It is widely accepted that the reliability of aerospace devices is essential for aircraft during flight because the operational efficiency of aviation systems directly impacts the safety of flight. In complex structures, it is challenging to estimate accurate reliability properly. As a consequence, firstly the complex aerospace communication system is proposed with its logical and graphical representation to evaluate their min-paths and min-cuts via prevalence matrix and least cut matrix respectively. Secondly, we evaluate the accurate reliability function for the proposed system using the matrix-based approach namely the path tracing approach. Its polynomial form will allow the evaluation of the tail signature. Thirdly, by utilizing the tail signature, the signature reliability and cumulative signature have been depicted easily. Then, we deduce the lower and upper constraints for two-terminal reliability and methodologies, which will allow us to enhance the reliability of the proposed system using the Esary-Proschan bound and edge-packing bound with their upper and lower bounds. The reliability makes use of a listed set of min-pathways and a listed set of min-cuts. Lastly, the expected operational lifespan is estimated using the reliability of the provided complex model.

Prioritising reliability in the planning, installing, and upkeep of traffic signal management systems is crucial for traffic authorities and structure functions. The reliability of these networks can be increased, resulting in more effective and safer traffic control, by implementing sturdy technology, periodic repair procedures, redundancy initiatives, cybersecurity procedures, as well as successful surveillance. This study presents and modelled a traffic signal management system with the goal of assessing its reliability, when the travellers and arrivals are unpredictable. The system's primary functions are to optimise flows of traffic, increase safety, and reduce congestion at crossings, all of that contribute to increased effectiveness of the network. The failure rate study of the suggested traffic signal management System is established second. In order to investigate the reliability assessment, the extremely well-known matrix-based min-path path tracing method procedure is applied instead of u-function approach. Thirdly, the model's variation is shown using the exponential decay curve. In order to quantify the deterioration intensities or hazard rate of an entire system or component over a period of time, we lastly assess the breakdown intensity index for the proposed system. Finally, the recommended system's cumulative signature has been assessed.

In today's modern world, the information processing server is the most demanding and challenging area of research. The theory and methods of information processing servers have developed considerably in recent decades, as demonstrated by several publications. Modern information and communication technology is the result of many years of technological development and is now the driving force behind contemporary operations and solutions. In this study, the structure-function approach is used to calculate the reliability of an information processing server system. The series-parallel complex model has been considered for analyzing the sensitivity of the proposed server system. The researchers attempted to offer the major aspects of reliability and the values of reliability of an information processing server system have been calculated. The B-P index and sensitivity determination are the evaluating components of the suggested system. The future work and some applications are also discussed here.

A ropeway system is a combination of several sub-systems, additionally referred to as the ropeway control system. The control system ensures safe and efficient transportation of passengers or cargo. Thus, reliability analysis is crucial to ensuring the continuous and reliable functioning of the ropeway system. By making informed decisions on maintenance schedules based on the knowledge of the reliability of the system and each of its component parts, operators may reduce the possibility of unscheduled malfunctions. This work applies an analytical reliability model to analyze and resolve reliability problems of a ropeway control system. Using the Markov model, the authors have developed a mathematical framework to evaluate the reliability of the system. For this, the study identifies the states of the system, their transition probabilities, and the mathematical formulas that control their behaviour.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reliability and characteristics of the non-series-parallel network. The illustrative non-series parallel networks, that is, the Twin T-Network and the network with six components of resistor and capacitor, have been converted into a series of parallel network combinations by use of the minimal path technique. The stochastic variables related to component failure rate have been demonstrated using exponential decay distribution. We obtain the reliability, mean time to failure, and sensitivity with the use of the exponential decay distribution. The reliability and its attributes are examined by assuming different values of scale and shape parameters at different points of time. Using Owen's methodology, we obtained minimal signature, tail signature, expected time, expected cost, and Barlow-Proschan index were determined. The performance of all reliability characteristics has been observed graphically for arbitrary values of parameters. A real-world example is used to introduce the point.

A binary-state m-out-of-r-within-k-out-of-n:G model is proposed and the reliability of the model is estimated with the help of Universal Generating Function (UGF). In the proposed system, the subsystems are connected in k-out-of-n:G type configuration. The subsystems are also a combination of m-out-of-r:G type. The elements of the subsystem consist of components connected in series. The components cannot be divided further and taken as an individual unit. The reliability function and absolute reliability of the proposed model are evaluated from the UGF technique.

BACKGROUND:Red blood cells (RBCs) are usually considered simple cells and transporters of gases to tissues. HYPOTHESIS:However, recent research has suggested that RBCs may have diagnostic potential in major neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). RESULTS:This review summarizes the current knowledge on changes in RBC in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other NDDs. It discusses the deposition of neuronal proteins like amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein, polyamines, changes in the proteins of RBCs like band-3, membrane transporter proteins, heat shock proteins, oxidative stress biomarkers, and altered metabolic pathways in RBCs during neurodegeneration. It also highlights the comparison of RBC diagnostic markers to other in-market diagnoses and discusses the challenges in utilizing RBCs as diagnostic tools, such as the need for standardized protocols and further validation studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:The evidence suggests that RBCs have diagnostic potential in neurodegenerative disorders, and this study can pave the foundation for further research which may lead to the development of novel diagnostic approaches and treatments.

The linear consecutive (LC) k-out-of-r-from-n system is an incredibly important configuration used in various engineering systems. Such a system will break down if at least k out of r consecutive elements become inoperable in a system consisting of n ordered components. For any system, the critical necessity is that it should be reliable and remain in a properly functioning state for a stipulated period of time, thus, making it necessary to evaluate the reliability of such systems as well. However, the conventional reliability evaluation methods fail to consider the fuzziness or prospect of errors while computing the reliability, which can be resolved by incorporating fuzzy theory. This particular work presents a novel method for the computation of fuzzy reliability and its sensitivity for an LC k-out-of-r-from-n system, where its inherent fuzziness is addressed with the help of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS), by representing the fuzzy variables as a trapezoidal Pythagorean fuzzy number (TrPFN), due to its ability to consider both membership and non-membership values, unlike the traditional fuzzy sets. Moreover, the universal generating function (UGF) technique is used to obtain the reliability function. Further, two different distributions are considered to represent the failure rates, namely, the Weibull and Pareto distributions and it was established that the Pareto distribution yields better results than the Weibull distribution. The obtained results are then compared with the help of both tabular and graphical illustrations.

Reliability allocation for components, redundancy allocation, and reliability redundancy allocation are of great significance for system reliability designing. Generally, standby redundancy gives higher reliability for any system than active redundancy, but standby redundancy has more complex modeling than active redundancy. Cold standby strategy is one of the most consistently applied procedures to accomplish high-reliability necessity, where backups are performed to guarantee that a backup part can take control over the undertaking successfully when the currently working fizzles. Considering the fact that components may fail during the switching process from standby to active, the impact of an imperfect switch is also applied in the system. In this work, a new hybrid GWO-PSO(HPSGWO) algorithm, based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), is presented to solve the cold-standby reliability redundancy allocation problem (RRAP). The RRAP is a popular mixed integer nonlinear programming issue in a system plan that necessitates that the reliability target is set to fulfill the resource utilization requirement. Four contextual analyses are examined to feature the applicability of the proposed algorithm. The outcomes are compared with those obtained from PSO and GWO.

In data transmission networks, particularly in large-scale industrial systems, series-parallel designs are often used to maintain reliability and efficiency. A reliable network ensures rapid communication, data transmission, and access to network resources, as well as the prevention of data loss and corruption leaks caused by network failures. The series parallel approach is a generic strategy used in network systems to improve dependability by mixing resources from both series and parallel configurations. In this study, the authors have utilized the techniques of Universal Generating Function and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets to evaluate the reliability of a network system. As an example, a data-communication network system with sub-systems; router, switch and computers are designed. The authors model the reliability of the complete system considering a general system of the same and further calculate the fuzzy reliability of the series-parallel arrangement as an application to the above mentioned analytical techniques.

Autonomous mobile robots have many applications in indoor unstructured environment, wherein optimal movement of the robot is needed. The robot therefore needs to navigate in unknown and dynamic environments. This paper presents an implementation of fuzzy logic controller for navigation of mobile robot in an unknown dynamically cluttered environment. Fuzzy logic controller is used here as it is capable of making inferences even under uncertainties. It helps in rule generation and decision making process in order to reach the goal position under various situations. Sensor readings from the robot and the desired direction of motion are inputs to the fuzz logic controllers and the acceleration of the respective wheels are the output of the controller. Hence, the mobile robot avoids obstacles and reaches the goal position. Keywords: Fuzzy Logic Controller, Membership Functions, Takagi-Sugeno-Kang FIS, Centroid Defuzzification

PurposeIn this research work, the general form of reliability measures, which include availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), and sensitivity analysis, are investigated with their graphical representation, which would help designers and engineers improve the reliability of the system. Along with reliability assessment, a mathematical model is developed and solved to achieve the minimum cost of the system as well as maximum reliability.Design/methodology/approachIn the proposed work, a general model of a solar seed sowing machine is considered for reliability evaluation using the Markov model process. The proposed system is a series-parallel arrangement of components where three components, namely the solar panel, batteries and direct current (DC) motor, are connected in series while all the operators are connected in parallel. The implemented Markov model approach assesses several parameters of reliability, which opens the scope for improvement in reliability and other measures like mean time to failure (MTTF) and sensitivity of the proposed system. So that the machine can deliver the desired output on the field. Also, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize the cost of the system with the desired level of reliability.FindingsImplementation of PSO provides the optimal cost for the proposed system with a predetermined level of reliability, which shows the relationship between reliability and cost of the system. Also, the Markov process approach provides the availability function, reliability function, reliability at different time values, MTTF and sensitivity of the proposed system.Originality/valueThis work evaluates the crucial characteristics of reliability for the proposed solar seed sowing machine using the Markov model which is a stochastic model. The assessment of reliability measures such as MTTF, availability and sensitivity plays a vital role in measuring and improving the performance of the machine in the actual environment. Examining the data obtained in this research is of great importance for the manufactures and system designers. Also, the powerful optimization technique PSO is implemented to solve a non-linear mixed-integer programming problem that provides the optimal cost for the system with desired reliability.

Microwaves are an example of "electromagnetic" radiation, which is a combination of electromagnetic and electrical waves traveling through space. In this paper, the complex consecutive k-out-of-n:W (where, W stands for working system) convection microwave oven system (CMOS) is proposed and different measures are calculated on the basis of the reliability function via two techniques namely, universal generating function (u-function/UGF) and structure-function approach (SFA). Basically, the main aim of the study is to evaluate the signature reliability analysis of the complex consecutive k-out-of-n:W CMOS system using proposed techniques. To assess the suggested system's reliability function and related metrics, both methods are applied. The considered system consisted of a total seven components, but the system comprises the k-out-of-n:W robustness strategy that's why it becomes a complex consecutive 5-out-of-7:W CMOS. With the help of the reliability function, the minimal signature is introduced for the determination of the anticipated lifetime and its cost rate. Also. the purpose of this work is to evaluate all these outcomes and then compare their values, which are yielded by both applied approaches, that is, u-function approach and SFA.

The integration of multiple technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria establishes Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as a dependable decision-making tool in the context of interdisciplinary research. This study employs a literature-based methodology to illustrate how MCDA, particularly utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS models, has been utilized to tackle intricate decision-making issues. It also highlights the noteworthy discoveries derived from real-world applications, drawing upon previous research and case studies. This study explores the methodologies employed in the commonly utilized AHP and TOPSIS approaches, highlighting their broad applicability across various industries from 2000 to 2023. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of the applications of MCDA has been organized into five distinct sectors, namely supply chain, healthcare, business, resource management, and engineering & manufacturing.

The utmost need of any system is that it should be reliable, thus, making reliability one of the most crucial aspects of engineering. There are numerous methods for calculating a system's reliability, such as the Markov technique and fault tree analysis, however, they fail to take the fuzziness of the data due to impreciseness or insufficiency of data into consideration. This particular work considers the case of a summer air-conditioner for reliability assessment with the help of hesitant and dual hesitant fuzzy sets. The universal generating function technique is used to assess the system's reliability function and each fuzzy variable is characterized using a triangular fuzzy number and follows the Weibull distribution. Mean time to failure is also evaluated to achieve a better perspective on the system using both hesitant and dual hesitant fuzzy sets are validated with the help of numerical examples. Moreover, the aggregation or averaging operators for both hesitant and dual hesitant fuzzy sets are also applied to get a better overview of the fuzzy reliability. Finally, the attained results of hesitant fuzzy sets are also depicted graphically for better understanding.

The signature reliability of the consecutive k-out-of-n:W system is studied using two different approaches: the structure–function approach and the u-function approach. The connection is supposed to comprise n total components, where only k components are in a functioning or working state. Firstly, a consecutive 3-out-of-5:W system is modelled to estimate the reliability function of the system via polynomial function. Secondly, the tail-signature of the consecutive 3-out-of-5 system has been evaluated, which would allow the signature reliability evaluation. Thirdly, the determination of the degree of reliability, by using Barlow-Proschan index of the system is evaluated. Lastly, the minimal signature, predicted lifespan, and actual cost rate are derived for the proposed system. The purpose of this work is to evaluate all these outcomes and then compare their values, which are yielded by both applied approaches, i.e., the universal generating function approach and the structure–function approach.