Cloud computing is rapidly becoming more advanced. It has become more attractive due to its cloud potentials of being easy to use and anywhere accessibility in comparison to other technologies. Load balancing is a very important component of efficient operations in the cloud computing environment. Several algorithms have been designed but yet unable to rectify the holes found in the performance area like minimizing response time, processing time and cost. In this work, it is proposed a hybrid approach that is devoted to enhancing performance for the cloud system user putting the concepts of enhanced Throttled and Equally spread current execution algorithms(ESCE) into use. The proposed hybrid algorithm was implemented in cloud analyst environment and the results obtained were analyzed. The performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm was evaluated with the existing algorithms ESCE and the improved throttled using the response time, data processing time, cost, physical memory and storage capacity. The results of the evaluation analysis show that with network delay, physical memory and the storage capacity, the Performance differences in various scenario vary, where scenario 1 is 10.5 (ms) average response time and processing time, $ 2.10 total cost. Scenario 2 ,5.6 (ms) response time and 8.5(ms)processing time $2.03 cost but the ESCE recoded best minimum response time of 40.30(ms). Scenario3,8.3 (ms) response time, 3.5 (ms)processing time,$2.00 cost. scenario 4 of 0.31(ms) response time, the processing time of 2.41(ms) and cost of $2.14 but the improved throttled is best in terms of minimum processing time with 2.00(ms).scenario 5,2.3 (ms) response time ,processing time 1.1 (ms)and cost of $2.00. Considering the physical memory, the fixed physical memory provided a better average response time of 0.50(ms) than the varied physical memory, and the varied physical memory provides a better maximum processing time of 5.03(ms). In terms of storage capacity, high storage capacity provides a better response time of 320.02 (ms). This work recommends the adaptation of hybridized improved Throttled and ESCE algorithms by cloud service providers so as to get better performances.

Aim: We determine the prevalence of TB and MDRTB within the study population. Methodology: The sampling consists of 192 (54.4%) males and 161 (45.6%) females. Ziehel Neelsen staining method was used for the detection of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) in the sputum samples collected. Rifampicin resistant (MDRTB) isolates were detected by GeneXpert and the conventional PCR technique. Results: In this study, 6 (9.5%) out of the 63 positive samples were rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in which 4(6.3%) were found among females and 2 (3.2%) were found among males. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not dependent on gender statistically in this study P>0.05. Secondary institution among the health care centers had highest cases of tuberculosis18 (33.3%) while tertiary institute had higher rifampicin resistant tuberculosis 5(2.5%). Statistically there was significant relationship between occurrence of tuberculosis and health care centers p<0.05. Conclusion: There is need to establish more reference laboratories within the country in order to address the rising cases of tuberculosis. There is also need for urgent attention of the government and other developmental partners to address the rising cases of MTB and MDRTB which is outside the expected ratio of 3:1 (male : female) stipulated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and to conduct a national tuberculosis drug resistance survey so as to determine the actual burden of MDRTB in Nigeria.

The major innate barrier to the establishment of infections in internal tissues is the skin, the disruption of which leads to wound formation.Such wounds can be contaminated by bacterial pathogens thereby hampering the healing process and its management becomes resource demanding.Here, we assess the diversity of potential bacterial pathogens in the infection of different types of wounds among hospitalized patients.Three hundred and twenty wound swab samples were collected and processed via microscopy, and cultured on Blood, MacConkey and Chocolate Agar.Isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.87.5% of samples collected yielded bacterial growth comprising of single bacterial isolates (52.17%) and

The antimicrobial and Phytochemicals activities of methanol extracts obtained from Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens plants were investigated individually and combined in an attempt to evaluate their medicinal potentials and efficacies on protozoan; Giardia lamblia and bacteria; Salmonella species as co-infections causing diarrhoea in under five populations in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols. Antimicrobial activity was determined against Giardia lamblia and Salmonella species; anti-giardial activity, an in-vitro susceptibility assays method was performed and antibacterial activity was carried out by Kirby-Bauer method. The parasites mortality was determined by counting in hemocytometer under a light microscope and the zone of inhibition diameter produced against the bacteria were determined, expressed as mean ±SEM (Standard Error of Mean) and the differences between means were statistically analyzed and compared. The results obtained showed that methanol extracts of Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens singly used and in combinations had inhibitory effects on Giardia lamblia and Salmonella species. In all cases, the extractions, plants, concentrations and time were determinant factors for the anti-giardial and antibacterial activity. Anti-giardial activity was best recorded with extracts of Aloe vera which showed anti-giardial activity of (0.002±0.553), and activity was greater in combined Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens which showed anti-giardial activity of (0.002±0.679). Also, antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of these plants on Salmonella species, showed higher zone of inhibitions diameter with extracts of Aloe vera (0.895±20.17) and the efficacy becomes higher with the combined Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens which zone of inhibitions is (0.423±27.50).

Aims: This study was carried out to analyze the plasmid profile of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated among catheterized patients attending the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Place of Study: Department of Medical Microbiology (Laboratory Section), University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria. Methodology: 244 samples (catheter tip, urethral swab, urine) were collected from catheterised patients and investigated via microscopy and culture on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolates confirmed to be multidrug resistant (MDR) were subjected to plasmid profile analysis using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: 21 yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa which gives a recovery rate of 8.6%. A significant proportion was isolated from catheter tip samples collected from male patients (33.33%). The association between sex of patient and sample type in the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was statistically significant (X2 = 10.76, df = 2, P <.01). Isolates were most-sensitive/least-resistant to Ofloxacin and Ampiclox, and least-sensitive/most-resistant to Penicillin. All isolates identified were multi-drug resistant (MDR) with an average resistance rate of 3.28 antimicrobials per isolate. Plasmid analysis revealed that 57.14% of isolates possessed similar plasmid with a DNA fragment size of 300bp and a molecular weight of 31 ng/10 µl. Conclusion: We establish a very high rate of multidrug resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Plasmid profile analysis of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed revealed a high plasmid prevalence rate and since most isolates cannot express the resistance marker after plasmid curing, we suggest that this is indicative of the plasmidial origin of such a marker.

Aims: To determine the infection rate and antibiogram of Proteus spp among hospitalised patients suffering from wound infection in Maiduguri. Methodology: A total of 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and processed via microscopy, culture and further confirmed by biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Proteus spp isolated. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Male patients were more affected (60.71%) compared to females (39.29%). Difference in sex in relation to rate of infection was statistically not significant (X2 =3.963, p<.01). Patients within the age group of 21-30 years (28.57%) recorded the highest bacterial yield while those of 61-70 years and >70 years (3.57% respectively) recorded the least. Patients suffering from Wound Sepsis and Burns recorded the most significant infection rate (28.57% respectively). Proteus mirabilis (53.57%) was the most isolated Proteus specie while Proteus penneri (7.14%) was the least. Proteus spp isolates demonstrated a marked resistance against Augmentin (89.29%) and Nalidixic Acid (85.71%) but high sensitivity was observed towards Ciprofloxacin (85.71%) and Streptomycin (78.57%). Conclusion: We establish that Proteus spp actually contribute to the pathology of wounds infection among hospitalised patients, and the Proteus specie most implicated in the aetiology of wound infection is Proteus mirabilis. Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin are the drugs of choice for the treatment of patients with Proteus spp wound infection in the study area, and the use of Nalidixic acid and Augmentin is highly discouraged due to high resistance.

Aims: We analysed the prevalence of plasmid mediated multidrug resistance among Proteus spp isolated from wound infection patients attending healthcare centers in Maiduguri. Methodology: 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and investigated via microscopy, cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Suspected Proteus spp isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolates confirmed to be multidrug resistant (MDR) were subjected to gel electrophoresis for the determination of plasmid profile. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Proteus mirabilis was the most significant specie isolated (32.14%). Isolates were most sensitive/least resistant to Ciprofloxacin (85.71%/14.29%) and most resistant/least sensitive to Augmentin (10.71%/89.29%). 64.28% of isolates observed were MDR strains and were quite significant among patients between the ages of 21-30years (21.43%). MDR Proteus mirabilis was most the significant and highly prevalent among patients suffering from wound sepsis and burns (10.71% respectively). The association between MDR Proteus spp and wound types was statistically not significant (X2 =7.342, p>0.01). Plasmid profile analysis revealed that 72.22% of the MDR isolates harbour plasmids with a DNA fragment size of 100 bp and a molecular weight of 31ng/10µl. An average of 7.22% of MDR isolates were cured of their plasmids while an average of 56.67% of MDR isolates resisted curing. Conclusion: Here, we report a high prevalence of multidrug resistance and a high rate of plasmid carrying strains of Proteus spp in wounds of hospitalised patients. We suggest that there is a role played by plasmid in the mediation of multidrug resistance among the MDR Proteus spp isolated, where the majority of the MDR isolates observed carry plasmids.

Analysis of the role played by different job occupations in relation to bacterial contamination of currency notes in circulation was conducted at the University of Maiduguri main campus from March 2014 to April 2014. The study was aimed at identifying the extent of contamination of the notes in circulation, and to determine if job occupation has an influence in the bacterial contamination of currency notes, which serve as a medium of exchange. A total of 108 samples of the Nigerian currency note (Naira: N) of the following denominations; N5, N10, N20, N50, N100 and N200, were randomly collected from six (6) occupational groups namely: Fish/Meat sellers, Restaurant operators, Traders, Taxi drivers, Students and Banks. Samples were processed for bacterial isolation. 29 out of 108 samples yielded bacterial growth which gives a total recovery rate of 27%. Currency note with the highest contamination was N50 (24.1%), followed by N10 (17.2%), N100 (17.2%), N200 (17.2%), N20 (14%) and N5 (10.3%). Organisms isolated from the currency notes in descending order of prevalence include Staphylococcus spp (24.1%), Streptococcus spp (24.1%), Escherichia coli (17.2%), Klebsiella spp (13.8%), Enterobacter spp (10.3%), Pseudomonas spp (3.45%), Coliform bacteria (3.45%), and Candida spp (3.45%). Occupational group with the highest currency note contamination rate was Restaurant operators (31%), followed by Traders (24%), Fish/Meat sellers (21%), Taxi drivers (14%), Bank (7%) and Students (3%). N50 note collected from restaurant operators recorded the highest contamination rate of 14%. A significant relationship has been observed between occupation and level of contamination. We advocate that proper standards of hygiene should be observed to avoid contamination, and onward transmission of these pathogens.