Globally, the need of future refrigerant is becoming important to save the environment owing to the increase of urbanization and industrialization. The rate of accumulation of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from refrigerants depends on the rate of increase in urbanization and industrialization. However, the candidature of different classes of refrigerants to the stage of future refrigerants has been hindered by different challenges. Hence, the developments achieved in eliminating the various challenges has been studied through literature and the viability status of those classes of refrigerants has been improvised on the basis of green refrigeration, thermodynamic properties, performances and system design approaches. This paper reviews viability of most recently proposed refrigerants as future refrigerants. Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) is the most viable class of refrigerants because of improvements noted in the challenges that hinder its future scope. Carbon dioxide (R-744) has also a viable scope of future refrigerants under controlled operating condition. In addition to that for ultra low temperature (ULT) refrigeration system, R-170, R-1132a, and R41 have been considered as most viable refrigerants.

Present investigation focuses on the fractional conversion of low volatile weakly caking coal (LVWC) under the standard set of operating conditions for gasification. For this purpose, samples of LVWC of different ash content have been collected from Kusunda Area of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. Gasification results were validated using Homogenous and Shrinking Core kinetic models and the suitability of selected samples for gasification was assessed by estimating the activation energy. The values of activation energy for LVWC samples were obtained in the range of 25.17–44.09 kJ/mol. Further, empirical models were developed to correlate the response of interest with the input variables (temperature, residence time and CO 2 flow rate). The significance of these developed empirical models was checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Present study has recognized new class of nanofluid to investigate the transfer performance of device or system that requires cooling equipment. Nanofluids have advanced properties that make them potentially useful in many properties in heat transfer. Present observe changed into evolved to research investigate the energy transfer such that heat energy better performance of silicon oxides with base fluid of water in different nanoparticles had been examined in various volume fraction of nanoparticles. These showed improved some properties like that thermo-physical properties and long-time stability of nanofluid compared conventional fluid. TC measurements for numbers of mixtures of nonmetal and metal oxides of nanoparticles and pure fluids. We have used nanofluids measurement of the testing hotwire technique. Outcomes of nanofluid properties improved (TC) of nanofluids have been improved with nano particle volume fraction. With better thermal conductivity (TC) improve performance of EG than deionizer H2O, engine oils has based fluids. Some experimental and theoretical models have been used to be able to recognize the behavior of TC (Thermal conductivity) and viscosity.

Environmental deterioration and climate change issues raise the concern of researchers to look for effective and green utilization of resources to maintain the temperature of a building. Nowadays, the concept of Net Zero Energy building has been widely adopted by many countries in order to reduce energy needs in such a way that balances of energy needs can be supplied with renewable energy sources. This paper reviews the economic implications and impact of climate change on Net Zero Energy building. Cost of building, use of renewable energy source and how it is possible to attain Net Zero Energy building in hot and cold climates have been discussed in this paper. It has been found that Net Zero Energy target is achievable irrespective of building cost, climate condition and the high investment cost of the building as it paid back whatever has been invested.

In this Paper the Study investigated Thermal and physical properties of Nano fluid composites are synthesized and characterized. SiO$_{\mathbf{2}}$-water and SiO$_{\mathbf{2}}$-EG Nano fluids are measured at different volume of Sio2 particles and based fluid like EG, Water and oils. The Mixture of Nano particle and based fluid deposition of small amount of Sio2 surface the outcome in considerable improve in thermal properties of the based liquid. Performed experiments to find laminar heat Exchange and pressure penalty of Nano fluids Al-water and Al/ H2O-EGl) under the inlet of a annular tube. The Nano fluids had more thermal properties and nano fluid viscosity in contrast to base fluids and this enhanced with enhancing nanoparticles loading. Measured the convective coefficient of heat transfer of Sio2/H$_{\mathbf{2}}$O Nano fluids. The flow was taken laminar. At 0.02 vol. % of Nano fluid and Re= 1860, the maximum augmentation observed in thermal properties, co-efficient of heat transfer was 10.3% and 14.2%. Water fluid contains less than 2% of modified nanocoposites can increases thermal conductivity of water up to 12 %. The increase on thermal conductivity of EG with equal amount of nanoparticles was 12.5% (temperature 25°C). A water Nano fluid contains less than 2% of modified Sio2 can raise the thermal properties of based up to 11%. The rises on thermal properties of the EG with the equal amount of Sio2 was about 11.5% (temperature $25^{\circ}\text{C}$).

1. M. Tech Student. Fluid and Thermal Engineering Dept. Sharda University Greater Noida. 2. Asst. Professor. Thermal Engineering Sharda University Greater Noida. 3. M. Tech Student. Machine Design. Sharda University Greater Noida. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 10 June 2020 Final Accepted: 14 July 2020 Published: August 2020

The home fridges are omnipresent now. In the advanced nations, each household nowadays utilizes a refrigerator. On other side, it is projected that refrigerators will grow at proportion between 10 and 15 % per annum in households in developing countries and that the rise in refrigerating capacity will direct to noteworthy energy reserves &subsequent decrease in greenhouse gases. Tenacity of research is to evaluate the work performed on domestic fridge and freezer environment friendly techniques. Defrost drip refrigeration in which compressor shell is energy competence measure discussed in this research. Quantity of defrost growth during refrigeration systems in humid states, with RH 70-80 percent year-round, is significant. The compressor shell drips this defrost liquid, cooling compressor oil &therefore reducing friction losses &winding temperatures of the engine. In addition to these technologies, there are several solutions that can further improve the efficiency of a household refrigerator/freezer package. While every innovative technology raises the refrigerator/freezer unit's costs, some of them pledge to boost the refrigerator/freezer's performance with a little price hike. In addition to increasing the price of unit equipment, technological changes are also increasing the complexity of the system and reducing its performance, thus raising cost of the system further.

Coal combustion and gasification are the processes to utilize coal for production of electricity and many other applications. Global energy demand is increasing day by day. Coal is an abundant source of energy but not a reliable source as it results into high CO2 emissions. Energy industries are expected to decrease the CO2 emission to prevent global warming. Coal gasification is a process that reduces the CO2 emission and emerges as a clean coal technology. Coal gasification process is regulated by several operating parameters. A Number of investigations have been carried out in this direction. A critical review of the work done by several researchers in the field of coal gasification has been compiled in this paper. The effect of several operating parameters such as coal rank, temperature, pressure, porosity, reaction time and catalyst on gasification has been presented here.

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to explore the effect of ash content on the gasification characteristics of Jhama coal. The two levels of ash content were selected for this study. The samples were obtained by gravity separation of Jhama coal. These two samples (clean Jhama coal: low ash and reject Jhama coal: high ash) were subjected to gasification at different temperatures for different time intervals, and carbon dioxide gas was used as a gasifying agent. The effect of temperature and residence time on gasification of two samples with different ash contents has been investigated. The values of activation energy of low-ash and high-ash Jhama coal samples have been obtained in the range of 51–66 kJ/mol and 37–43 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, design of experiments was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) under 23 full factorial designs. RSM-based empirical models were developed for low-ash and high-ash Jhama coal samples to correlate process variables to the response of interest.

The Worldwide increasing population gives rise to energy demand-supply chain in different sectors such as commercial sector, industrial sector, residential sector and transportation sector. After the oil crises, coal becomes a major source of energy supply worldwide. In India coal is a primary energy source. Most of the conventional coal based power plants are the major source of carbon emissions which causes environmental pollution. So there is a need to adopt clean coal technology for power generation. Coal gasification is one of the essential clean coal technologies, because coal gasification is a mean to utilize coal more efficiently by reduction of CO2 and other pollutant emissions in to the environment. Integrated gasification combustion cycle (IGCC) with possibility of cogeneration of electricity, chemicals and H2, is another attraction of coal gasification technology. Coal gasification is affected by several parameters such as operating conditions like pressure, temperature and medium during pyrolysis and gasification, rank of coal, and char structure. Among all parameters char structure: porosity and surface area plays an important role during coal gasification. In this paper an attempt has been made to compile the investigations carried out by various researchers on effect of char structure on coal gasification.

A 4.9-m-thick lake sequence, formed due to the landslide damming of a stream in the semiarid Garhwal Himalaya, was studied to understand past monsoonal variations in the region. The Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) chronology indicates that the lake existed between ~ 12 and ~ 7 ka ago. Chronologically constrained trends of sand percent, organic phosphorus (OP), apatite inorganic phosphorus (AIP) and parameters of environmental magnetism were measured in the paleolake profile. Measured proxies indicate that the Indian summer monsoon ameliorated in the early Holocene after 12 ka cooling, and it appears that all the proxies from the lake have captured this globally recognized early Holocene warming. Four phases of wet conditions (intensified monsoon) are recognized at ~ 11.5 ka, ~ 11–10.5 ka, ~ 10–9 ka and ~ 8–7 ka with maximum uncertainties of ~ 1000 years. The wet phases are characterized by high magnetic susceptibility, increased OP and reduced AIP. In an attempt to understand the primary forcing of the sharp fluctuations in monsoonal activity in the region, we show that changes in magnetic susceptibility match variations of residual atmospheric δ14C, suggesting a role for solar variability as an explanation of climatic variability.

Phosphorus distribution and fractionation during weathering of rocks are seminal to its availability to the life system. Here, the P fractionation pattern is reported in weathering profiles of two different rock types i.e. amphibolites and granitic gneisses, subjected to semi-arid and humid climatic conditions in the catchment of the Kaveri river, southern India, known for its fertile flood plain and delta. Weathering profiles developed on the two rock types were analysed for evaluating the intensity of chemical weathering using major ion geochemistry and for accompanying P fractionation. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and the mineralogy of different zones of the weathering profiles show that profiles under humid climatic conditions are more weathered than those under semi-arid conditions. It was also found that P, present dominantly as the apatite inorganic P (AIP) fraction in the bedrocks was converted into non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) and organic P (OP), both of which increase with progressive weathering. The two major rock types show a very similar pattern of P fractionation during weathering which is similar to those observed in soil chronosequences. However, the transfer of P from AIP to OP and NAIP is near total in both rock types under humid conditions of weathering. Under semi-arid conditions, a part of AIP was also available in the most weathered zone. Thus the lithology of the bedrock has little, and climate a dominant, control on P fractionation during rock weathering. It was also observed that there is a net loss of total P during the weathering associated fractionation that could be attributed to the incorporation into biologically available forms and their subsequent removal to the fertile floodplains and delta in an undisturbed riverscape.

Compressed Sensing (CS) is a novel approach of reconstructing a sparse signal much below the significant Nyquist rate of sampling. Due to the fact that ECG signals can be well approximated by the few linear combinations of wavelet basis, this work introduces a comparison of the reconstructed 10 ECG signals based on different wavelet families, by evaluating the performance measures as MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal To Noise Ratio), PRD (Percentage Root Mean Square Difference) and CoC (Correlation Coefficient). Reconstruction of the ECG signal is a linear optimization process which consider the sparsity in the wavelet domain, perceived by the fact that higher the sparsity, more better the recovery. L1 minimization is used as the recovery algorithm. The reconstruction results are comprehensively analyzed for three compression ratios, i.e. 2:1, 4:1 and 6:1. The results indicate that reverse biorthogonal wavelet family can give better results for all CRs compared to other families.

Compressed Sensing (CS) is a novel approach of reconstructing a sparse signal much below the significant Nyquist rate of sampling. Due to the fact that ECG signals can be well approximated by the few linear combinations of wavelet basis, this work introduces a comparison of the reconstructed ECG signal based on different wavelet families, by evaluating the performance measures as MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal To Noise Ratio), PRD (Percentage Root Mean Square Difference) and CoC (Correlation Coefficient). Reconstruction of the ECG signal is a linear optimization process which consider the sparsity in the wavelet domain, perceived by the fact that higher the sparsity, more better the recovery. L1 minimization is used as the recovery algorithm. The reconstruction results are comprehensively analyzed for five compression ratios, i.e. 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 10:1. The results indicate that reverse biorthogonal wavelet family can give better results for all (Compression Ratio's)CRs compared to other families.

Compressed Sensing (CS) is a novel approach of reconstructing a sparse signal much below the significant Nyquist rate of sampling. Due to the fact that ECG signals can be well approximated by the few linear combinations of wavelet basis, this work introduces a comparison of the reconstructed 10 ECG signals based on different wavelet families, by evaluating the performance measures as MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal To Noise Ratio), PRD (Percentage Root Mean Square Difference) and CoC (Correlation Coefficient). Reconstruction of the ECG signal is a linear optimization process which considers the sparsity in the wavelet domain. L1 minimization is used as the recovery algorithm. The reconstruction results are comprehensively analyzed for three compression ratios, i.e. 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1. The results indicate that reverse biorthogonal wavelet family can give better results for all CRs compared to other families.

In the present study, storage proteins from five different wheat cultivars were extracted, fractionated and evaluated for their accumulation at different stages of development. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the accumulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits was cultivar and stage dependent. However, low molecular weight glutenin subunits' accumulation was not altered significantly after 16days post anthesis in any of the cultivars. The rheological parameters (storage- and loss-modulus) of dough and gluten showed close association with either gliadins or glutenins. Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, measured at different stages of grains development, showed variability with both the developmental stage and cultivar, and appeared to be primarily due to cyclophilins. Principal component analysis revealed the association of PPIase activity with either gliadin or total proteins, suggesting their significant role in the deposition of storage proteins in wheat.

Garcinia indica (kokam) is an Indian spice, the fruit rind of which is used in cooking, cosmetics and has several medicinal properties. Its syrup is consumed as a soft drink during summer. We have examined the antioxidant activity of aqueous and boiled extracts corresponding to their use in cooking and home remedies, besides the commercial kokam syrup. The assays employed are ORAC, FRAP, ABTS and the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria. Kokam syrup and the two aqueous extracts had significant antioxidant effects in the above assays. They have high ORAC values (29.3, 24.5 and 20.3), higher than those reported for other spices, fruits and vegetables. The high antioxidant activity of kokam adds one more positive attribute to its known medicinal properties and hence its use in cooking, home-remedies and as a soft drink may be promoted.