture, threatening crop productivity and food security, making the development of effective mitigation strategies essential for sustainable farming. Synthetic bacterial communities (SynCom) improve host plants ability to withstand As stress by several mechanisms. It is well known that polyamines (PAs) strengthen the antioxidant defence system, prevent ethylene formation, preserve cell pH, and shield plant cells from the damaging effects of As, and so forth; nevertheless, it is still unknown how SynCom modify PA metabolism to improve plant resistance to As. Pot experiment was carried out to evaluate how SynCom affects root PA homeostasis, hydrogen peroxide (metabolite associated with PA), genes encoding antioxidant system and expression and activities of PA- associated degrading and synthesizing enzymes in rice subjected to As. SynCom inoculated plants exhibited maximum growth attributes, gene expression of two plasma membrane intrinsic protein, leaf water potential, and chlorophyll contents than non-inoculated plants exposed to As stress. With increased activity of PA catabolic enzymes (copper-containing diamine oxidase, CuAO; polyamine oxidase, PAO) and putrescine synthases (ornithine decarboxylase; arginine decarboxylase, ADC), SynCom inoculated plants resulted in higher putrescine and cadaverine concentrations but lower spermidine and spermine contents. Under As stress, the SynCom inoculated plants resulted in up-regulation of spermine synthase gene, OsSPMS, and down-regulation of PA catabolic enzyme genes (OsCuAO6, OsCuAO8, OsCuAO1 and OsCuAO2) and PA synthase genes (OsADC2 and OsADC1). As stressed plants inoculated with SynCom had higher level of expression in OsPAO1, OsPAO2, OsPAO3 as compared to non-inoculated plants, stimulating reactive oxygen species-associated stress responsiveness signaling through low H2O2 levels by enhancing the genes encoding antioxidant defence system (OsCu/Zn-SOD, OsCAT1 and OsMn-SOD). The results of this study showed that SynCom can alter PA metabolism to improve plants' resistance to heavy metals like As. The inoculation of SynCom emerges as a promising strategy to enhance plant resilience against As toxicity by promoting positive interactions and regulatory stress-responsive pathways. Furthermore, the inoculation of SynCom is a viable approach capable of ameliorating heavy metal stress and improving the productivity of crops in the contaminated soil by fostering positive interactions and stress responsive regulatory mechanisms. (c) 2025 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Restrictions on adding antibiotics to animal diets have posed challenges in managing gut pathogens, emphasizing the significance of effective non-antibiotic growth promoters to maintain animal health and productivity. This study assessed the efficacy of hydroxamic acid (HA), derived from local maize varieties, as a non-antibiotic growth promoter in broilers. Among 10 different maize varieties, the Azam variety yielded the highest HA concentration (35 ± 7 μg/g of roots), as quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.022 mg for Azam-derived HA against pathogenic E. coli. To further assess in vivo efficacy, 108 birds were allocated at random to six treatment groups. The treatments include birds fed a basal diet without an E. coli challenge (negative control); an antibiotic-treated group challenged with E. coli and treated with enrofloxacin at a dosage of 5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg), administered orally once daily from day 5 post-infection (dpi) for 7 consecutive days (standard); broilers challenged with E. coli and supplemented with a basal diet with HA at concentrations of 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg of feed from 5 dpi for one week (HA 1 mg, HA 10 mg, and HA 100 mg, respectively); and broilers challenged with E. coli without enrofloxacin/HA (positive control). The results demonstrated that birds fed a diet supplemented with the HA-100 mg improved the body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the positive control group. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed for BW and FCR observed for the broilers fed on the standard and HA 100 mg groups. The addition of HA at 100 mg improved (p < 0.05) the hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and reduced (p < 0.05) levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to positive control group. A significantly low carcass weight (p < 0.05) was shown for positive control birds compared to other groups. Our findings indicate that maize-derived HA presents a phytogenic alternative to antibiotics by controlling enteric pathogens and improving health and performance affected by E. coli infection in broilers.

The study aimed to determine the potential effects of Moringa oleifera and Nigella sativa leaf extract compared to selenium and nutraceutical administration on tibia bone structure together with muscle characteristics and gut bacterial composition in broiler chickens. The experimental include a total of hundred chicks (a day old chicks) which divided into five different groups A, B, C, D and E containing four replicates and each replica having five birds. Groups A received the basal diet and Groups B, C, D, and E received a basal diet with selenium (0.2 mg/kg), nutraceutical (10g/kg), Moringa oleifera leaf extract (1.25 g/kg), Moringa and Nigella leaf extract (1 g/kg) respectively. Two birds per replicate were slaughtered for the purpose of obtaining complete tibia bones along with muscle tissue and ileum ingesta on day 35. Tissue histomorphometry examinations used paraffin embedding methods and tibia bone measurements required vernier calibration. The microorganisms of the gut microbiome were cultured on MRSA media or on mickony media. Mineral retention analysis was performed with a UV-spectrophotometer. The combination of (1 g/kg) Moringa and Nigella leaf extract in the nutritional supplement affect broiler chickens positively by enhancing their bone morphology, mineral retention, muscle histomorphometry and gut microflora.

Rhizospheric bacteria, inhabiting the soil closely associated with plant roots, have emerged as a vital resource in biotechnology due to their diverse metabolic functions. These microbes play a crucial role in promoting plant growth, improving soil health, and detoxifying polluted environments. Their unique abilities to tolerate heavy metals, produce siderophores, and synthesize pharmaceutically relevant bioactive compounds have attracted considerable scientific interest. Siderophores, in particular, are iron-chelating agents that not only facilitate iron uptake in plants and microbes but also show significant promise in medical applications, including treatment of iron overload and targeted drug delivery. For instance, siderophore-antibiotic conjugates such as cefiderocol have demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Furthermore, contaminated soils can be bioremediated using rhizospheric bacteria that can withstand harmful heavy metals, lowering risks to human health and the environment. despite these benefits, large-scale applications are hampered by issues like the limited cultivability of microbial strains, variations in rhizospheric environments, and biosafety worries regarding gene transfer. By making it possible to discover, improve, and use effective bacterial strains, recent developments in microbial formulation, synthetic biology, and omics technologies present promising answers. Rhizospheric bacteria are set to play a pivotal role in achieving the growing global demands for sustainable agriculture, environmental restoration, and innovative therapeutics. Unlocking their full potential in the fields of ecology, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals requires present research and innovation.

The current study was used to achieved the green synthesis of pure with different percentages of zirconium‐doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs) using an aqueous plant extract of Sanvitalia procumbens. The synthesis of pure NPs was achieved by mixing 30 mL of Ce (NO3)3·6H2O into 10 mL of plant extract and then adding ZrO (NO3)2. xH2O into a reaction mixture to synthesize Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs with the variation of x (x = 5%, 10%, and 15%). The phytochemicals present in Sanvitalia procumbens plant extract function as stabilizing and reducing agent which may have ability to synthesize pure and Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized by different analytical techniques, such as UV‐visible (UV‐Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). The UV‐Vis spectroscopy revealed that zirconium (Zr) was well doped in CeO2 NPs with a band gap energy of 4.07–4.56 eV. The SEM images demonstrate the irregular morphology with an average particle size range of 26.72, 24.37, 21.24, and 19.12 nm for pure, 5%, 10%, and 15% Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs, respectively. The fundamental elemental composition of Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs was ascertained by EDX analysis, whereas the PXRD patterns support the crystalline nature of NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized pure and Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs were used to analyze the antiplatelet activity that showed dose‐dependent antiplatelet potentials. The results revealed that 15% Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs showed maximum antiplatelet activity that was 84.24 s at concentrations of 100 μg/mL. Moreover, the IMR32 cell line was also studied to demonstrate the cytotoxicity of pure and Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs. Accordingly, Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs exhibits higher cytotoxic effects against brain cancer in contrast to undoped CeO2 NPs. Thus, the obtained results suggest the potential use of Zr‐doped CeO2 NPs as an industrial application such as in the development of antiplatelet and cytotoxic activity.

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, pose a serious risk to human health because of antibiotic resistance. Wastewater serves as a reservoir for these bacteria, contributing to the evolution and transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains. The research aims to identify ESBL bacterium in wastewater samples from District Kohat. K. pneumoniae and E. coli were confirmed as ESBL producing bacteria through a comprehensive array of diagnostic procedures, including Gram staining, biochemical analyses, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fecal coliform count (FCC) analyses revealed varying microorganism levels. Both E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates showed ESBL enzyme expression, indicating antibiotic resistance. Resistance patterns included ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for both species. E. coli displayed higher sensitivity for chloramphenicol, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin. Ceftazidime minimum inhibitory concentration results showed E. coli's higher resistance. The study accentuates the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains, emphasizing the value of effective wastewater treatment. The study provides crucial insights into microbial characteristics, fecal contamination, ESBL production, and antibiotic resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, advocating for monitoring and mitigation strategies.

Arsenic (As) contamination poses significant challenges to plant physiology and productivity. Rhizospheric microbes contribute to phytoremediation and can shield plants from As stress. However, there is still much to know about the tolerance mechanism of these microbes to As toxicity. Under As stress, soybean exhibited adverse physiological effects, including reduced shoot fresh weight (SFW) (-2%) and enhanced root fresh weight (RFW) (+24%), alongside compromised photosynthetic efficiency (-12%) and decreased crop yield (-35%). However, the co-applied synthetic community (SynCom) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) resulted in significant improvements, with an increase in SFW (+71%) and RFW (+35%). Furthermore, colonization improved significantly, with an increase in root colonization rising and arbuscular abundance (+57%). This co-application not only increased nutrient intake but also built a strong root system, which improved stress tolerance. Furthermore, the negative impact of As on the antioxidative response was best counteracted with the co-application of AMF and SynCom which considerably increased the response of lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (+16.92%), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (-23.37%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (+54.87%) and glutathione reductase (GR) (+23.97%). Metabolically, malate, succinate, and citrate levels were altered, showing the adaptive response of soybean to As stress, which was further increased by SynCom and AMF treatments. In addition, there were notable modifications in the relative expression of metal transporter genes in both shoot and root (HMA13, HMA18, and HMA19) via combined SynCom and AMF treatments to lessen the negative impact of As-induced stress. Overall, this study demonstrates the transformational potential of coinoculation of SynCom and AMF in improving plant resistance to heavy metal stress particularly As-induced stress, providing useful insights into long-term remediation solutions for polluted areas. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

This research aimed to assess common bean genotypes for genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advancement under varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) in hydroponic systems. Eight common bean genotypes were grown and evaluated in a two-factor completely randomized design with three replications in three NaCl concentrations (0 mM, 150 mM, 300 mM) at the Molecular lab of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during 2022. Analysis showed substantial differences among eight genotypes for all traits across three NaCl levels. Mean ranges under 0, 150, and 300 mM NaCl concentration 10.93 to 20.87 cm, 8.71 to 21.43 cm, and 11.64 to 21.58 cm for hypocotyl length, and from 13.02 to 23.63, 10.51 to 15.9, and 6.96 to 12.99 for chlorophyll content, and from 32.33 to 46.67 cm, 34.00 to 57.33 cm and 33.50 to 45.67 cm for plant height, and from 10.73 to 15.30 cm, and 11.10 to 15.30 cm and 10.00 to 15.70 cm for epicotyl length. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.62 to 0.93 for various traits of common bean genotypes in all three levels of NaCl. The highest heritability was recorded for hypocotyl length (0.93) in 150mM NaCl concentrations, while the lowest heritability was recorded for plant height (0.62) in 300mM NaCl and also for hypocotyl length in 0mM 0.62 NaCl concentrations. The highest genetic advance value was estimated for plant height (8.26) in all NaCl concentrations, i.e., 4.10 in 0 mM NaCl, 8.26 in 150 mM NaCl, and 3.96 in 300 mM NaCl, respectively. Based on the current experiment, genotypes SW-32, GL299, and GL-287 appeared to be superior, with the highest values for plant height, chlorophyll content, and hypocotyl length. These results are recommended for future breeding programs aimed at improving salt tolerance in common bean genotypes.