In our days NIR spectroscopy represent a promising alternative to the chemical methods for crude fiber contents of forages. The main objective of this study was to obtain a NIR calibration model for prediction this parameter of forages harvested in June 2009 from hill permanent grassland (Gradinari, Caras-Severin District). The experimental field was organized in ten experimental trials fertilized organic, mineral, and organo-mineral. The floristic composition of forages from this period was determined gravimetrically. From Poaceae were present Festuca rupicola and Calamagrostis epigejos. Fabaceae family was represented by Trifolium repens and Lathyrus pratensis. From other botanical family: Rosa canina, Filipendula vulgaris, Galium verum and Inula britanica. Like input data for NIR calibration were used the results for this qualitative parameter by chemical method and the reflectance values from 150 NIR spectra for all analysed samples. Partial last square (PLS) regression was used to obtain the “NIR - Total Fiber” model, implemented in Panorama program (version 3, LabCognition, 2009). The statistical parameters (R 2 =0.80; RMSEC=2.73) and the differences between references and predicted values situated in range 0.03 and 9.24% suggest a medium quality of calibration model, but it is promising to use it to predict the crude fiber contents of forages from grassland in this period of year using higher number of samples for calibration.

Sludge from wastewater are containing particles of clay, organic matter from sewage and human waste, salts, detergents, heavy metals. Sewage sludge can be used as fertilising resource fresh, after anaerobic fermentation for biogas and dried on dehydration beds. Most commonly used as fertiliser is fermented sludge which is used as manure or compost. Dried sewage sludge can contain 20-60% dry matter, 25-40% organic matter, 5.1% total N, 0.5 to 4% P2O5, 0.5% K2O and 6.5% Ca. Sewage sludge is considered valuable phosphorus fertiliser, being applied in autumn before plowing for cereals, fodder crops, potatoes, in dose of 25-60 t/ha, corresponding to the addition of nitrogen. Sewage sludge must be applied carefully, knowing the content of heavy metals and pathogens. In this paper we follow the effect of sewage sludge on soil main chemical features. Sludge was applied to a culture of Medicago sativa in three levels: 15,20 and 40 t ha(-1). Arise of soil pH values was observed. Nitrogen content was higher only in variant fertilised with 15 t ha-1. The values of phosphorus content were ranged between 35.76 and 87.82 mg kg(-1). Compared to control variant, potassium content increase is not significant.

Two dominant parameters are characterizing human society at the present stage of development: the rapid growth of world population, increasing food production requiring and advanced state of pollution and environmental damage, requiring increased attention to the quality of investment in kind. Agriculture has gradually become a complex task that is and will remain the safest and most appropriate means of food production for mankind, being real support of human biological existence, being an important source of raw materials for various industries producing of consumer goods. Imbalance between man and the environment, causes serious and irreversible ecological implications. Environmental problems have various aspects and with the development of society, need to be addressed with priority. One such problem is the residues from municipal wastewater treatment. There are multiple concerns for the elimination of these residues in the environment, without negative implications upon environment. The recycling of sludge through land acquired a major interest for many researchers, communities, local governments and not least for farmers. Wastewater treatment is by definition an activity in support of environmental protection, ensuring retention of pollutants in the form of sludge. To bring wastewater to the level of environmental activity it should be coupled with action for recovery / containment sludge from the process. For the specific case of sludge from wastewater treatment, their reintegration into the circuit is achievable in several ways, one of the most practical including application on agricultural land with the following advantages: recovery of large amounts of plant nutrients (humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, microelements etc.), decrease of mineral fertilizer quantities required to maintain high levels of agricultural production. Use of sewage sludge determines increase soil capacity to mineralize organic matter from wastewater and remediates physical, chemical and biological soil features. Expanding range of fertilizing resources through the use of other organic residues outside traditional scientific substances imposed knowledge of the chemical, microbiological and agronomic conditions of their use to avoid negative effects on the environment and consequently on soil resources Sewage sludge manufacturers must provide user with regular information on the availability of sludge and sludge characteristics according to the following indicators: pH, total organic carbon, dry matter, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, cadmium, cromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, zinc content.

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The Orchard grass (Dactylis glomearata, ssp. Glomerata) is a large scale plant, often exceeding 100cm in height. The stem is erect or genicular upward at the base. The shoots are bombed out and thick at the base and quickly lignify, which prevents them from falling easily (5). The Orchard grass is perennial grass forage with a great culture resisting from 5 to 8 years, depending on operating conditions, the culture area, etc. (5) By analyzing the production capacity of the species Dactylis glomerata depending on the amount of sewage sludge that has been given, we can observe an increase in its range, depending on the amount of sludge and implicitly the nitrogen given. Production of dry matter taken obtained from Dactylis glomerata biomass, under the influence of different doses of municipal sludge has the same growth curve as for the production of green mass. Plant height is also an important feature when talking about production, since this fact significantly influences production. In our case, the average height of plants varies between 88.5 cm (at the control) and 96.7 (the version sludge variant of 40t/ha) that height being registered in the biological limits described for this specie.

The allelochemical compounds represent one of the factors that threaten the biodiversity and to which the specialized research should be conducted. Their structure and the action type are various and can be starting points for the manufacture of new herbicides. As a start point, it is essential to identify the classes of the involved allelophatic compounds and their concentrations, respectively the mechanisms by which they reach in the environment, in order to realize more precise impression of the function that these compounds perform. The similar chemical composition and the coexistence of different plants species can be strongly affected by the interactions between them. Due to the fact that generally the grasses present in grasslands grow as bushes separated by areas where the vegetation is missing, determined the researchers to consider that these plants have an allelophatic character. This study was realized to determine the allelophatic properties of Dactylis glomerata species and the capacity of the allelophatic substances to influence the perennial grasses quality (Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis). The research design consisted of three repetitions. The plants were treated with low alcoholic extracts of pirolizidinici alkaloids, respectively ergot alkaloids obtained from the air part of Dactylis glomerata species, except the blank. The extracts were applied in three different doses: D1 = 10 ml, D2 = 40 ml, D3 = 80 ml. The preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of the alkaloids (NAL Nacetyl loline and NFL-N-formyl loline). The identification of alkaloids was confirmed by HPLCUV analysis. The HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analyses of the extracts corresponding to Dactylis glomerata species have shown six compounds of phenolic acids class. Three of these compounds belong to the cinnamic acid derivatives (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, respectively ferulic acid), and three are benzoic acid derivatives (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringes acid). The results showed that the alkaloids influence the quality index change at the treated plants. That was reflected by a decrease in crude protein content; the highest sensitivity was noticed at Poa pratensis species. This work was financially supported by the project “Postdoctoral school of agriculture and veterinary medicine Posdru/89/1.5/S/62371, co–financed by the European Social Fund through the Sectorial Operational Programme for the Human Resources Development 2007–2013.

Sludges from the municipal wastewater treatment plant may have valuable agronomical properties. Using sludge in agriculture is encouraged, as long as it is properly handled and it doesn't cause damage on the quality of the soil and agricultural products.(5) Using such sludges in the case of perennial fodder cultures may bring some financial and ecological advantages but only under rational use and after some thorough chemical tests have been carried out. The present paper presents some preliminary data on the evolution of some productive features of the specie Medicago sativa where different doses municipal sludges have been used. It is to be mentioned that these doses have not exceeded the maximum allowed by the EU and national legislation. Lucerne is a well- regarded plant due to its usefulness for various purposes but its usage as a fodder plant represents the most important role. The superiority of lucerne over other fodder cultures is firstly explained by large yields of forage, by the high quality of the forage and by its capacity of production over the years without being reseeded. The main characteristics have been studied regarding quality and quantity of fodder. The main characteristic taken under study was the production of green mass, depending on the sludge doses used, between 70 and 80 of green masst/ha. The second productive characteristic taken under study was the height of the plant, this being determinant in what regards the quantity of fodder obtained. The height of the lucerne plants varied according to the sludge doses used, between 73cm and 96 cm. Another characteristic regarding the quality and the quantity of fodder is the content and the production of dry matter obtained per unit of surface. The quantity of dry matter varies between 15 and 19 tons of dry matter obtained per hectare. INTORDUCTION: Sludges from the municipal wastewater treatment plant may have valuable agronomical properties. Using sludge in agriculture is encouraged, as long as it is properly handled and it doesn't cause damage on the quality of the soil and agricultural products. (5) With lucerne the fodder production is the result of the interaction between the ensemble of hereditary plant features and vegetation conditions. (4) Lucerne is a well-regarded plant due to its usefulness for various purposes but its usage as a fodder plant represents the most important role. The superiority of lucerne over other fodder cultures is firstly explained by large yields of forage, by the high quality of the forage and by its capacity of production over the years without being reseeded. (4)

The fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. crassa) is cultivated presently in almost all European countries, and in Romania on large surfaces in West Plain. Vest. This crop is used as a valuate source of cattle food. Due to its high content of water and sugar, it increases the milk production and is an appropriate fodder for the dairy cows (ALBAYRAK S. and NECDET C., 2007, LAUWERS T., 2009). Usually, the fodder beet is administrated chopped and mixed with straws. The goal of this paper is to find a mathematical model which will allow to analyze the studied varieties of fodder beet under aspect of some quantitative characteristics (by correlation method) and then to classify them considering the similitude degree (in this case considering the first two factors). The biological material that was studied is represented by 16 varieties of fodder beet and it represents a valuable and highly diversified material from ecological viewpoint (Belgium, Germany, Poland, Romania), reason why there was considered useful to see what is their behaviour in conditions of Banat. The variability study of the root characteristics (root weight, root length, maximum diameter of the root) and of the leaf characteristics (leaf number, green leaf number and foliar surface) was made basing on biometric determinations. There were determined the linear correlations between the morphological characters up mentioned and then, basing on these correlations, there was realised an analysis of the main components and a cluster analysis (using the Euclidian distance and Ward method) which revealed that the varieties Angoba, Troya, Feldher and Ketil; Monro, Polifuraj 2, Beta Rosa and Ursus; Gonda, Tamara and Kyros I; Brigadier and Marshal; Fumona, Zentaur and respectively Tamon formed clusters, showing a strong similarity between them. The values of the genetic potential in fodder beet are manifested only if the variety is maintained in genetic equilibrium and whether it will receive appropriate condition of cultivation.

In this study are presented our researches regarding the determination of total antioxidant capacity of 17 medicinal plants from Romania using NIR Spectroscopy. For this it were realized correlations between the values obtained for total antioxidant capacity (mM/g) using chemical FRAP method and the reflectance values of frequencies from NIR spectra. To obtain the main parameters of the regression model for total antioxidant capacity determination using NIR Spectroscopy it was used PLSLaverage method of UNSCRAMBLE software. The correlation coefficient R obtained for regression equation was equal with 0.993230. The good quality of prediction of obtained PLS-Leverage model was done by the small values of the deviation, around 2-3%.

The main objective of this scientifically paper was to study the influence of forages samples particles size on the determination of total nitrogen content (TNC) by NIR Spectroscopy. For this it were realized correlations between the values obtained for TNC% using classical Kjeldahl method and the minimum reflectance values for four frequencies from NIR spectra. It was used two particles sizes for forage samples: bulk (sieve with 1 mm diameter) and fine (sieve with 0.3 mm diameter). The correlation coefficient R obtained for regression equation of bulk particles size was equal with 0.726862, smaller than those for fine particles size R2=0.842583. It is possible to observe that the usage of fine particles size improve significantly the correlation coefficient R of regression equation.

In animal feeding are used both the roots and the leaves of the fodder beets. Because the leaves have an important role in photosynthesis, the present work focused on the study of the leaf morphological characters of 16 fodder beet genotypes grown in Timisoara, during 2002-2010. The data used in the paper are collected along five years, because in the second year was obtained the seed. The fodder beet is characterized as a plant with indeterminate growth and it is strongly influenced by the agro-ecological conditions. The development of the leaf and root morphological characters of the fodder beets are strongly influenced by light intensity, temperature, precipitations and soil nutrient. (LUMINITA COJOCARIU AND MOISUC A., 2005; ALBAYRAK S. AND NECDET C., 2007). As any fodder crops, the fodder beets have the same natural needs. The number of leaves has a large variability and it is very much influenced by genetic factors and also by environmental ones. To emphasize the degree of externalization of the leaf characters, its have been used 16 fodder beet genotypes of different origins, which have been seeded with own seed. The goals of this paper is to perform multiple comparisons between the Angoba, Monro, Brigadier, Gonda, Ketil, Tamara, Marshal, Kyros I, Fumona, Beta Rosa, Troya, Feldher, Polifuraj 2, Tamon, Zentaur and Ursus genotypes of fodder beets based on the leaf morphological characters (namely foliar surface, leaf weight and leaf number). We used the the Bonferroni's test to determine the statistical differences between the above genotype. The mean, the minimum, the maximum, the lower quartile, the upper quartile, the variance, the standard deviation, the skewness and the kurtosis for the foliar surface, for the leaf weight and for the leaf number respectively of the above genotypes of fodder beets were pointed out. The pairwise comparisons between the studied genotypes using the Bonferroni's test allow us to conclude that in general, there are statistically significant differences between the studied genotypes from the point of view of foliar surfaces, the leaf weights and leaf number, but we also found out the genotypes which are not statistically different.

Dynamics of vegetation is more and more affected by human activities. The more human society changes or the more and more systems are being built, the more important it is to understand how human activities affect succession. Human dominance of the systems covers a great variety of the management or control. The evolution and succession of the vegetation is developing permanently as a result of the development law and human impact, the development of the vegetation cover being analysed by the scientists from different countries. Through this work we are trying to do an appreciation on the effect of restriction of mowing and grazing on a permanent grassland of Poa pratensis L. The study was developed in the Surducului Hills that are placed at the base of the Poiana Rusca Mountains, at the east of the Bega river terraces. The observations were done on permanent grassland during five years (2006-2009). The vegetation was determined using the linear point-quadrate method, the results being calculated on the base of the botanical surveys. The geographical coordinates were determined with the help of a GPS receptor Magellan. The statistical method used was the correlation analysis. In conclusion we can say that the dynamics of the vegetation is in an intermediate evolution state created by the disturbances connected with the mowing and grazing; the underexploitation and the microclimate created by the presence of the Surduc Lake has determined the trend of the species from the point of view of the FS%; there is a negative correlation between VP and FS% of the legumes and between VP and FS% of the species belonging to other botanical families isn't any correlation. Thus, our purpose is to continue this study for the applying and implementing of some restoration measures for the increase of the quantity and quality of the yield obtained on the surface of these permanent grasslands.

There can be appreciated that the land surfaces cultivated with forage plants will increase at least from two reasons, respectivelly the change of the human food structure in the advantage of the animal products and the absolute numeric increase of the humankind, the last one determinng the need of consistent food to be greater. From the forage plants that are distiguished considering the yield and qualitative importance the main are the leguminous. Most of the legumes are excelent forager species, mainly for the ruminants becvause of their increased content in proteins. This content is due to the symbiosis between legumes and bacteria from Rhyzobium genus. The purpose of this study is to approach the rentability of an alfalfa crop used for forage and for seed production for the exploitation during three years. For this purpose there were analysed the costs needed for the setting of the alfalfa field on s surface of 50 hectares on the teritory of the PlantProtection SRL from Siria locality (Arad County) associated with the material expenses generated by the crop maintenance. The biological material used was represented by NS-Banat ZMS II variety cultivated on a vertic faeziom soil type. The applied technology was the following: winter plowghing, seed bed preparation and spring seeding. The total costs from the setting of alfalfa crop on 50 hectares are coming from the costs regarding the mechanical works that were cost 19.750 lei (Romanian currency) and material expenses that were cost 41.250 lei, the total costs being 61.000 lei. From the analysis of the costs regarding the costs for the setting, maintenance and exploitation of the 50 hectares alfalfa crop was obtained 101200 lei for the first exploitation year and 309939 lei for the second. As a conclusion alfalfa crop is one of the most profitable culture for the farmers.