In the system [60B2O3 + 30 Li2O + x(0.5Er2O3 + 0.5Gd2O3) + (10-x) BiCl3], a borate glass doped with the rare earth Gd3+ and Er3+ ions have been prepared, and their optical characteristics have been investigated. For determining the oxide ion polarizability parameter, glass materials’ refractive indices which were estimated from UV-Vis spectra are used. The borate glasses are well utilized for having strong basicity, low interaction parameter values, high refractive index, and oxide ion polarizability. Theoretical calculations of the basicity and interaction parameter of the glass network employing oxide ion polarization have been addressed in the current study. The interaction parameter and basicity seem to have a strong linear relation.

Perovskite LaAlO3, LaAlO3:Dy3+ and LaAlO3:Dy3+:Bi3+ (1mol%) nano substance prepared through chemical combustion process using sugar as a fuel. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed, irregular shaped non-polycrystalline nature with Rhombohedral phase ofspace group R3m having crystallite size ranging between 24-26 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectra confirmed porous, dumbbell shaped morphology and its constituents. The FTIR peaks between 840 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 proved the presence of metal oxide and peak located at 1380.0 cm-1 ascribed to carboxylate ions vibrational modes present in the studied sample. The dielectric studies show high and increased dielectric constant for doped and codoped samples than the host sample, hence it may be used as storage devices. Cole-Cole plots for conductivity studies shows semicircles at high frequencies indicating the grain effect. There was a continuous increase in the radius of the semicircle of Cole-Cole plot, for host, doped and codoped samples indicating the increase in the resistance of the material. Therefore, the prepared material finds applications in devises like CMOS.

The conductivity and electric modulus formalism in tellurite-modified lithium borate glasses with composition (100–x) − (33.35Li2O–66.65B2O3) − (x)TeO2, (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol

Photinus scintillans is one of the species of fireflies, emits yellowish-green light with a peak wavelength of 575 nm. LaAlO3:Dy3+:Bi3+ nanomaterials prepared through sono-chemical process can serve as material for photo luminescence. The wavelength of light emitted by Photinus scintillans can also be obtained by optically exciting the synthesized sample with 353 nm wavelength. Dipole transition 4F9/2→6H13/2 gives photon of wavelength 576 nm, which is exactly same as that emitted by Photinus scintillans. The color chromaticity shows the yellowish green emission region of nanoparticles. This material can be used for the preparation of LEDs to emit a wavelength of 576 nm. When LEDs are prepared from this material, they can mimic the bioluminescence of fireflies. Thus, prepared nanoparticles can mimic the bioluminescence of Photinus scintillans fireflies. Both Dy doped and Bi co-doped samples at higher concentrations showed zone of clearance for Gram positive bacteria. Bi co-doped at higher concentrations had substantial inhibition across gram positive and negative bacterial colonies.

This oxide glass system work reports a detailed of the hopping mechanism, electrical conductivity, and dielectric relaxation phenomena in Li2O + B2O3-based glass for various Li2SO4 mol%. The conductivity, impedance, and dielectric modulus were analyzed in a temperature range from 363 K to 563 K and in a frequency range from 100 Hz to 5 MHz. The conductivity of the glass sample was verified using Cole-Davidson, Jonscher’s power law, and Cole-Cole models and is found to be consistent with each other. Conductivity at the grain and grain boundary was also determined by fitting the impedance data using constant phase elements (CPE) in an equivalent circuit model. The equivalent circuit was used to interpret the impedance semicircles obtained from the ac measurements. Interpretation of the relaxation mechanism in the glass matrix is described by employing Kohlrausch-William-Watts (KWW) model and the modified KWW model, which discloses that the non-Debye type relaxation mechanism is followed by the charge carriers. Impedance spectroscopy has been discussed to distinguish between the contribution of grain boundaries and grains in the relaxation mechanism. The doping Li2SO4 effect can be explained by observing activation energy in the investigated samples. The power law exponent ‘S’ for glass matrix with temperature depicts CBH and NSPT hopping mechanism in AC conductivity. All the above results reveal the glass’s semiconducting nature and depend on the lithium sulphate content in the glass matrix.

Electrical conductivity and dielectric studies of xLi2SO4-30Li2O-(70-x)[0.70P2O5:0.30V2O5], (5 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol

The conductivity, impedance, electric modulus, hopping mechanism, and relaxation mechanism in boro-tellurite glasses with composition (100-x)-(33.35Li20-66.65B2O3)-(x)TeO2 have been analyzed in the temperature range 403K to 583K and the frequency range 100Hz to 5MHz. The DC conductivity ([[EQUATION]]), power law exponent (s) and barrier height ([[EQUATION]]) were estimated by fitting experimental data with Jonscher’s power law. The conduction mechanism for all the glass samples applies the correlated barrier hopping mechanism (CBH). The electric modulus was analyzed by fitting experimental data on the electric modulus with the Davidson-Cole model, and the parameters β (Kohlrausch exponent) and [[EQUATION]] (relaxation time) were estimated. The parameter β was also obtained for consistency verification with KWW and modified KWW models. The impedance study was done by fitting experimental impedance data to an R-CPE model using Zview software. The activation energy determined by fitting the Arrhenius equation (0.5847 eV-1.2447 eV) and experimentally (0.562 eV-1.298 eV) is consistent.

Electrical conductivity and dielectric studies of xLi 2 SO 4 -30Li 2 O-(70-x)[0.70P 2 O 5 :0.30V 2 O 5 ], (5 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol%) glasses are carried out over a frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz and in a temperature range of 383 K to 453 K. Addition of Li 2 O modifies the phosphate network and generates non-bridging oxygens in the glass structure. The observed increase in dc conductivity is due to the enhancement in the structural volume, consequently the percolation paths are widened as result of volume increasing effect caused by isotropic dissolution of Li 2 SO 4 . This dissolution facilitates easier mobility of Li + ions. A.C conductivity obeys the Jonscher power law and the power law exponent ‘s’ exhibits a minimum and shows temperature dependence. s is in the range of 0.525—0.549, activation energy for d.c conductivity is in the range of 1.07—0.58 eV and activation energy for a.c conductivity is the range of 1.20—0.60 eV. The conductivity relaxation process is explained using the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts stretched exponential correlation function. Further, the scaling of both conductivity and electrical modulus data showed an excellent collapse onto a single curve indicating a single ion transport mechanism operating in these glasses.

Photinus scintillans is one of the species of fireflies, emits yellowish-green light with a peak wavelength of 575 nm. LaAlO3:Dy3+:Bi3+ nanomaterials prepared through sono-chemical process can serve as material for photo luminescence. The wavelength of light emitted by Photinus scintillans can also be obtained by optically exciting the synthesized sample with 353 nm wavelength. Dipole transition 4F9/2→6H13/2 gives photon of wavelength 576 nm, which is exactly same as that emitted by Photinus scintillans. The color chromaticity shows the yellowish green emission region of nanoparticles. This material can be used for the preparation of LEDs to emit a wavelength of 576 nm. When LEDs are prepared from this material, they can mimic the bioluminescence of fireflies. Thus, prepared nanoparticles can mimic the bioluminescence of Photinus scintillans fireflies. Both Dy doped and Bi co-doped samples at higher concentrations showed zone of clearance for Gram positive bacteria. Bi co-doped at higher concentrations had substantial inhibition across gram positive and negative bacterial colonies.

The Europium doped Zinc aluminate [ZnAl2O4] nanoparticles prepared by green biogenic technique using Resinfera E-tirucalli latex. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and Aluminium nitrate and Europium nitrate were used as starting materials. Naturally available Resinfera latex of Euphorbia family was used as a combustion agent. The obtained nanoparticles were thermally annealed 3 h at 900 °C. The obtained samples were analysed for their structural investigations by analytical methods. By XRD data the average particle size was calculated by Scherrer’s equation. The sizes of the nano zinc aluminate was 18 nm and the Eu3+ doped zinc aluminate NPs was about 16 nm in size. In FTIR Spectra three bands which are observed in the range 400–700 cm−1 are characteristics of metal oxide zinc aluminate spinel structure The optical properties were analysed by UV–Visible spectra. The decolourization of the methylene blue (MB) dye was studied under sun light and UV light irradiation and studied the effect of pH by the catalyst ZnAl2O4:Eu3+ NPs.

A borate glasses doped with rare earth Gd 3+ ion in the system [6OB 2 O 3 + 30 L1 2 O + x Gd 2 O 3 + (10-x) BiCl 3 ] is prepared by the conventional melt quenching method and their optical properties have been studied. The oxide ion polarizability parameter is calculating by using refractive index of glass materials, which is obtained from UV-Vis spectra. The borate glasses are known to possess high oxide ion polarizability, high refractive index, high basicity and low interaction parameter values. In this present study, theoretical calculation of basicity and interaction parameter, using oxide ion polarization, of the glass network has been addressed. A good linear correlation between the interaction parameter and basicity is observed.

Water is an imperative natural resource on the earth.Approximately 71% of the earth's floor is protected with water.Fresh water is located as underground water in massive reservoirs surrounded by means of rock referred to as aquifers and surface water.It's a vital and essential element for survival of all the living beings.There is a devastating call for pure water due to the fact the groundwater and surface water are highly polluted due to urbanization and industrialization.Out of the total quantity of worldwide water, only 2. 4% is distributed on the main land, of which best a small component may be utilized as clean water.Ground water is the principal supply of drinking water in each rural and urban parts of India.Ground water is a susceptible electrolyte containing numerous elements and their associated radicals in ionic equilibrium.The fundamental cations are calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium.The primary anions are carbonates, nitrate, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates.The opposite parameters decided are general dissolved solids, general hardness, PH, iron and radon, a natural radioactive gas.The 222 Rn is a obviously happening radioactive noble gas in the surroundings formed by radioactive decay of 226 Ra.It undergoes radioactive decay with the aid of emission of alpha particles with a feature half-life 2.82days.It decays by emission of alpha particle to form radon decay mechanism, which can be divided into quick-lived and long-lived progeny species.Radon is soluble in water and its solubility decreases with increase in temperature.The excessive degree of radon in groundwater results from radium affords within the rocks through which groundwater flows.Consequently, the high concentration of uranium in the surrounding rocks is the sources of high radon in groundwater [1].Radon concentration ground water is affected by several factors, such as presence of shear zones, degree of metamorphism, soil porosity and uranium mineralization [2][3][4].Radon dissolved in water can cause radiation exposure via inhalation and ingestion.The organ at maximum threat from radon dissolved in water is belly.While radon or its progeny are inhaled, lung cancer for most of the overall incremental cancer danger, even as ingestion of radon in water is suspected of being related to increased danger of tumors of several inner organs, typically the stomach [5][6].The ability fitness dangers associated with radon and other certainly occurring radioactive factors present in water have extended in relevance in latest years.This is due to the attention directed toward the very excessive radiation doses which babies and youngsters can get hold of because of consumption of water containing radon and radon decay merchandise [7][8][9].The modifications in high-quality of groundwater response to variant in physical, chemical and biological environments through which it passes [10].Groundwater resource in the observe vicinity is extensively exploited for irrigation and other domestic purposes similarly to consuming reason.Concentration of radon and physiochemical parameters greater than their permissible limits in ingesting water ends in fitness issues together with water borne sicknesses, like fluorosis, typhoid, cholera, untimely child and other issues, mainly toddlers [11].Not all drinking water contains Radon.

The glass system 90 Li2B4O7 + x Er2O3 + (10 - x) BiCl3 , where 0.1 <= x <= 0.5 mol%, has been synthesized by melt quenching technique. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) theory has been initiated for the precise analysis of the peak intensities. The JO parameter Omega(2), which represents asymmetry and covalency of the emission environment increases with increase in Er3+ ions, while Omega(4) and Omega(6) reveal the rigidity of the host medium. Radiative parameters such as tau(R), A(R), beta(R), FOM, and sigma(R) have been calculated. The photometric studies, CIE & CCT studies confirm that, for all the investigated glasses CIE coordinated diagram is found to be white light. CCT graph which gives white light emission around 10000K. Two photon absorption coefficient (TPA) of Er3+ doped glasses lie in the range of 7.491 to 8.868. Glasses with highest TPA shows low E-g values indicating a large density of states of O2- in highest occupied molecular orbitals.

The activity concentration of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K was measured for soil samples collected from 34 locations of Tumkur District, Karnataka, India, using HPGe detector. The activity concentration of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K varied from 9.6 to 71.6, 12.3 to 333.3 and 194.3 to 1527.7 Bq kg(-1) with an average value of 33.15, 123.01 and 877.76 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The absorbed and annual effective outdoor doses were found to be highest at Ponnasamudra with 258.98 nGy h(-1) and 317.62 μSv and lowest at Sira with 36.42 nGy h(-1) and 44.67 μSv, respectively. The external hazard index ranged from 0.21 to 1.58 with an average of 0.75. It was significant in 11 locations as it exceeded unity.

Background: The concentrations of radionuclides like Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 and the dose rate are measured in igneous and metamorphic rock formations in and around Chickmagalur. A total of 236 samples from 13 different locations around study area were analyzed. Materials and Methods: The activity concentrations of the three radioactive elements were determined for mean period of 25000 s using HPGe (GMX - 10190) detector and the dose calculations were made using standard formulae. Results: The mean activity concentrations in igneous rocks recorded were 36.6 Bqkg(-1), 73.2 Bqkg(-1) and 992.3 Bqkg(-1) for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 respectively. The mean activity concentrations in metamorphic rocks were 17.2 Bqkg(-1), 28.1 Bqkg(-1) and 617.8 Bqkg(-1) for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 respectively. Assuming 20% occupancy factor, the corresponding mean annual effective dose due to igneous and metamorphic rocks were 169.6 mu Sv and 90 mu Sv respectively. Conclusion: The concentrations of radionuclides were found to be in similar with global and Indian average (1-3).

Radon is a radioactive gas produced by the decay of 226 Ra present in the soil, rock, water and in atmosphere. Radon, thoron and their progeny are present in indoor and outdoor atmosphere. The concentration of these gases in indoor atmosphere is higher than that of outdoor. In the present study, the concentrations of radon, thoron and their progenies in some taluks of Tumkur district were estimated and the doses due them were calculated. Twin cup dosimeters with alpha sensitive films, LR- 115 type-2, were used for the measurement of concentrations of radionuclides. The mean indoor gamma radiation dose was found to be 0.64 mSvy−1 with highest of 0.75 mSvy−1 in Kunigal taluk. The concentrations of radon in good ventilated dwellings with granite floorings varied from 20.66 Bqm−3 in Tumkur city to 27.61 Bqm−3 in Kunigal. In poor ventilated dwellings, the concentrations of radon varied from 35.56 Bqm−3 in Tumkur to 44.87 Bqm−3 in Turuvekere. The dwellings with granite flooring showed higher concentration of radioactive gases than with marble as flooring and other floorings. The dwelling situated near the granite rocks showed higher concentrations.

Cultivation of land modifies soil characteristics and influences redistribution of radionuclides in topsoil. The concentrations of 210 Po and 210 Pb in the cultivated land of Chikmagalur were measured by wet ashing silver planchet electroplating alpha count method. The concentration of 226 Ra was determined using Emanometry Method. The samples were precipitated by chemical processes and the concentrations of 228 Ra measured using high efficiency low level background gas flow beta counter. The lowest activity of 226 Ra, 228 Ra 210 Po and 210 Pb recorded at study area were 6.1, 5.6, 12.9 and 20.6 Bq.Kg -1 and maxima were 47.7, 29.6, 71.2 and 120.5 Bq.Kg -1 and mean 13.8, 19.2, 28.6 and 1.8 Bq.Kg -1 respectively. The mean of ratios of 210 Po and 210 Pb in cultivated and uncultivated land were found to be 0.53 and 1.06 respectively. Concentrations of 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 210 Po in cultivated land found to be lower than that of undisturbed land but reverse in case of 210 Pb. Decrease in activities of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 210 Po in cultivated may due to wash out of 'floating fraction' with rainwater and the increase of activity of 210 Pb may be due to re-suspension. The 're-suspension factor' (K) increases for 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 210 Po in cultivated and fertilizer added area, but not for 210 Pb. Also the concentrations of radionuclides were found to be high in comparison with global and Indian average.