Following previous work on helicene–porphyrin conjugates in which carbo[6]helicene are connected to zinc‐porphyrin via phenyl‐bis‐ethynyl bridges (Por(Zn)‐H[6]1, series 1), and displaying clear exciton coupling (EC) chirality, novel carbo[6]helicenes derivatives substituted at their 2,15 positions by zinc‐porphyrin units are prepared, either through a triple bond (Por(Zn)‐H[6]2, series 2), or through an alkynyl‐phenyl bridge (Por(Zn)‐H[6]3, series 3). Series 2 is also synthesized with free porphyrins or different metals [Ni(II) and Pd(II)]. Their photophysical and chiroptical properties (electronic circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence) are characterized, and it is examined how i) the distance between the porphyrin units and ii) the metal type impacted these properties. Experimental and theoretical analyses highlight strong responses originating from EC chirality in combination with the typical helicene‐centered optical activity. The Por(Zn)‐H[6]2 system displaying strong absorption dissymmetry factors is then selected to experimentally examine the chiral‐induced spin selectivity effect by magnetic conductive atomic force microscopy; a spin polarization of 50% is measured.

The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect refers to an interdisciplinary quantum phenomenon in which chiral molecules influence the spin of the electrons passing through them. Since the groundbreaking discovery of the CISS effect in 1999 by Prof. Ron Naaman and co-workers, considerable theoretical and experimental efforts have been made to unravel the underlying physics and complex mechanisms of this interesting phenomenon. The discovery of a fundamental relationship between electron spin and chiral symmetry in chiral molecules has implications for existing technologies and new approaches to solve the long-standing problems, such as clean energy conversion, explaining anesthesia mechanisms, spintronic applications, homochirality problem, and improving the efficiency of drugs, pesticides, and fertilizers. Furthermore, CISS highlights how spin dynamics, often studied in condensed matter physics, is influenced by the molecular chiral framework, which is also fundamental to chemical and biological systems. This article explores how the CISS effect serves as a bridge between different domains of science and provides a better understanding of molecular recognition, electron transport and spin-dependent processes that are essential to life and technology.

Magnetic-conductive AFM reveals that self-assembled bowl-shaped aromatics function as molecular spin filters.

In recent years, semiochemical-based pest management strategies have gained significant attention as they offer sustainable alternatives to conventional pesticides. Integrating semiochemicals into pest management strategies presents innovative approaches to addressing agricultural challenges. One promising method involves combining pheromones with entomopathogenic fungi, utilizing a "lure and infect" technique that attracts pests to fungal pathogens, enhancing control efficacy. Another advancement is the auto-dissemination approach, which promotes the spread of microbial pathogens within insect populations, effectively targeting pests like the fall armyworm. Additionally, the induction of plant defenses through "plant vaccination" by zoo phytophagous predators offers a novel way to enhance plant resistance against herbivores. Research into the production of insect pheromones in plants further supports sustainable pest management by disrupting pest mating behaviors. Electroantennography has emerged as a valuable tool for understanding insect olfaction, aiding in the identification of effective semiochemicals. The push-pull strategy employs plant semiochemicals to manipulate pest behavior, while pheromone dispensers provide efficient and long-lasting applications of these compounds. Collectively, these advancements highlight the potential of semiochemicals in revolutionizing pest management practices, aligning with the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural solutions. Continued research and innovation in these areas are crucial for optimizing the use of semiochemicals, ultimately contributing to more effective and environmentally friendly pest control methods.

of Ag. & Tech., Meerut, India during Summer-2021 and 2022 in randomized block design with seven treatments (Bacillus thuringiensis, Pongamia oil, Verticillium lecanii, Azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana, Emamectin benzoate and untreated control).The observations were recorded one day before followed by three, seven and ten day after spray of both the year and data thus recorded were analyzed.Least number of the spotted pod borer's larvae were observed in the plot which was treated with the emamectin benzoate @ 5 SG with low per cent of damage which was found to be highly superior over to the Bacillus thuringiensis 2 × 10 11 spores/ml @1 l/ha.whereas the highest number of the Maruca found in the plot treated with Verticillium lecanii 1 × 10 8 spores/ ml @ 2.5 l/ha.The highest yield was obtained from emamectin benzoate (9.41 q/ha), while the lowest yield was calculated in the plot treated with Verticellium lecanii (6.33q/ha) followed by the untreated control (4.76 q/ha).

Sericulture, the practice of silkworm cultivation to produce silk, has been around for thousands of years and is even a part of cultural significance in Asia. But, the changes in climate change have created so many problems due to physical and physiological factors that are affecting silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) as well as mulberry plants which is primary food of silkworm. In this review, we address about the influence of climate change on sericulture by discussing pertinent studies in relation to rising temperatures and temperature changes; self-defensive responses related with heat waves; precipitation changes. Growth and cocoon quality in the optimal range for silkworm are so critical to temperature and humidity, that deviating from them lowers silk production while higher numbers can deteriorate death rates. In addition, climate change results in shifts of mulberry plant physiology and pest dynamics which are additional complications to sericulture practices.In alignment with the above, research and development is oriented toward climate-resilient silkworm breeding lines, improved mulberry cultivation practices, and modern technologies like remote sensing and GIS for efficient resource management. Works of planned future interest include bettering the quality of genetic research for the development of more resilient silkworm strains and the performance of comprehensive vulnerability assessments to formulate suitable adaptation strategies. Ensuring the resilience and economic viability of the sericulture industry in the face of climate change is crucial for sustaining long-term silk production if the mitigation measures discussed in this paper are put in place.

The most significant eye condition that results in blindness, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), claim is 135 million people with diabetes may increase by the number 300 million by 2025. This results in the same incremental rate of diabetic retinopathy (DR) of non-proliferation. Regular retinal examinations help in the early diagnosis of DR, which enables prompt treatment that can successfully stop permanent vision loss. The early detection and monitoring of DR can be aided by automatic lesion recognition in Fundal retinal imagery. One of the major symptoms of DR is microaneurysms. Expertise in microaneurysms can be detected and investigated with hemorrhages. Therefore, the primary prerequisite for diagnosing the progression of DR is the identification of these microaneurysms. In this study, an automated system for evaluating and classifying the severity of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is proposed with hemorrhage count. The proposed study is an analysis carried out automatically using a variety of imaging processing approaches based on the count of microaneurysms found in the fundus samples. The work's accuracy performance has been demonstrated to be 96

This study was conducted to understand the different extraction methods viz conventional, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction by extracting the phytochemicals from the leaves of Carica papaya L. & the influence of process parameters viz, temperature, ultrasound power and microwave power. Experiments were conducted using the single-factor experiment design wherein one factor was varied at a time keeping other factors constant. Variables selected for the experiment were Temperature (40, 50, 60 °C) & Time (30 min.) in case of conventional extraction; Power (150, 175, 200), Time (30 min) in ultrasound-assisted extraction and Power (400, 500, 600 W), Time (30 seconds) in microwave-assisted extraction. Carica papaya L. The analysis showed the TPC ranged from 25.28 mg GAE/g to 41.60 mg GAE/g, TFC ranged from 50.70 mg QE/g to 13.60 mg QE/g & 15.27% to 25.62%. The highest Total phenolic content, Total Flavonoid Content & Antioxidant activity was observed in treatment 6 employing ultrasound assisted extraction with power 200 watts. It is concluded from the experiment to extract phytochemicals from papaya leaf ultrasound can be employed.

Silkworms (Bombyx mori) have been crucial to silk production for millennia, primarily due to their ability to produce high-quality silk fibers. Recent advancements in biotechnology and genetic engineering have significantly enhanced both silk yield and quality. Traditional breeding methods initially focused on selecting desirable traits like increased yield, improved silk quality, disease resistance, and faster growth. Transgenic silkworms, incorporating genes from other species such as spiders, produce silk with unique properties, including higher tensile strength. New technologies provide comprehensive insights. Future advancements in CRISPR technology, synthetic biology, gene drive systems, AI, and machine learning promise even greater precision and efficiency in genetic modifications. Emerging fields like nanotechnology and epigenetics offer innovative approaches to further enhance silk properties and production methods. The long-term vision for silkworm genetic improvement includes sustainable silk production, integration with various industries, global market leadership, and biodiversity preservation. These advancements aim to position genetic research as a key driver of economic growth and technological innovation in the silk industry, ensuring the production of superior and sustainable silk.

Silk biomaterials have garnered significant attention in biomedical engineering due to their exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This paper explores the historical and scientific significance of silk, tracing its origins from ancient China to its global dissemination via the Silk Road. The unique attributes of silk, particularly from Bombyx mori and spiders, position it as a prime candidate for various biomedical applications. Silk's molecular structure endows it with resilience, elasticity, and strength, making it suitable for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and implantable devices. These applications benefit from silk's biocompatibility, tunable degradation rates, and ability to support cellular growth and tissue regeneration. Silk-based scaffolds, mimicking the extracellular matrix, facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, showing efficacy in regenerating tissues such as bone, cartilage, skin, and nerve. Additionally, silk fibroin matrices enable controlled drug release, providing targeted and sustained therapeutic delivery. The future of silk biomaterials in biomedical engineering is promising, with research focused on enhancing their properties, integrating silk with other biomaterials, and developing advanced fabrication techniques like 3D bioprinting. The incorporation of bioactive molecules into silk matrices is also being explored to modulate cellular responses and enhance tissue regeneration. Ongoing studies aim to elucidate cell-silk interactions, optimize scaffold designs, and assess the long-term biocompatibility and degradation of silk-based implants. By combining silk's innate properties with emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, microfluidics, and stem cell engineering, next-generation biomedical devices and therapeutics can be developed, potentially revolutionizing patient care and addressing unmet clinical needs.

An enantiopure organic radical monolayer on gold exhibits efficient spin selectivity properties in electron transport. This result makes thia[4]azahelicenes promising candidates for the development of chiral spintronic molecular-based devices.

The Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) effect describes the capability of chiral molecules to act as spin filters discriminating flowing electrons according to their spin state. Within molecular spintronics, efforts are focused on developing chiral-molecule-based technologies to control the injection and coherence of spin-polarized currents. Herein, for this purpose, we study spin selectivity properties of a monolayer of a thioalkyl derivative of a thia-bridged triarylamine hetero[4]helicene chemisorbed on a gold surface. A stacked device assembled by embedding a monolayer of these molecules between ferromagnetic and diamagnetic electrodes exhibits asymmetric magnetoresistance with inversion of the signal according to the handedness of molecules, in line with the presence of the CISS effect. In addition, magnetically conductive atomic force microscopy reveals efficient electron spin filtering even at unusually low potentials. Our results demonstrate that thia[4]heterohelicenes represent key candidates for the development of chiral spintronic devices.

High spin polarization (SP) in studies of chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) is only observed when chiral molecules are properly organized. This is generally achieved by using anchoring groups or complex supramolecular polymers. A new class of spin filters based on bowl-shaped aromatics is reported, which form high-quality thin-films by simply spin-coating and displaying high spin filtering properties. In particular, we fabricate devices containing enantiopure tribromo-subphthalocyanines (SubPcs), and measure the CISS effect by means of magnetic conductive probe atomic force microscopy (mc-AFM). Circular dichroism and AFM experiments reveal that the resulting thin-film presents a well-ordered chiral structure. Remarkably, the resulting devices show SPs as high as ca. 50%, which are comparable to those obtained by using the current complex methodologies. These results boost the potential of bowl-shaped aromatics as easily processable spin filters, opening new frontiers toward realistic and efficient spintronic devices based on the CISS effect.